Management Exam 4
25. Mellbalch is an electric appliance manufacturer. The employees of the company who are chosen as the best performers of the quarter are given financial incentives for their accomplishments. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate? a. A fixed interval reinforcement schedule b. A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule c. A variable interval reinforcement schedule d. A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
a. A fixed interval reinforcement schedule
21. At Debrelas, a cosmetics manufacturing company, the salespeople are eligible for quarterly bonuses only if they meet their sales target for each month in that particular quarter. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate? a. A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule b. A fixed interval reinforcement schedule c. A variable interval reinforcement schedule d. A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
a. A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
39. Which of the following statements is true of a standard? a. A standard may have to be changed if it does not help in achieving company goals. b. A company's standard must always be the same as its competitors'. c. A standard should not align with employees' actual performance. d. A standard can be determined only by benchmarking other companies.
a. A standard may have to be changed if it does not help in achieving company goals.
50. Which of the following is true of concertive control? a. A team member's behavior has to satisfy the rest of his or her team members. b. Workers in an organization only have to worry about pleasing the boss. c. Companies using concertive control only hire individuals who share the company's beliefs and values. d. All the workers in a company are free to do whatever they want.
a. A team member's behavior has to satisfy the rest of his or her team members.
1. SO Corp. is an electronics company that recently entered the market. It uses the most ideal quality standards and best practices while developing its new product because the market is fairly saturated and only products of the highest quality will be likely to sell. Which of the following processes is being followed by SO Corp. to ensure the success of its product? a. Benchmarking b. Profiling c. Organizing d. Operant conditioning
a. Benchmarking
30. __________predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more money than it pays out. a. Cash flow analysis b. A balance sheet c. Ratio analysis d. An income statement
a. Cash flow analysis
38. __________says that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards. a. Expectancy theory b. Equity theory c. Goal-setting theory d. Reinforcement theory
a. Expectancy theory
48. Angela, a manager at Exuberance Inc., believes in giving special attention to the needs of employees, creating learning opportunities for them, accepting and tolerating differences, and listening to their problems. Which of the following components of transformational leadership is illustrated in this scenario? a. Individualized consideration b. Idealized influence c. Intellectual stimulation d. Inspirational motivation
a. Individualized consideration
44. Which of the following steps a manager can take to use goal-setting theory as a motivational tool for his employees? a. Make sure workers truly accept organizational goals. b. Refrain from reinforcing the wrong behaviors. c. Gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs. d. Reduce employees' inputs.
a. Make sure workers truly accept organizational goals
48. Which of the following is essential for normative control to work? a. Managers must select and hire the right people. b. Managers must set up automated methods of performance evaluation. c. Managers must limit all the outsourcing work in the company. d. Managers must allow all employees to control their own behavior.
a. Managers must select and hire the right people.
40. Which of the following statements is true of control? a. Preventive measures are a form of control. b. Corrective actions are not part of the control process. c. The control process begins when work procedures conform to established standards. d. Control is the process of measuring employee performance using scientific performance scales.
a. Preventive measures are a form of control.
24. Ampertonde, a company that sells consumer durables, decides to take its top 20 best-performing salespeople on a cruise for two weeks. When the top performers are on the cruise, the other salespeople who are not among the top 20 will have to report for work. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate? a. Reinforcement theory b. Equity theory c. Alderfer's ERG Theory d. McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
a. Reinforcement theory
30. According to Maslow, which of the following is on the top of the hierarchy of needs? a. Self-actualization needs b. Physiological needs c. Self-esteem needs d. Safety needs
a. Self-actualization needs
36. __________are a basis of comparison for measuring the extent to which organizational performance is satisfactory or unsatisfactory. a. Standards b. Observations c. Values d. Deviations
a. Standards
37. _____ occurs when performance improvement is attained in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part. a. Suboptimization b. Process gain c. Organizational balance d. Optimization
a. Suboptimization
18. Kendra is a retail manager at Shonder Corp. She needs to respond to customer complaints regarding a product and fix the problem. To do that, she has to decide on either scrapping the product or replacing it with a different brand. Based on the success and favorable online reviews of an alternate brand, she decides to switch to a different brand. In the context of the normative decision theory, which of the following decision styles has Kendra adopted in this scenario? a. The AI decision style b. The AII decision style c. The CI decision style d. The CII decision style
a. The AI decision style
11. Carter is a manager at Global Impact Solutions. When it comes to team performance, he is very strict. However, he grants each employee a month off every year to travel and spend time with their families. As a result, his employees feel motivated to perform better at work. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Carter using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
a. The middle-of-the-road style
23. Benjamin manages a team of 40 employees. He encourages his team members to meet their productivity targets. At the same time, he takes care of their concerns. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Benjamin using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
a. The middle-of-the-road style
3. Ethan is an operations manager at a nonprofit organization. He supervises a team of 20 people who provide social services to underprivileged communities in the city. As a leader, Ethan always maintains a balance between getting the job done the right way and keeping a healthy work environment. He is equally concerned about the quality of services offered as well as the well-being of his employees. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Ethan using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
a. The middle-of-the-road style
5. Jason, the owner of Audio Works, strives to maintain a balance between getting the work done on time and keeping his employees motivated. He encourages them to perform better each time, and he also provides them with work-related benefits such as quarterly bonuses and insurance. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Jason using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
a. The middle-of-the-road style
36. Which of the following is true of leaders? a. They focus on vision, mission, goals, and organizational objectives. b. They focus on productivity and efficiency. c. They see themselves as preservers of the status quo. d. They solve problems so that others can do their work.
a. They focus on vision, mission, goals, and organizational objectives.
11. Debra is a fashion model. She recently broke up with her boyfriend of four years. To cope with depression, she keeps herself busy with work and frequently parties with friends. She likes being surrounded by people, and she never misses social gatherings organized by her modeling agency. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Debra's _____. a. belongingness needs b. physiological needs c. esteem needs d. safety needs
a. belongingness needs
23. Dwayne, a manager at Bruce Enterprises, prepares a financial plan for the allocation of funds to efficiently achieve company goals. The plan also includes the estimation of expenditures for the next year. This plan is an example of a(n) _____. a. budget b. asset c. dividend d. capital
a. budget
42. When the control process is described as cybernetic, it means that: a. constant attention to the feedback loop is required to keep the company's activity on course. b. the behaviors and actions of workers in online work communities are regulated. c. the control process is used for gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur. d. the control process encourages managers to look beyond financial standards for performance measurement.
a. constant attention to the feedback loop is required to keep the company's activity on course.
43. When the employees of a company feel that rewards are fairly allocated, it illustrates _____. a. distributive justice b. procedural justice c. restorative justice d. retributive justice
a. distributive justice
42. When people perceive that they have been underrewarded, they tend to a. experience anger or frustration. b. experience guilt. c. focus on integrating deep-level diversity differences. d. exhibit high tolerance.
a. experience anger or frustration
12. Sabrina is a language trainer at a telecommunications company. Every time her trainees fail to achieve good grades in their practice exercises, she gives them assignments to work at home. In this case, Sabrina is using _____. a. feedback control b. feedforward control c. concurrent control d. reactive control
a. feedback control
3. Haylee is a communication specialist at Sunshine Works. She leads a team of 20 employees. Every time her employees underperform, she asks them to attend refresher training sessions. In this case, Haylee is using _____. a. feedback control b. feedforward control c. concurrent control d. reactive control
a. feedback control
4. Marco is a swimming coach at an elementary school. If his students fail to master a stroke, he compels them to practice for longer hours. In this case, Marco is using _____. a. feedback control b. feedforward control c. concurrent control d. reactive control
a. feedback control
10. The chief financial officer of Cherry Toys wants to determine the losses incurred by the company's sales team. The financial report she should look at is the _____. a. income statement b. financial ratio report c. balance sheet d. annual budget report
a. income statement
1. Alex works as an accountant in a pharmaceutical company. His job frequently demands that he work overtime. Lately, his health has been affected because of his workload. Alex is eligible for a promotion. However, the new position would demand longer working hours with double the current salary. Alex values his health over his pay check at the end of the month. In the context of expectancy theory, the promotion has a _____ on Alex. a. negative valence b. positive valence c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement
a. negative valence
40. In the context of equity theory, pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles and assignments are examples of _____. a. outcomes b. referents c. inputs d. valences
a. outcomes
9. Fiona is a manager at Tune In Solutions. As a leader, she has complete authority to recruit and lay off employees. She also has the authority to reward or punish employees depending on their performance. This scenario illustrates that Fiona has a high _____. a. position power b. emotional intelligence c. instrumentality d. integrity
a. position power
15. Dominic heads the corporate communications department of Zookey Technologies. Eva is his least preferred coworker because her performance is inconsistent. Despite this, Dominic gives her a good performance rating because she has a pleasant personality and she is helpful toward her coworkers. In this scenario, Dominic has a(n) _____ leadership style. a. relationship-oriented b. authority-compliance c. task-oriented d. impoverished
a. relationship-oriented
6. Anna is a team leader at Shine Design Inc. Gavin is her least preferred employee because he makes silly mistakes in his reports. However, Anna believes that he is a valuable resource to the company because he is sincere and hardworking. In this scenario, Anna has a(n) _____ leadership style. a. relationship-oriented b. authority-compliance c. task-oriented d. impoverished
a. relationship-oriented
15. As long as the associate editors at Zeal Publishing accurately proofread at least 100 pages of manuscript each day, they are free to create their own schedules and work styles to achieve their daily target. Zeal Publishing appears to be following a _____ system. a. self-control b. concertive control c. behavior control d. normative control
a. self-control
27. In the context of Fiedler's contingency theory, the term__________refers to the degree to which a particular condition either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members. a. situational favorableness b. position power c. initiating structure d. task structure
a. situational favorableness
47. The second phase in the development of concertive control involves: a. the formalization of objective rules to guide and control behavior. b. the validation of procedures that allow group members to self-manage. c. the ousting of group members who are deemed to be unfit for the group. d. the evaluation of a group's performance to determine its continuance or discontinuance.
a. the formalization of objective rules to guide and control behavior.
21. Veronica recently bought a smartphone for $300. The smartphone has excellent camera and battery life. She is quite happy with her purchase as she feels that the smartphone caters to all her needs for its price. In this scenario, Veronica's perception of the smartphone exemplifies _____. a. value b. control c. efficiency d. suboptimization
a. value
5. Zac purchased a used car. He uses the car to commute to work. He is happy with his purchase because the car offers good mileage. In this scenario, Zac's perception of the car exemplifies _____. a. value b. control c. efficiency d. suboptimization
a. value
13. At Cuppamher, a paper carton manufacturing company, only the factory workers who meet their daily targets are eligible for the monthly bonuses that are disbursed along with their salaries. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate? a. A fixed interval reinforcement schedule b. A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule c. A variable interval reinforcement schedule d. A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
b. A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
12. Noah, the chief executive officer of Rhombus Corp., believes in maintaining a friendly work environment that involves employee benefits like flexible timing and insurance policies. Top managers in the company are approachable to the lower-level employees, thus maintaining a horizontal hierarchy. Moreover, Noah does not give much attention to performance. According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Noah using in this scenario? a. Middle-of-the-road style b. Country club style c. Authority-compliance style d. Impoverished style
b. Country club style
12. Edna, a fashion photographer at a media company, feels demotivated at work because her colleague, Barry, a forensic photographer, gets paid more than her even though he has fewer responsibilities than her. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate? a. Expectancy theory b. Equity theory c. Alderfer's ERG Theory d. McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
b. Equity theory
20. Leon, the production manager at a furniture manufacturing company, decides to underperform at work by not meeting his monthly targets. This is because he feels that no matter how well he performs, his incentives are only half of what the marketing manager receives. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate? a. Expectancy theory b. Equity theory c. Alderfer's ERG Theory d. McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
b. Equity theory
46. Identify a true statement about a self-control system. a. It allows an employee to do whatever he or she wants. b. It does not result in anarchy. c. It does not restrict workers with boundaries. d. It allows managers to control the goals and behaviors of workers.
b. It does not result in anarchy.
50. In the context of environmental contingencies, which of the following describes the formal authority system? a. It is the amount of emotional support that is provided by an employee's immediate work group. b. It is an organization's set of procedures, rules, and policies. c. It is the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified. d. It is a subordinate's ability to perform his or her job well.
b. It is an organization's set of procedures, rules, and policies.
42. Which of the following statements describes Fiedler's contingency theory? a. Leaders can influence followers in highly unfavorable situations. b. Leaders must be matched to a situation that fits their leadership style. c. Leaders are capable of adapting their leadership styles to fit the demands of different situations. d. Leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying the paths to goals.
b. Leaders must be matched to a situation that fits their leadership style.
32. __________states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the routes to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment. a. Contingency theory b. Path-goal theory c. Normative decision theory d. Trait theory
b. Path-goal theory
39. __________states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the routes to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment. a. Contingency theory b. Path-goal theory c. Normative decision theory d. Trait theory
b. Path-goal theory
26. Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory? a. Valences b. Referents c. Situational constraints d. Goal specificity
b. Referents
9. A furniture manufacturing company in the city of Capontash has decided to start operations in the underdeveloped island country of Ballowan. None of its operations staff and trainers want to move to Ballowan because the towns there are not as developed as the towns in Capontash. Therefore, the company gives the top 10 best-performing employees of the next quarter an option to not relocate to Ballowan. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario best illustrate? a. Equity theory b. Reinforcement theory c. Alderfer's ERG Theory d. McClelland's Learned Needs Theory
b. Reinforcement theory
20. Sandra, a manager at Evolve Corp., frequently engages her team in recreational activities. Every employee is friendly with one another. For Sandra, building a healthy work environment is the primary concern and employee performance is secondary. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Sandra using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
b. The country club style
21. Stephen, the vice president of a private bank, promotes a stress-free work environment. He is concerned about his employees' well-being. He is friendly and approachable and does not give much importance to performance as long the deadlines are met. Hence, the employees feel very comfortable at work. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Stephen using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
b. The country club style
25. Brett is a manager at a small publishing firm. He supervises the work of 30 employees. He is friendly to every employee. He strives to promote a favorable work environment where everyone feels comfortable. However, he does not expect them to perform exceptionally well. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Brett using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
b. The country club style
7. Sonia is a manager at a small marketing firm. She expects an adequate level of performance from her employees without pressurizing them to perform better. Hence, her employees have a good work-life balance and feel motivated to work. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Sonia using in this scenario? a. The team management style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
b. The country club style
8. Sarah, a manager at Ackles Inc., plays pranks on her subordinates in an attempt to make the workplace livelier. She trusts her subordinates and does not care much about the quality of their work. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Sarah using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
b. The country club style
45. Which of the following is true of transformational leaders? a. They make sure that employees do not have to make any sacrifices for their organization. b. They are able to make their followers feel that they are a vital part of their organization. c. They do what is best for themselves instead of for their organizations. d. They reward followers for good performance and punish them for poor performance.
b. They are able to make their followers feel that they are a vital part of their organization.
43. Which of the following statements is true of bureaucratically controlled companies? a. They place little emphasis on policies and procedures. b. They are highly resistant to change. c. They are highly responsive to their customers' needs. d. They rely on group norms rather than on formalized rules and regulations.
b. They are highly resistant to change.
17. Lori is considered one of the most successful lawyers in Sambatton, a law firm. She likes working on challenging cases and prefers working independently. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Lori is most likely motivated by the need for _____. a. affiliation b. achievement c. power d. relatedness
b. achievement
2. The editorial team at Levine Corp. enjoys full autonomy. There are no managers in the team. The members make hiring and budgeting decisions, and they work in close coordination with each other. In this scenario, the editorial team is using _____. a. self-control b. concertive control c. behavior control d. normative control
b. concertive control
41. Managers who use bureaucratic control are known to: a. place little emphasis on policies and procedures. b. emphasize following the rules above all else. c. believe that the shared values and beliefs of the company guide workers' behavior. d. rely on group norms rather than on formalized rules and regulations.
b. emphasize following the rules above all else.
23. Kathleen is elated after getting promoted to senior sales manager. She aims to get her next promotion by the end of the next fiscal year. She wants to gain more recognition in the organization and in the society. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Kathleen's _____. a. belongingness needs b. esteem needs c. physiological needs d. safety needs
b. esteem needs
15. Victor, a software engineer, accepted a project for developing an easy-buy application for cell phones. The project had a stringent deadline that other engineers deemed impossible to complete. With proper planning and motivation, Victor was able to develop the application on time. Victor's accomplishment was rewarded with a pay increment. In this scenario, Victor was awarded a(n) _____ for his efforts. a. intrinsic reward b. extrinsic reward c. intangible reward d. natural reward
b. extrinsic reward
4. Edwin has been working as a commissioning editor in a publishing firm for the past two years. To reward him for his excellent performance, the company promotes him to the position of head editor. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____. a. monetary reward b. extrinsic reward c. natural reward d. actualization reward
b. extrinsic reward
33. According to goal-setting theory, _____ is the extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish. a. goal valence b. goal difficulty c. goal instrumentality d. goal specificity
b. goal difficulty
45. Once a company compares its actual performance to performance standards, the next step it should take in the control process is to: a. set its goals. b. identify performance deviations. c. benchmark performance standards. d. ensure suboptimization.
b. identify performance deviations.
30. In the context of the components of transformational leadership,__________means that transformational leaders encourage followers by providing meaning and challenge to their work. a. individualized consideration b. inspirational motivation c. intellectual stimulation d. idealized influence
b. inspirational motivation
37. In the context of expectancy theory,__________is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards. a. valence b. instrumentality c. reinforcement d. efficacy
b. instrumentality
39. According to equity theory, the comparison by employees between the rewards they receive from an organization with their contributions to the organization is known as__________. a. variable ratio b. outcome/input ratio c. financial ratio d. debt/asset ratio
b. outcome/input ratio
32. In the context of motivation, _____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts. a. initiation of effort b. persistence of effort c. direction of effort d. termination of effort
b. persistence of effort
3. Jonathan's employer does not provide health coverage for his family members. Therefore, he decides to purchase health insurance for his kids so that he does not have to pay for their vaccinations and doctor visits every time. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Jonathan's _____. a. belongingness needs b. safety needs c. esteem needs d. physiological needs
b. safety needs
18. To cut costs, Wray Enterprises laid off 30 employees. Thereafter, the existing employees were given cross-training to perform additional job duties. This led to increased productivity, but it also increased the instances of errors. This scenario illustrates _____. a. benchmarking b. suboptimization c. brainstorming d. accommodation
b. suboptimization
10. Siddiqi has been a team leader in a company for five years. He was promoted to a managerial role after taking his leadership qualities and his ability to inspire his teammates into consideration. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Siddiqi was motivated by _____. a. the need for affiliation b. the need for power c. the need for self-actualization d. the need for safety
b. the need for power
36. With__________, consequences are delivered following a different number of behaviors, sometimes more and sometimes less, that vary around a specified average number of behaviors. a. fixed ratio reinforcement schedules b. variable ratio reinforcement schedules c. variable interval reinforcement schedules d. fixed interval reinforcement schedule
b. variable ratio reinforcement schedules
31. When setting standards by benchmarking, the first step is to determine _____. a. when to benchmark b. what to benchmark c. how to benchmark d. which companies to benchmark
b. what to benchmark
41. According to the normative decision theory, which of the following is true of the CI decision-making style? a. A leader shares a problem with employees as a group, obtains their ideas and suggestions, and then makes a decision, which may or may not reflect their input. b. A leader uses information available at the time and solves the problem or makes a decision. c. A leader shares a problem and gets suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis. d. A leader shares a problem with employees as a group, and they, together, generate and evaluate alternatives and try to reach an agreement on a solution.
c. A leader shares a problem and gets suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis.
43. According to the normative decision theory, which of the following is true of the CI decision-making style? a. A leader shares a problem with employees as a group, obtains their ideas and suggestions, and then makes a decision, which may or may not reflect their input. b. A leader uses information available at the time and solves the problem or makes a decision. c. A leader shares a problem and gets suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis. d. A leader shares a problem with employees as a group, and they, together, generate and evaluate alternatives and try to reach an agreement on a solution.
c. A leader shares a problem and gets suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis.
2. Afecreen Inc. has an average of 85 working days in a quarter. The company conducts quality checks to assess the performance of its employees. The employees who perform well may receive a bonus after 70 days or 100 days, but the average interval between the completion of tasks and the receiving of bonus is 85 days. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate? a. A fixed interval reinforcement schedule b. A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule c. A variable interval reinforcement schedule d. A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
c. A variable interval reinforcement schedule
29. __________occurs when behavior and work procedures do not conform to standards. a. Suboptimization b. Benchmarking c. Control loss d. Customer defection
c. Control loss
35. __________says that people will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly. a. Contingency theory b. Goal-setting theory c. Equity theory d. Reinforcement theory
c. Equity theory
38. __________are calculations typically used to track a business's liquidity, efficiency, and profitability over time compared to other businesses in its industry. a. Budgets b. Balance sheets c. Financial ratios d. Income statements
c. Financial ratios
18. Patrick, a marketing manager at Flares Inc., sets performance goals for his subordinates. He discusses the goals with one of his subordinates named Jim. Jim agrees to the specific goals and works toward achieving them. Which of the following components of goal-setting theory is illustrated in this scenario? a. Goal divergence b. Goal difficulty c. Goal acceptance d. Goal ambiguity
c. Goal acceptance
29. __________means that transformational leaders encourage followers to be creative and innovative, to question assumptions, and to look at problems and situations in new ways even if their ideas are different from those of leaders. a. Individualized consideration b. Idealized influence c. Intellectual stimulation d. Inspirational motivation
c. Intellectual stimulation
37. __________means that transformational leaders encourage followers to be creative and innovative, to question assumptions, and to look at problems and situations in new ways even if their ideas are different from those of leaders. a. Individualized consideration b. Idealized influence c. Intellectual stimulation d. Inspirational motivation
c. Intellectual stimulation
28. Which of the following defines motivation? a. It is the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment. b. It is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome. c. It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal. d. It is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.
c. It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and make people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.
50. Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees? a. Keeping inputs and outcomes constant b. Reducing outcomes c. Reducing inputs d. Fixing a referent as constant
c. Reducing inputs
1. Kim runs a restaurant. She expects her employees to deliver excellent customer service. As a result, the employees often feel pressurized. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Kim using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
c. The authority-compliance style
14. Samantha is the headmistress of Harwell High School. She expects high standards of discipline from her staff. She often makes them work over the weekends and on their days off. To foster academic excellence, she discontinues all creative methods of teaching and replaces them with traditional methods. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Samantha using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
c. The authority-compliance style
2. Kyle is a strict boss. He is more concerned about the successful execution of tasks than the wellbeing of his employees. As a result, his employees are highly demotivated and often feel pressurized to complete their work. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Kyle using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
c. The authority-compliance style
22. Kyle is a strict boss. He is more concerned about the successful execution of tasks than the wellbeing of his employees. As a result, his employees are highly demotivated and often feel pressurized to complete their work. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Kyle using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
c. The authority-compliance style
4. Kim runs a restaurant. She expects her employees to deliver excellent customer service. As a result, the employees often feel pressurized. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Kim using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
c. The authority-compliance style
46. Which of the following is true of managers? a. They are critical to inspiring employees and setting long-term goals. b. They see themselves as promoters of change and challengers of the status quo. c. They are concerned with control and limiting the choices of others. d. They focus on vision, mission, goals, and objectives.
c. They are concerned with control and limiting the choices of others.
47. According to the normative decision theory, in which of the following situations should a group decision style be used? a. When subordinates' goals are different from the organization's goals b. When subordinates do not have enough information to make a decision c. When subordinates are likely to disagree or end up in conflict over a decision d. When subordinates' acceptance of a decision is not important
c. When subordinates are likely to disagree or end up in conflict over a decision.
