Management Final
Multivariable Testing
- A systematic approach of experimentation to analyze and evaluate potential solutions Improves decision making by: - conducting experiments and letting the data decide - saving time and money by using mathematical shortcut to test variables
Compute the Optimal Decision
-Multiply the rating for each criterion by the weight for that criterion -Sum the scores for each alternative course of action
The Five Stages of Organizational Decline
1. Blinded Stage 2. Inaction 3. Faulty Action 4. Crisis 5. Dissolution
Steps to Rational Decision Making
1. Define the problem 2. Identify decision criteria 3. Weigh the criteria 4. Generate alternative courses of action 5. Evaluate each alternative 6. Compute the optimal decision
Steps to establish Delphi Technique
1. assemble a panel of experts 2. create a questionnaire of open-ended questions 3. Summarize the responses and feed back to the panel until members reach agreement 4. Create a brief report and send to the panel members for agreement/disagreement 5. continue the feedback process until panel reaches agreement.
8 Reasons for Resisting Change
1. fear of the unknown 2. lack of good information 3. fear for loss of security 4. no reasons to change 5. fear for loss of power 6. lack of resources 7. bad timing 8. habit
Steps to establish a devils advocacy program
1. generate a potential solution 2. assign a devils advocate to criticize and question 3. present the critique of the solution to key decision makers 4. gather additional information 5. decide whether to use, change or not use the originally proposed solution
4. Crisis
Bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur
Another term fro initiation structure leadership behavior
Concern for production
Hot Topic is a fast growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topics CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlins almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. McLaughlin is demonstrating ______
Consideration
IN terms of leadership behavior, the term _____ refers to the extend to which a leader is friendly, approachable, supportive, and shows concern for employees
Consideration
W.L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among many other innovative products. Gore employees (known as associates) don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. At Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed by the other employees or the project itself. The Gore company more than likely adheres to the _____ Theory of leadership
Contingency
Kodak is a company associated with photography and has decided to become a market leader in digital imaging. Kodak can encourage the development of a culture where workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed by offering challenging work and supervisory encouragement. In other words, the company can create a(n) _______
Creative work environment
The nominal group technique improves group decision making by ________
Decreasing a-type conflict
The _______ is a decision making method in which a panel of experts responds to questions and to each other until an agreement is reached don how a specific issue should be handled
Delphi Technique
Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees performances than their job satisfaction. From this information, what type of leadership style is being used?
Directive
Kodak is a company associated with photography. The company has recognized that digital photography is a threat to the future growth of the company's film business. Therefore, the company has decided to become a market leader in digital imaging. As kodak tried to compete in this new innovation stream, it entered _______.
Discontinuous change
The normative decision theory ________
Helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making
Contingency theory of leadership
In order to maximize work group performance, leaders must e matches to the situation that best fits their leadership style.
Reseach at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, _____ and _____, are central to successful leadership
Initiating structure Consideration
3. Faulty Action
Managers assume that if they just run a tighter ship, company performance will return to previous levels
Informally agreed on standards that regulate team behavior
Norms
Hot Topic is a fast growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topics CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlins almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. McLaughlin uses the _____ style of management
Participative
Environmental Contingencies
Primary Work Group Locus of Control Task Structure
Which of the following statements about resistance to change is true?
Resistance to change will always occur; it is inevitable
Transactional Leaders _______.
Reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior
Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ___ pattern of innovation
S-Curve
An example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory
Task Structure
Kodak is a company associate with photography. The development of the digital camera forced Kodak into the innovation stream because the new imaging process was a(n) __________.
Technological discontinuity
The development of the DVD player was a source of _____ to companies in the movie industry just as VHS tapes had once been.
Technological discontinuity
Problem Identification
The first step in rational decision making
According to path goal theory, with of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?
The formal authority system
Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?
These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration
Which leadership style would be most likely to rely on positive and negative reinforcement?
Transactional Leadership
_____ is based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance.
Transactional Leadership
The three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin are _____.
Unfreezing change intervention refreezing
approaches to managing resistance to change
Unfreezing: -Share reasons -Empathize -Communicate Change Intervention: -Benefits -Champion -Input -Timing -Security -Training -Pace Refreezing: -Top management support -Reinforce
______ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides directions or future planning and goal setting.
Visionary Leadership
Which of the following leadership theories uses a decision tree to determine the appropriate level of participation by subordinates in decision making?
Vroom-Yetton-Jago's normative decision model
2. Inaction
Waiting to see if problems will correct themselves Don't feel problems are urgent
Locus of Control
a personality measure that indicated the extent to which people believe that they have control over what happens to them in life.
In the typical S-curve pattern of innovation, increases effort (money, research and development) brings only small improvements in technological performance __________.
at both the beginning and end of the cycle
In the typical s curve pattern of innovation, increased effort bring only small improvements in technological performance when performance limits of the technology are reached _________.
at the end of the cycle
In the typical s curve pattern of innovation, small amounts of effort will result in significant increases in performance _______.
at the midpoint of the cycle.
Design Competition
competition between old and new technologies in order to establish a dominant design
Another term for considerate leadership behavior
concern for people
Which of the following is NOT a component of Transformational leadership? a. Idealized influence b. supportive influence c. intellectual stimulation d. individualized consideration e. inspirational motivation
d. individualized
neither Chile nor Peru have a mass-market cafe culture, but that fact has not stopped Starbucks from engaging in (___) to determine how best to expand into those markets
decision making
According to John Kotter, which of the following actions will adversely/negatively influence refreezing efforts?
declaring victory too soon
Kodak is a company associated with photography. The company has recognized that digital photography isi a threat to the future growth of the company. Therefore, the company has decided to become a market leader in digital imaging while still providing customer support for people still using film cameras. The existence of both technologies is an example of _______.
design competition
The ________ approach to decision making is a method in which an individual or a subgroup is assigned the role of a critic
devils advocacy
Another term from considerate leadership behavior
employee-centered leadership
The most popular approach to increasing goal commitment
encouraging workers' participation in goal setting
The two kinds of charismatic leaders are referred to as ______
ethical charismatics and unethical charismatics
decision making
he process of choosing a solution from available alternatives
The European Union encourages companies to abandon national boundaries and offer the same products to all of the member countries. Allianz, Germany's largest insurance group, is considering converting from a German company to a European company. If it makes this decision rationally, it will first _________
identify problems arising from tax and regulatory issues
Transformational leaders that pay special attention to followers individual needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating individual differences, encouraging two way communication, and practice being a good listener describe the component of transformational leadership known as __________
individualized consideration
Directive leadership style
involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for perfromaning tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.
1. Blinded Stage
lack of awareness about changes overconfidence
Path Goal Theory
leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment.
A systematic process of defining problems, evaluating alternatives and choosing optimal solutions
rational decision making
One method of weighing decision criteria uses ________, which is a process where each decision is compared directly to every other criterion.
relative comparisons
In terms of innovation streams, what _______ occurred when customers purchased flat screen computer monitors to replace the older, bulkier monitors?
technological substitution
Primary Work Group
the amount of work oriented participation or emotional support that is provided by an employees immediate work group.
5. Dissolution
the company is dissolved through bankruptcy or selling assets
Task Structure
the degree to which the requirements of a subordinates tasks are clearly specified
Discontinuous Change
the phase of the technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.
Which of the following is one of the six steps in the rational decision making process?
weight the criteria