Management 3013 Chapter 12
What are the non monetary ways of motivating employees?
*Flexible workplace *Thoughtfulness Work-life benefits *Surroundings *Skill-building & educational opportunities *Sabbaticals
Equity theory
*Focuses on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated compared to others *Inputs, outputs, comparison
Why is motivation important?
*Join your organization *Stay with your organization *Show up for work at your organization *Be engaged while at your organization *Do extra for your organization
What are Maslow's Hierarchy Needs?
*Physiological *Safety *Love *Esteem *Self-actualization
What popular incentive compensation plans?
*Price rate *Sales commission *Bonuses *Profit-sharing *Gainsharing *Stock options *Pay for knowledge
Motivation
*The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior *Unfulfilled->Motivation->Behaviors->Rewards->Feedback
Physiological Needs
*These are the most basic human physical needs, in which one is concerned with having food, clothing, shelter, and comfort and with self-preservation
Job design
*division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance *Job simplification, job enlargement, job enrichment
Practical Lessons from equity theory
1. Employee perceptions are what count 2. Employee participation helps 3. Having an appeal process helps
What is goal-setting theory?
1. Goals should be specific 2. Goals should be challenging but achievable 3. Goals should be linked to action plans 4. Goals need not be jointly set to be effective 5. Feedback enhances goal attainment
Esteem Needs
After they meet their social needs, people focus on such matters as self-respect, status, reputation, recognition, and self-confidence.
Bethany is writing a paper for her Management class. She already has a strong A in the class, and only need to get a C on the paper to keep her A. As she prepares the final version of the paper, she takes special care that the paper is well-written, insightful, and error-free, something that he can be proud of. Bethany is experiencing?
An intrinsic reward
Self-determination theory
Assumes that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness
Reinforcement theory
Attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated
Expectancy
Belief that a particular level of effort will lead to be particular level of performance
Bonuses
Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives
Stock options
Certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price
Process perspectives
Concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act- how employees choose behavior to meet their needs
Job enrichment
Consists of building into a job such motivating factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement
Job enlargement
Consists of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation
Need for affiliation
Desire for friendly and warm relations with other people
Need for achievement
Desire to achieve excellence in challenging tasks
Need for power
Desire to be responsible for or control other people
Pay for knowledge
Employee pay is tied to the number of job relevant skills or academic degrees they earn.
Price rate
Employees paid according to how much output they produce
Instrumentality
Expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to be desired outcome
Hygiene factors
Factors associated with job dissatisfaction which affect the job context in which people work
Motivating factors
Factors associated with job satisfaction which affects the job content or the rewards of work performance.
In Earl's department at Pencilchicken, Inc. employees get money based on how much the department has been able to save in costs. This is an example of a _____ compensation plan.
Gainsharing
Patty prefers working alone, is comfortable taking moderate risks, and feeling good when accomplishing a goal. Patty probably has a ?
High need for achievement
Last year,Diana's boss promised her a big bonus is she met her goals. At the end of the year, after Diana had exceeded her goals, she found her bonus was very some all. In the future, Diana's __________ will probably be ______.
Instrumentality; low
When a manager stops nagging a subordinate, the manager is using?
Negative reinforcement
Love Needs
Once basic needs and security are taken care o, people look for love, friendship, and affection
Extrinsic rewards
Payoff a person receives from others for performing a particular task
Relatedness
People need to feel a sense of belonging of attachment to others
Competence
People need to feel qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task and to learn different skills.
Autonomy
People need to feel they have freedom and the discretion to determine what they want to do and how they want to do it.
Needs
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior
Negative reinforcement
Process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
Punishment
Process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive
Herzberg's Two-Factory Theory
Proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors work satisfaction from so called motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from so called hygiene factors
Sales commission
Sales reps are paid a percentage of the earning the company made from their sales
Intrinsic rewards
Satisfaction a person receives from performing the particular task itself
McClelland's Acquired Need Theory
States that three needs- achievement, affiliation, and power- are major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace
Expectancy theory
Suggests that people are motivated by two things: (1) how much they want something and (2) how likely they think they are to get it
Gainsharing
The distribution of saving or gains to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity
Profit-sharing
The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits
Self-Actualization Needs
The highest level of need, self-actualization is self-fulfillment-the need to develop one's fullest potential, to become the best one is capable of being.
Job simplification
The process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs
Valence
The value a worker assigns to an outcome
Content perspective
Theories that emphasize that needs that motivate people
Hierarchy of needs
Theory proposes that people are motivated by five levels of needs
Safety Needs
These needs are concerned with physical safety and emotional security, so that a person is concerned with avoiding violence and threats
Positive reinforcement
Use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior
Extinction
Weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced