Psychology B
Most people do not show evidence of reflective thinking until their mid-late _____, if at all.
20's
How many stages of reflective thought are there?
7
Identify which of the following is NOT a commonly used secondary reinforcer.
A piece of candy
Francisco, a Hispanic college student, believes that Hispanics should move toward full integration into mainstream culture. This is known as
Acculturation
Theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people's behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or a disposition.
Attribution Theory
According to Associated Content the odds of your dying in a 1 hour flight are less than 1 in 1,000,000, yet I am deathly afraid of flying. What bias explains this reaction?
Availability Heuristic
The use of basic learning techniques, such as conditioning, biofeedback, reinforcement, or aversion therapy, to teach simple skills or alter undesirable behavior.
Behavior modification
Which are differences between American and Japanese attitudes towards motivation and intellectual success? (Check all that apply)
Beliefs about intelligence; Standards; Values
Having strong ties to both your ethnicity and the larger culture is known as being .
Bicultural
A man reads about unemployment in poor communities and says, "Well, if those people weren't so lazy, they would find work."
Blaming the victim
The study of cognitive processes in animals is called
Cognitive Ethology
List the three activities that cognitive ethology studies have shown that some animals can do. (Check all that apply)
Coordinate certain activities with other animals; Anticipate future events; Use numbers to label quantities
A factory worker's mouth waters whenever the noon bell rings, signaling his lunch break. One day, the bell goes haywire and rings every half hour. By the end of the day, the worker has stopped salivating to the bell.
Counterconditioning
What is the standard reference manual used to diagnose all mental disorders?
DSM-IV
A friend of yours, who is moving, asks you to bring over a few boxes. Since you are there anyway, she asks you to fill them with shoes. Before you know it, you have packed up her entire living room, kitchen, and bedroom. What social psychological process is at work here?
Entrapment
Kim believes that her family should immerse themselves in the history, values, and contributions of Chinese culture rather than immerse themselves into American culture. This is known as
Ethnic Identity
Steve knows and likes the Mexican minority in his town, but he privately believes that "American" culture is superior to all others. His belief is evidence of his
Ethnocentrism
Which type of attitudes are ones that we are aware of?
Explicit
A toddler is afraid of the bath, so his mother puts just a little water in the tub and gives the child a lollipop to suck on while he is being washed. Soon, the little boy loses his fear of the bath.
Extinction
A prototype is a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea.
False
An exaggerated unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity or object is a panic disorder.
False
External influences have no bearing on a person's decision.
False
If the risk is high, people are more likely to take action.
False
In order to change a behavior psychologists use classical conditioning.
False
Men are more likely to become depressed than women.
False
Robert Bandura is most commonly associated with operant conditioning.
False
Your roommate keeps interrupting your studying even though you have asked her to stop. To try and stop this behavior you should occasionally respond for the sake of good manners.
False
The tendency, in explaining other people's behavior, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error
A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
Heritability
One evening I went to the mall and met the man of my dreams. We fell in love and got married. I said, "I knew that day, when I was going to mall, that something special was going to happen that day." What cognitive bias is affecting my thinking?
Hindsight bias
Which types of attitudes are we unaware of? They may influence our behaviors in ways we do not recognize.
Implicit
"All crows that I've seen are black. Therefore, all crows are black" is an example of inductive or deductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning
"An orange grows on a tree, an orange is a fruit; therefore all fruits grow on trees" is an example of inductive or deductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning
An inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully or adapt to changes in the environment.
Intelligence
Identify the conditioned response. Five year old Ethan is watching a thunderstorm from his window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Ethan jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Ethan jumps in response to the bolt.
Jumping
The notion that many people need to believe that the world is fair and that justice is served; that bad people are punished and good people rewarded.
Just world hypothesis
A critical element in human cognition is
Language
Identify the conditioned stimulus Five year old Ethan is watching a thunderstorm from his window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Ethan jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Ethan jumps in response to the bolt.
Lightning
What are environmental factors associated with reduced mental ability? (Check all that apply)
Malnutrition; stressful family circumstances; exposure to toxins; poor parental care
Alyssa accidentally called her mother instead of her boyfriend. This would be an error attributed to _______.
Mindlessness
An example of an objective test is
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Which of the following actions by the "learner" reduced the likelihood of being shocked by the "teacher" in Milgram's study?
Nothing he did made a difference
The following are symptoms for what disorder? reliving trauma, detachment from others, lack of concentration
PTSD
Which of the following disorders has these symptoms? trembling, shaking, rapid heart rate, sweating and cold flashes
Panic disorder
____ consists of a negative stereotype and a strong unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group.
Prejudice
What are two symptoms of group think?
