Psychology B

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Most people do not show evidence of reflective thinking until their mid-late _____, if at all.

20's

How many stages of reflective thought are there?

7

Identify which of the following is NOT a commonly used secondary reinforcer.

A piece of candy

Francisco, a Hispanic college student, believes that Hispanics should move toward full integration into mainstream culture. This is known as

Acculturation

Theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people's behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or a disposition.

Attribution Theory

According to Associated Content the odds of your dying in a 1 hour flight are less than 1 in 1,000,000, yet I am deathly afraid of flying. What bias explains this reaction?

Availability Heuristic

The use of basic learning techniques, such as conditioning, biofeedback, reinforcement, or aversion therapy, to teach simple skills or alter undesirable behavior.

Behavior modification

Which are differences between American and Japanese attitudes towards motivation and intellectual success? (Check all that apply)

Beliefs about intelligence; Standards; Values

Having strong ties to both your ethnicity and the larger culture is known as being .

Bicultural

A man reads about unemployment in poor communities and says, "Well, if those people weren't so lazy, they would find work."

Blaming the victim

The study of cognitive processes in animals is called

Cognitive Ethology

List the three activities that cognitive ethology studies have shown that some animals can do. (Check all that apply)

Coordinate certain activities with other animals; Anticipate future events; Use numbers to label quantities

A factory worker's mouth waters whenever the noon bell rings, signaling his lunch break. One day, the bell goes haywire and rings every half hour. By the end of the day, the worker has stopped salivating to the bell.

Counterconditioning

What is the standard reference manual used to diagnose all mental disorders?

DSM-IV

A friend of yours, who is moving, asks you to bring over a few boxes. Since you are there anyway, she asks you to fill them with shoes. Before you know it, you have packed up her entire living room, kitchen, and bedroom. What social psychological process is at work here?

Entrapment

Kim believes that her family should immerse themselves in the history, values, and contributions of Chinese culture rather than immerse themselves into American culture. This is known as

Ethnic Identity

Steve knows and likes the Mexican minority in his town, but he privately believes that "American" culture is superior to all others. His belief is evidence of his

Ethnocentrism

Which type of attitudes are ones that we are aware of?

Explicit

A toddler is afraid of the bath, so his mother puts just a little water in the tub and gives the child a lollipop to suck on while he is being washed. Soon, the little boy loses his fear of the bath.

Extinction

A prototype is a unit of meaning that is made up of concepts and expresses a single idea.

False

An exaggerated unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity or object is a panic disorder.

False

External influences have no bearing on a person's decision.

False

If the risk is high, people are more likely to take action.

False

In order to change a behavior psychologists use classical conditioning.

False

Men are more likely to become depressed than women.

False

Robert Bandura is most commonly associated with operant conditioning.

False

Your roommate keeps interrupting your studying even though you have asked her to stop. To try and stop this behavior you should occasionally respond for the sake of good manners.

False

The tendency, in explaining other people's behavior, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation.

Fundamental Attribution Error

A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.

Heritability

One evening I went to the mall and met the man of my dreams. We fell in love and got married. I said, "I knew that day, when I was going to mall, that something special was going to happen that day." What cognitive bias is affecting my thinking?

Hindsight bias

Which types of attitudes are we unaware of? They may influence our behaviors in ways we do not recognize.

Implicit

"All crows that I've seen are black. Therefore, all crows are black" is an example of inductive or deductive reasoning.

Inductive reasoning

"An orange grows on a tree, an orange is a fruit; therefore all fruits grow on trees" is an example of inductive or deductive reasoning.

Inductive reasoning

An inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully or adapt to changes in the environment.

Intelligence

Identify the conditioned response. Five year old Ethan is watching a thunderstorm from his window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Ethan jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Ethan jumps in response to the bolt.

Jumping

The notion that many people need to believe that the world is fair and that justice is served; that bad people are punished and good people rewarded.

Just world hypothesis

A critical element in human cognition is

Language

Identify the conditioned stimulus Five year old Ethan is watching a thunderstorm from his window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Ethan jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Ethan jumps in response to the bolt.

Lightning

What are environmental factors associated with reduced mental ability? (Check all that apply)

Malnutrition; stressful family circumstances; exposure to toxins; poor parental care

Alyssa accidentally called her mother instead of her boyfriend. This would be an error attributed to _______.

Mindlessness

An example of an objective test is

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Which of the following actions by the "learner" reduced the likelihood of being shocked by the "teacher" in Milgram's study?

Nothing he did made a difference

The following are symptoms for what disorder? reliving trauma, detachment from others, lack of concentration

PTSD

Which of the following disorders has these symptoms? trembling, shaking, rapid heart rate, sweating and cold flashes

Panic disorder

____ consists of a negative stereotype and a strong unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group.

Prejudice

What are two symptoms of group think?

