Management 710 (Dr. Long) - Chapter 4 Study Set

What are the steps of the four-step process with which we formulate stereotypes?

1.) Categorization 2.) Inferences 3.) Expectations 4.) Maintenance

Harold Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing what three dimensions of behavior?

1.) Consensus 2.) Distinctiveness 3.) Consistency

What are the two key situational characteristics that affect perception - the context of the interaction, and the culture and race consistency between perceivers and targets?

1.) Context of interaction 2.) Culture and race consistency

What are existing barriers and gaps of the glass ceiling?

1.) Continuing pay gap 2.) Pay gap for female MBA graduates 3.) Gender discrimination

What are the five important characteristics of the target that affect our person perception?

1.) Direction of gaze 2.) Facial features and body shape 3.) Nonverbal cues 4.) Appearance or dress 5.) Physical attractiveness

What are the six key perceiver characteristics that affect our perceptions of others?

1.) Direction of gaze 2.) Needs and goals 3.) Experience/Bias with target 4.) Category-based knowledge (stereotypes) 5.) Gender and emotional status 6.) Cognitive load

What three key strategies did diversity expert, Ann Morrison, observe being used to manage diversity at multiple diverse businesses?

1.) Education 2.) Enforcement 3.) Exposure

What have been the recent advancement made in breaking the glass ceiling?

1.) Educational attainment 2.) Seats on board of directors 3.) Leadership positions in education institutions

What are the two main attributional tendencies that distort our interpretation of observed behavior?

1.) Fundamental attribution bias 2.) Self-serving bias

What are the 11 most common barriers to implementing successful diversity programs?

1.) Inaccurate stereotypes and prejudice 2.) Ethnocentrism 3.) Poor career planning 4.) A negative diversity climate 5.) A hostile working environment for diverse employees 6.) Diverse employees' lack political savvy 7.) Difficulty balancing career and family issues 8.) Fear of reverse discrimination 9.) Lack of organizational priority for diversity 10.) A poor performance appraisal and reward system 11.) Resistance to change

What 8 generic approaches to diversity issues did diversity expert, R. Roosevelt Thomas Jr., identify?

1.) Include/Exclude 2.) Deny 3.) Assimilate 4.) Suppress 5.) Isolate 6.) Tolerate 7.) Build Relationships 8.) Foster Mutual Adaptation

What are the four layers of diversity?

1.) Personality 2.) Internal characteristics apparent to others 3.) Attitudes, opinions, and values 4.) Organizational dimensions

What are the four stages of social perception?

1.) Selective attention/Comprehension 2.) Encoding and simplification 3.) Storage and retention 4.) Retrieval and response

What are the three key components that influence perception?

1.) The Perceiver 2.) The Target 3.) The Situation

As generational diversity continuously grows in the modern workforce, what three key differences are most important for managers to focus on when dealing with such diversity?

1.) Values 2.) Attitudes 3.) Behavior

What is fundamental attribution bias?

A bias that reflects our tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, rather than to situation factors

What is self-serving bias?

A bias that represents our tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than failure

What is perception?

A cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings

What is psychological safety?

A concept that reflects the extent to which people feel free to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences

What is an access-and-legitimacy perspective?

A diversity perspective based in recognition that the organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse

What is a schema?

A representation of a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus

What is a diversity climate?

A subcomponent of an organization's overall climate and is defined as the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values"

What is the Americans With Disabilities Act?

An act that prohibits discrimination against those with disabilities and requires organizations to reasonably accommodate an individual's disabilities

What is the glass-ceiling?

An invisible but absolute barrier that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions

What is implicit cognition?

Any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness

What did Fritz Heider's work of attribution theory propose about behavior?

Behavior can be attributed either to internal factors within a person (such as ability) or to external factors within the environment (such as a difficult task)

What is person memory?

Categories that supply information about a single individual or groups of people

What is event memory?

Categories with information about specific events and general events that describe sequences of events in familiar situations

What are surface-level characteristics?

Characteristics that are quickly apparent to interactants, such as race, gender, and age

What are deep-level characteristics?

Characteristics that take time to emerge in interactions such as attitudes, opinions, and values

Steven wants to be sure there is no implicit cognition creating bias in his company's interviewing process. The best course of action is to: A.) train all interviewers in the interview process. B.) have more than one interviewer conducting interviews. C.) conduct the interviews virtually. D.) use a structured interview approach. E.) All of the above.

E.) All of the above

Current models of attribution are built upon the pioneering work of the late ___, the founder of attribution theory

Fritz Heider

What is semantic memory?

General knowledge about the world as a type of mental dictionary of concepts

What are cognitive categories?

Groups of objects that are considered equivalent

Whom attempted to pinpoint specific antecedents of internal and external attributions following Heider's work?

Harold Kelley

What is an On-ramping program?

On-ramping programs encourage people to reenter the workforce after a temporary career break

What does managing diversity ultimately enable?

People to perform at their maximum potential

What is salient stimuli?

Stimuli that stands out in contrast compared to its surrounding factors/elements

What are causal attributions?

Suspected or inferred causes of behavior

What is attention?

The process of becoming consciously aware of someone or something

What is discrimination?

When employment decisions about an individual are based on reasons not associated with performance or related to the job

What is affirmative action?

While not a law in and of itself, affirmative action is an outgrowth of equal employment opportunity (EEO) legislation with the ultimate goal to outlaw discrimination and to encourage organizations to proactively prevent discrimination It is essentially an intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, injustice, mistake, or outright discrimination that occurred in the past

What id the definition of underemployed?

Working at a job that requires less education than one currently has

Megan was hurt at work. Megan's manager concluded that Megan was careless and clumsy. Megan's manager may have committed an error called: a.) fundamental attribution b.) ultimate perception c.) stereotyping d.) self-serving bias e.) internal cognition

a.) fundamental attribution

What is a stereotype?

an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a.) Stereotypes can lead to poor decisions b.) All stereotypes are negative c.) Stereotypes are used during the encoding process of perception d.) Quality interpersonal contact among mixed groups may reduce the use of stereotypes e.) Some people have negative stereotypes about older individuals

b.) All stereotypes are negative

What part or function of an organization is NOT subject to implicit cognition? a.) Hiring b.) Performance Appraisals c.) Standard Operating Procedures d.) Leadership

c.) Standard Operating Procedures

As Jasmine got to know Mary, a co-worker of a different ethnicity, Jasmine was surprised to learn how much she actually had in common with Mary such as loving to hike and choice of religion. Jasmine was experiencing which layer of diversity? a.) organizational dimensions b.) personality c.) surface-level characteristics d.) deep-level characteristics e.) internal dimensions

d.) deep-level characteristics

Big Bucks Bank is located in a city with a growing Latino population. Jane, the CEO of BBB, believes in the access-legitimacy perspective. Jane will do which of the following? a.) Hire employees to match the diversity in the population b.) Offer Latino food every Friday c.) Offer international travel services d.) Support the local university's Spanish department e.) All of the above

e.) All of the above

How can the bias of implicit cognition be diminished throughout the hiring process? a.) training b.) structured interviews c.) virtual interviews d.) multiple interviewers e.) all of the above

e.) all of the above