Pressure to conform; Self censorship
Patterns of reinforcement affect:
Rate; form; timing
Which are effective ways to influence attitudes?
Repetition; Endorsement; association with a good feeling
A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behavior.
Role
An example of a projective test is
Rorschach inkblot test
If you ace an exam, it's because you studied hard. If you failed, on the other hand, it's because the teacher didn't explain the subject properly.
Self serving bias
A woman says, "I'm grouchy because I've had a bad day at work.
Situational attribution
Concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, & benefits.
Social Cognition
Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions.
Social Norm
_________ theories emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes.
Social cognitive
A summary impression of a group in which a person believes that all members share a common trait or traits. These traits could be positive, negative or neutral.
Stereotype
What occurs when people believe that if they don't do well, they will confirm the stereotypes about their group?
Stereotype Threat
After a child learns to fear spiders, she also responds with fears to beetles, ants, and other crawling bugs.
Stimulus generalization
Being able to multitask is attributed to
Subconscious process
What are two common barriers to reasoning? (Check all that apply)
The need to be right; Laziness
Identify the unconditioned stimulus, Five year old Ethan is watching a thunderstorm from his window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Ethan jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Ethan jumps in response to the bolt.
Thunder
A concept is a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions or qualities having common properties.
True
A person who is bipolar is said to have episodes ranging from depression to mania.
True
A positive effect of conformity is that it allows for society to run smoothly.
True
A process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed with a view to determining the best solution or to resolving differences is dialectical reasoning.
True
A psychological function of prejudices allows the target group to be used as a scapegoat.
True
An individual learning to distinguish, for response purposes, between similar stimuli is the definition of stimulus discrimination.
True
Anthropomorphism is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to non-human beings, whereas anthropodenial is the tendency to think mistakenly that human being have nothing in common animals.
True
Cost benefit ratio supports your decision to get involved.
True
Dissent and altruism are a matter of personal convictions and conscience.
True
Effectiveness of behavior modification is sometimes temporary.
True
Fear/scare tactics are more effective when message provide specific information about how to avoid danger.
True
Howard Gardner proposed that the domains of intelligence can be expanded to include musical aptitude, kinesthetic intelligence, and the capacity for insight into oneself and others.
True
In the view of learning theorists, pairing a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is not enough to produce learning, the neutral stimulus must predict the unconditioned stimulus.
True
Intelligence tests developed between World War I and 1960 favored city children over rural ones, middle class over poor, and white over nonwhite.
True
One advantage of the DSM is that it improves the reliability of the diagnosis.
True
One criticism of the DSM is the danger of over diagnosis.
True
People will take a risk if they see it as a way of avoiding a possible loss.
True
Prejudice can serve a cultural purpose.
True
Some animals have been taught sign language in order to communicate.
True
The higher the birth parents' IQ scores, the higher the child's score is likely to be.
True
The most disabling fear disorder is agoraphobia.
True
There are two groups of mood disorders.
True
You are more inclined to take responsibility when you are in an environment that encourages independent thinking.
True
You want your 2 year old to ask for water with a word instead of a grunt. You should give her water when she says "wa-wa" as a positive reinforcement.
True
About what proportion of the people in Milgram's obedience study administered the highest level of shock?
Two-thirds
Candidate Carmine spends $4 million to make sure his name is seen and heard frequently, and to repeat unverified charges that his opponent is a thief. What psychological processes is he relying to win?
Validity Effect; Coercive persuasion
Choose three of the possible definitions of mental disorder. (Check all that apply)
behavior that is self destructing or dangerous to others; deviation from cultural norms check; emotional distress
Which would be an example of obsessive compulsive disorder?
checking multiple times to make sure you shut off the lights; washing hand three times; counting to ten before entering a doorway every time you enter a doorway
An integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.
cognitive schema
Mood disorders involve disturbances in all of the following: (Check all that apply)
emotion; behavior; cognition
The following are symptoms for what disorder? unwanted worries, restlessness, jittery, disturbed sleep
generalized anxiety disorder
Identify the unconditioned response Five year old Ethan is watching a thunderstorm from his window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Ethan jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Ethan jumps in response to the bolt.
jumping
A friend asks you to meet him at a new restaurant across town; you have never been there, but you find your way anyway because you have experienced
latent learning
An able bodied driver is careful not to park in a handicapped space anymore after paying a large fine for doing so. The loss of money is a
negative reinforcer
Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses and that usually include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves are
objective tests
After watching her teenage sister put on some lipstick, a little girl takes a lipstick and applies it to her own lips. She has acquired this behavior through a process of
observational learning
In the theory of cognitive dissonance, tensions that occur when you believe you have made a bad decision are known as:
postdecision dissonance
Psychological tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli are
projective tests
The measurement of mental abilities, traits and processes.
psychometrics