7. The president of Krypton Inc. wants to know the company's current financial condition. The financial report that can provide this information is the _____. a. cash flow statement b. financial ratio report c. balance sheet d. income statement
c. balance sheet
26. Denzi, a logistics company, recently launched an online application. To help set up the application's unique selling point, researchers at Denzi assessed the marketing strategy of another popular online application. This is an example of _____. a. delegation b. suboptimization c. benchmarking d. brainstorming
c. benchmarking
6. Cora is planning to open a restaurant. Before proceeding with the plan, she collects data on the operating standards of one her favorite restaurants that inspired her to open her own restaurant. This is an example of _____. a. delegation b. suboptimization c. benchmarking d. brainstorming
c. benchmarking
16. Richa, an instrumentation engineer, has been assigned a challenging task of designing a specialized device to sterilize medical equipment. Richa believes that hard work and perseverance will help her perform well and complete the design on time. Her belief turns out to be a factor of motivation for her. As a result, she completes the project by meeting all the requirements on time. According to the expectancy theory, Richa is motivated by _____. a. instrumentality b. valence c. expectancy d. reinforcement
c. expectancy
33. In terms of leadership behavior,__________is the degree to which a leader organizes the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning tasks. a. emotional stability b. autonomy c. initiating structure d. drive
c. initiating structure
34. In terms of leadership behavior,__________is the degree to which a leader organizes the roles of followers by setting goals, giving directions, setting deadlines, and assigning tasks. a. emotional stability b. autonomy c. initiating structure d. drive
c. initiating structure
44. A disadvantage of feedback is that: a. it is too general to apply to most situations. b. most people are too sensitive to receive feedback. c. it always comes after the fact. d. it makes the control process inefficient.
c. it always comes after the fact.
45. McClelland stated in his theory that: a. people are motivated by their highest unsatisfied need. b. people can only be motivated by one need at a time. c. needs are learned, not innate. d. rewards are tangible, not intangible.
c. needs are learned, not innate.
13. Abby's Designer Wear is a large boutique of designer clothes. Over the past year, the business slowed down, and the boutique started losing its popularity. Abigail, the boutique's owner, started an employee discussion board where employees shared their inputs on how the boutique could regain its popularity. After consulting the employees, Abigail launched a whole new collection of vintage wear that proved to be a sales success. Besides this, the employees felt happy that their inputs were taken into consideration. The leadership style that is illustrated in this scenario by Abigail is called _____. a. supportive leadership b. achievement-oriented leadership c. participative leadership d. directive leadership
c. participative leadership
17. Sturdy Furniture, a furniture company, started to lose its customer base because of increasing competition. Then Aaron, the chief executive officer of the company, installed a suggestion box in which the employees could drop chits with ideas on how the company can reinvent its image. Most of the employees shared their creative ideas with great enthusiasm in the hope that their ideas would be considered. The leadership style that is illustrated in this scenario by Aaron is called _____. a. supportive leadership b. achievement-oriented leadership c. participative leadership d. directive leadership
c. participative leadership
35. According to path-goal theory, the subordinate contingency of__________refers to how capable subordinates believe they are in doing their jobs well. a. experience b. locus of control c. perceived ability d. leadership
c. perceived ability
27. In the context of goal-setting theory,__________is information about the quality or quantity of past performance and indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal. a. reinforcement contingency b. instrumentality c. performance feedback d. expectancy
c. performance feedback
34. To determine whether control is worthwhile, a company must consider its _____. a. dynamic costs b. feasibility costs c. regulation costs d. operational costs
c. regulation costs
34. In the context of theories of motivation,__________is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior. a. goal setting b. expectancy c. reinforcement d. self-actualization
c. reinforcement
16. Mathew is a manager at Wonderworld Hypermarket. He finds it difficult to cooperate and work with Anthony when it comes to getting the work done to meet the sales targets. Anthony is Mathew's least preferred subordinate. Mathew describes Anthony as gloomy, insincere, lazy, unfriendly, and boring when his boss asks for a feedback about his subordinates. This scenario illustrates that Mathew is following a _____ leadership style. a. relationship-oriented b. country club c. task-oriented d. team management
c. task-oriented
19. Seth is a manager at Click Systems. He leads a team of 20 employees, and Amanda is his least preferred coworker because he finds it difficult to cooperate with her. During an employee feedback session, Seth informs his boss that Amanda is unresponsive, insincere, lazy, and unfriendly. In this scenario, Seth has a _____ leadership style. a. relationship-oriented b. country club c. task-oriented d. team management
c. task-oriented
24. Mathew is a manager at Wonderworld Hypermarket. He finds it difficult to cooperate and work with Anthony when it comes to getting the work done to meet the sales targets. Anthony is Mathew's least preferred subordinate. Mathew describes Anthony as gloomy, insincere, lazy, unfriendly, and boring when his boss asks for a feedback about his subordinates. This scenario illustrates that Mathew is following a _____ leadership style. a. relationship-oriented b. country club c. task-oriented d. team management