Pressure to conform; Self censorship

Patterns of reinforcement affect:

Rate; form; timing

Which are effective ways to influence attitudes?

Repetition; Endorsement; association with a good feeling

A given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behavior.

Role

An example of a projective test is

Rorschach inkblot test

If you ace an exam, it's because you studied hard. If you failed, on the other hand, it's because the teacher didn't explain the subject properly.

Self serving bias

A woman says, "I'm grouchy because I've had a bad day at work.

Situational attribution

Concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, & benefits.

Social Cognition

Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions.

Social Norm

_________ theories emphasize how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others, positive consequences, and cognitive processes.

Social cognitive

A summary impression of a group in which a person believes that all members share a common trait or traits. These traits could be positive, negative or neutral.

Stereotype

What occurs when people believe that if they don't do well, they will confirm the stereotypes about their group?

Stereotype Threat

After a child learns to fear spiders, she also responds with fears to beetles, ants, and other crawling bugs.

Stimulus generalization

Being able to multitask is attributed to

Subconscious process

What are two common barriers to reasoning? (Check all that apply)

The need to be right; Laziness

Identify the unconditioned stimulus, Five year old Ethan is watching a thunderstorm from his window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Ethan jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Ethan jumps in response to the bolt.

Thunder

A concept is a mental category that groups objects, relations, activities, abstractions or qualities having common properties.

True

A person who is bipolar is said to have episodes ranging from depression to mania.

True

A positive effect of conformity is that it allows for society to run smoothly.

True

A process in which opposing facts or ideas are weighed with a view to determining the best solution or to resolving differences is dialectical reasoning.

True

A psychological function of prejudices allows the target group to be used as a scapegoat.

True

An individual learning to distinguish, for response purposes, between similar stimuli is the definition of stimulus discrimination.

True

Anthropomorphism is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to non-human beings, whereas anthropodenial is the tendency to think mistakenly that human being have nothing in common animals.

True

Cost benefit ratio supports your decision to get involved.

True

Dissent and altruism are a matter of personal convictions and conscience.

True

Effectiveness of behavior modification is sometimes temporary.

True

Fear/scare tactics are more effective when message provide specific information about how to avoid danger.

True

Howard Gardner proposed that the domains of intelligence can be expanded to include musical aptitude, kinesthetic intelligence, and the capacity for insight into oneself and others.

True

In the view of learning theorists, pairing a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is not enough to produce learning, the neutral stimulus must predict the unconditioned stimulus.

True

Intelligence tests developed between World War I and 1960 favored city children over rural ones, middle class over poor, and white over nonwhite.

True

One advantage of the DSM is that it improves the reliability of the diagnosis.

True

One criticism of the DSM is the danger of over diagnosis.

True

People will take a risk if they see it as a way of avoiding a possible loss.

True

Prejudice can serve a cultural purpose.

True

Some animals have been taught sign language in order to communicate.

True

The higher the birth parents' IQ scores, the higher the child's score is likely to be.

True

The most disabling fear disorder is agoraphobia.

True

There are two groups of mood disorders.

True

You are more inclined to take responsibility when you are in an environment that encourages independent thinking.

True

You want your 2 year old to ask for water with a word instead of a grunt. You should give her water when she says "wa-wa" as a positive reinforcement.

True

About what proportion of the people in Milgram's obedience study administered the highest level of shock?

Two-thirds

Candidate Carmine spends $4 million to make sure his name is seen and heard frequently, and to repeat unverified charges that his opponent is a thief. What psychological processes is he relying to win?

Validity Effect; Coercive persuasion

Choose three of the possible definitions of mental disorder. (Check all that apply)

behavior that is self destructing or dangerous to others; deviation from cultural norms check; emotional distress

Which would be an example of obsessive compulsive disorder?

checking multiple times to make sure you shut off the lights; washing hand three times; counting to ten before entering a doorway every time you enter a doorway

An integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular topic or aspect of the world.

cognitive schema

Mood disorders involve disturbances in all of the following: (Check all that apply)

emotion; behavior; cognition

The following are symptoms for what disorder? unwanted worries, restlessness, jittery, disturbed sleep

generalized anxiety disorder

Identify the unconditioned response Five year old Ethan is watching a thunderstorm from his window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Ethan jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Ethan jumps in response to the bolt.

jumping

A friend asks you to meet him at a new restaurant across town; you have never been there, but you find your way anyway because you have experienced

latent learning

An able bodied driver is careful not to park in a handicapped space anymore after paying a large fine for doing so. The loss of money is a

negative reinforcer

Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses and that usually include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves are

objective tests

After watching her teenage sister put on some lipstick, a little girl takes a lipstick and applies it to her own lips. She has acquired this behavior through a process of

observational learning

In the theory of cognitive dissonance, tensions that occur when you believe you have made a bad decision are known as:

postdecision dissonance

Psychological tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli are

projective tests

The measurement of mental abilities, traits and processes.

psychometrics


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