Management Ch. 16

The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with _____.

Alderfer

Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking jokes and goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grownup. On days when Jeff is more reserved, Rob does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior down the road. This isan example of which form ofbehavior modification?

Avoidance learning

Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one's peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved?

Belongingness needs

Samuel, a sales associate atan electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in the store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity?

Changing perceptions

Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the company for the same amount of time, earns about ten percent more than she does. As a result, Yolanda feels that she should not work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This isan example of which method for reducing perceived equity?

Changing work effort

_____ is an important part of the job characteristics model.

Critical psychological states

The _____ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.

E -> P expectancy

____ is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates inan organization.

Empowerment

_____ is a situation in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiasticallyto meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization

Engagement

_____ theory deals with employee's perception of fairness.

Equity

Which of the following isan example of a process theory of motivation?

Equity theory

Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs?

Esteem

One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team's work with jokes and general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are attempting to use which reinforcement tool?

Extinction

Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated?

Extinction

Which of these refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future?

Extinction

In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing inprogressing toward goal achievement?

Feedback

_____ is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her performance.

Feedback

Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?

Goal difficulty

Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of annual salaries. However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory?

Good hygiene factors and inadequate motivators

Alden is a recent college graduate. Heis unsure about his future. A counselor in his university's career resources office recently told Alden that he had a high need for achievement. Based on this, what type of career should Alden pursue?

He should think about starting his own business

The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?

Increase the level of motivators

Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction?

Job design

Karen is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee's opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?

Job enrichment

____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks anemployee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.

Job rotation

Ricky is a manager at InfoServices, where she rewards the top sales employee every month by giving him or her a high-definition TVor PC. This isan example of what employee motivation program?

Lifestyle award

Which of the following are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth?

Motivators

_____ have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction.

Motivators

Which of these combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job?

None of these

Tim is a manager at Chuck's Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chuck's Construction, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tim?

P -> O expectancy

____ describe the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen

Physiological needs

Which of the following is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior?

Positive reinforcement

Which of the following theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior?

Process

One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student's grade. Based on the above, the professor's actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques?

Punishment

_____ is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee.

Punishment

_____ focus on employee learning of desired work behaviors.

Reinforcement theories

Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?

Reinforcement theory

_____ is an individual's belief about his or her abilities to successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.

Self-efficacy

On the continuum of empowerment, what is the highest level of empowerment that requires the most complex skills?

Self-management

Which theory proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from the person's thoughts and beliefs and his or her observations of other people's behavior?

Social learning theory

Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone?

Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength.

Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending?

Task identity

____ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them.

Vicarious learning

The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes:

a need for affiliation

Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people?

a.!Process b. Reinforcement c.Content d.Contingency e.Situational

Which of the following theories focuses on employee learning of desired work behaviors?

a.!Reinforcement theory b. ERG theory c.Hierarchy of needs theory d.Experiential learning theory e.Content theory

Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement?

a.Avoidance learning b. Punishment c.Positive reinforcement d.Extinction e.Neutral learning

Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?

a.Change inputs b. Change outcomes c.Distorts perception d.Leave the job e.!Change equity

Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior?

a.Commitment b!. Motivation c.Satisfaction d.Rewarding behavior e.Behavior modification

Abbi works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but isunwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Abbi?

a.E -> P expectancy b. O -> P expectancy c!.Valence d.Motivators e.O -> E indicators

Which of the following is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes?

a.Equity theory b.!Expectancy theory c.Reinforcement theory d.Two-factor theory e.ERG theory

Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?

a.Job simplification b.! Job enlargement c.Job rotation d.Job characteristics e.Job lay-off

Which of the following describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome?

a.Motivators b!. Valence c.O -> V expectancy d.P -> O expectancy e.E -> V expectancy

Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence?

a.Reinforcement theory b. ERG theory c.! Hierarchy of needs theory d.Experiential learning theory e.Social learning theory

Which of the following is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs?

a.Reinforcement theory b. Process theory c.Situational theory d.!Hierarchy of needs theory e.Contingency theory

Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?

a.Safety needs b.! Compensation needs c.Physiological needs d.Esteem needs e.Self-actualization needs

Kara and Simon are both middle managers at Gotcha International. Kara is dissatisfied because she knows that Simon makes more in salary even though, in Kara's opinion, she works longer hours than he does. If Kara wishes to reduce this perceived inequity, what should she do?

a.She could reduce the number of hours she works. b. She could increase her level of absenteeism. c.She could ask for a raise. d!.All of these.

_____ influences the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work.

a.Skill variety b. Task significance c.Task identity d!.All of these e.Task significance and task identity only

A recent study from the U.S. Department of Labor shows that the top reason that people leave their jobs is because they

a.don't make enough money. b.! don't feel appreciated. c.don't believe in what the organization stands for. d.don't like their colleagues. e.don't like their boss.

Empowering employees means giving employees _____.

a.information b. knowledge c.power d.rewards e!.all of these

The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as:

avoidance learning

A(n)_____ isan example ofan intrinsic reward.

employee's feelings of self-worth

The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as

empowerment

Carla's subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness, connection, and growth. This isan example of employee:

engagement.

Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as _____ needs

existence

A(n)_____ refers to a reward given by another person.

extrinsic reward

Katie dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Mace Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Katie is motivated by

extrinsic rewards

In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the idea that employees have to "buy into" the goals.

goal acceptance

In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous.

goal specificity

Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow's leaders. Sally is motivated by

hygiene factors

A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred toas:

job enrichment

Larry is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task complexity. He should try

job rotation

The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with

knowledge of actual results

Denise has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described asher:

need for power

According to Herzberg, _____ isan example of a hygiene factor

pay

Bruce publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Bruce hopes this will increase the likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This isan example of

positive reinforcement.

A high need for _____ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according to McClelland

power

Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their needs are known as:

process theories

Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by:

relatedness needs.

According to Maslow, the highest order needs are:

self-actualization needs

While job ____ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it has failed as a motivational technique.

simplification

The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham's model of job characteristics that is based on the number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as:

skill variety.

The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers is referred to as:

task significance.

At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of:

vicarious learning