c. task-oriented
31. In the context of equity theory, _____ occurs when a referent's outcome/input (O/I) ratio is better than one's own O/I ratio. a. distributive justice b. overreward c. underreward d. procedural justice
c. underreward
29. In the context of reinforcement theory, consequences of__________follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time. a. fixed ratio reinforcement schedules b. variable ratio reinforcement schedules c. variable interval reinforcement schedules d. fixed interval reinforcement schedule
c. variable interval reinforcement schedules
41. Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward? a. A sense of accomplishment b. A feeling of responsibility c. A chance to learn something new d. A promotion to a higher position
d. A promotion to a higher position
6. Every member of the space selling team at Sportetine, a monthly sports magazine, is given a target of eight full-page advertisements. A member might receive his or her bonus after he or she secures seven, nine, or ten advertisements per month provided he or she manages to secure an average of eight advertisements. In the context of reinforcement theory of motivation, which of the following intermittent reinforcement schedules does this scenario best illustrate? a. A fixed interval reinforcement schedule b. A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule c. A variable interval reinforcement schedule d. A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
d. A variable ratio reinforcement schedule
32. __________is the process of identifying outstanding practices, processes, and standards in other companies and adapting them to one's company. a. Branding b. Regulating c. Profiling d. Benchmarking
d. Benchmarking
27. __________usually arise when companies give work groups complete autonomy and responsibility for task completion. a. Bureaucratic controls b. Objective controls c. Output controls d. Concertive controls
d. Concertive controls
47. Identify a step that managers can take to motivate employees using the expectancy theory. a. Reduce employees' inputs b. Overreward employees c. Avoid publicizing the way in which pay decisions are made d. Empower employees to make decisions
d. Empower employees to make decisions
8. Jay's motivation to work decreased after he found out that newly recruited sales representatives are offered double what he was offered a year ago for the same position. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate? a. Expectancy theory b. Herzberg's two-factor theory c. Alderfer's ERG Theory d. Equity theory
d. Equity theory
33. _____ is a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur. a. Adaptive control b. Concurrent control c. Feedback control d. Feedforward control
d. Feedforward control
44. Which of the following is true of supportive leadership? a. It involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions. b. It involves setting challenging goals and having confidence that employees will achieve them. c. It involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them. d. It involves being approachable to employees and treating them as equals.
d. It involves being approachable to employees and treating them as equals.
49. Which of the following statements is true of feedforward control? a. It is also known as concurrent control. b. It is a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies after they occur. c. It represents the extent to which it is possible to implement each step in the control process. d. It provides information about performance deficiencies by monitoring inputs rather than outputs.
d. It provides information about performance deficiencies by monitoring inputs rather than outputs.
49. Fiedler uses a questionnaire called the _____ scale to measure leadership style. a. Locus of Control b. Leadership Judgement c. Multifactor Leadership d. Least Preferred Coworker
d. Least Preferred Coworker
28. _____ are the costs associated with implementing or maintaining control. a. Value costs b. Conversion costs c. Sunk costs d. Regulation costs
d. Regulation costs
14. Sam is a customer service executive at Flix—an apparel store. He went beyond his primary role of assisting customers to suggesting or styling outfits for them. This gesture was well appreciated by the customers. The company's manager immediately rewarded Sam with a bonus for his good performance. Which of the following theories of motivation did Sam's manager adopt in this scenario? a. Contingency theory b. Systems theory c. Equity theory d. Reinforcement theory
d. Reinforcement theory
26. __________is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization. a. Autocratic leadership b. Transactional leadership c. Repressive leadership d. Strategic leadership
d. Strategic leadership
28. __________is the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization. a. Autocratic leadership b. Transactional leadership c. Repressive leadership d. Strategic leadership
d. Strategic leadership
10. Mia is the manager of a sales team in a retail company. She does not care much about the company's growth and profitability. Most of the time, she is oblivious to the requirements of her job and the concerns of her team members. In the context of the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Mia using in this scenario? a. The middle-of-the-road style b. The country club style c. The authority-compliance style d. The impoverished style
d. The impoverished style
35. Concertive controls are based on: a. a company's corporate culture. b. the code of ethics of a company. c. a company's widely shared values and beliefs. d. beliefs that are shaped and negotiated by work groups.
d. beliefs that are shaped and negotiated by work groups.
19. Larry recently moved to Austin for a new job. He has been staying in an apartment alone ever since. He feels the need to make new friends and hence decides to join a recreational club. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Larry's _____. a. safety needs b. physiological needs c. esteem needs d. belongingness needs
d. belongingness needs
13. Ruben is the chief executive officer of a multinational corporation. He manages 15 teams, and the leaders of each team report to him. When a team performs exceptionally well, Ruben presents them with a trophy at the end of every year. However, when a team does not meet the performance standards, he deducts their earned leaves. In this scenario, Ruben is using _____. a. adaptive control b. normative control c. concertive control d. bureaucratic control
d. bureaucratic control
17. Karson, the managing director of a multinational corporation, punishes his employees for coming late to work by deducting their salaries. In this scenario, Karson is using _____. a. adaptive control b. normative control c. concertive control d. bureaucratic control
d. bureaucratic control
24. Jaime, the president of Coddom Bank, rewards his top-performing employees with an exclusive shopping card at the end of the year. This scenario illustrates that Jaime is using _____. a. adaptive control b. normative control c. concertive control d. bureaucratic control
d. bureaucratic control
25. Emily is a school principal. If the teachers at her school fail to complete teaching the syllabus for the term on time, she fires them immediately. This scenario illustrates that Emily is using _____. a. adaptive control b. normative control c. concertive control d. bureaucratic control
d. bureaucratic control
8. Gigi, the owner of Café Mantra, gives small rewards—free movie tickets—to employees who regularly come to work on time and complete the tasks assigned to them. Employees who break rules or deviate from the company policy, however, often get a cut in their performance-linked incentives. Gigi is using _____ with her employees. a. adaptive control b. normative control c. concertive control d. bureaucratic control
d. bureaucratic control
22. Clarence used to work as a doctor in a federal government hospital. After retiring, he started a private clinic to continue practicing medicine and to maintain his reputation as a doctor. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Clarence's _____. a. belongingness needs b. physiological needs c. safety needs d. esteem needs
d. esteem needs
48. With continuous reinforcement schedules, a consequence: a. is delivered following a specific number of behaviors. b. is delivered following a different number of behaviors. c. follows a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed. d. follows every instance of a behavior.
d. follows every instance of a behavior.
49. According to _____, goals energize behavior and also create tension between the goal, which is the desired future state of affairs, and where the employee or company is now, meaning the current state of affairs. a. path-goal theory b. reinforcement theory c. expectancy theory d. goal-setting theory
d. goal-setting theory
31. According to the normative decision theory, leaders who share problems with their subordinates and then have them make decisions use a__________style. a. repressive decision b. autocratic decision c. consultative decision d. group decision
d. group decision
46. When people perceive that they have been treated unfairly, they may try to restore equity by: a. keeping inputs and outcomes constant. b. fixing a referent as constant. c. increasing inputs. d. increasing outcomes.
d. increasing outcomes.
14. JBC Customs only hires people who are curious and eager to learn as its managers believe that those are the two traits every employee needs to have if they want to contribute anything of value to the company. Every applicant is carefully screened, and only those applicants who have these two traits are chosen to proceed further in the hiring process. In this scenario, JBC Customs is using _____. a. concertive control b. adaptive control c. bureaucratic control d. normative control
d. normative control
16. Lydia owns a fashion store for women, and her main focus is on providing quality customer service. The staff is trained to treat customers with utmost care and provide them with reliable fashion advice. Lydia carefully chooses her staff and appoints people who are attentive, friendly, and have a good fashion sense. In this case, Lydia is using _____. a. concertive control b. adaptive control c. bureaucratic control d. normative control
d. normative control
19. Anaya owns a store that sells leather products made from mushroom caps. She cares for the environment and the welfare of the animals. To run her business successfully, she employs people who think outside the box and wish to protect animals from exploitation. This is an example of _____. a. concertive control b. objective control c. bureaucratic control d. normative control
d. normative control
20. Gary is the founder of an animal shelter; he shares a special bond with animals. Hence, he prefers to employ people who care for animals. The caretakers at his shelter are hardworking, trustworthy, and sensitive to the needs of the rescued animals. This is an example of _____. a. concertive control b. objective control c. bureaucratic control d. normative control
d. normative control
11. FitnessX is a gymnasium. The owner of the gymnasium has installed surveillance cameras in the main workout area to monitor the behavior of all the fitness trainers. This is an example of _____. a. normative control b. bureaucratic control c. concertive control d. objective control
d. objective control
22. Sasha is the manager of a sales team in a corporation. All sales calls made by her subordinates to customers and clients are recorded for quality check purposes. On the basis of their call performance, they get rewarded. This is an example of _____. a. normative control b. bureaucratic control c. concertive control d. objective control
d. objective control
9. Purple Dust is a digital marketing company. All the computers used by the employees have software called Time Doctor installed in them to monitor their browsing activities. This monitoring is carried out to determine whether the employees are using the Internet for purposes other than business. This is an example of _____. a. normative control b. bureaucratic control c. concertive control d. objective control
d. objective control
5. Kiara, a waitress, received a salary increment. Even though Kiara's coworkers received a five percent higher increment than her, Kiara perceived the hike to be in line with her performance and experience. In the given scenario, Kiara _____ to restore equity. a. decreased her inputs b. increased her outcomes c. changed her referent d. rationalized her outcome/input (O/I) ratio
d. rationalized her outcome/input (O/I) ratio
7. Juan wants to take a few insurance policies for financial security. Therefore, he compares different insurance products online to find the ones with good returns. In the context of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, this scenario best illustrates Juan's _____. a. belongingness needs b. physiological needs c. esteem needs d. safety needs
d. safety needs
38. In the context of visionary leadership,__________control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share information that is only beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's. a. ethical charismatics b. democratic leaders c. authoritarian leaders d. unethical charismatics
d. unethical charismatics
40. In the context of visionary leadership,__________control and manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share information that is only beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's. a. ethical charismatics b. democratic leaders c. authoritarian leaders d. unethical charismatics
d. unethical charismatics