Management Final

Multivariable Testing

- A systematic approach of experimentation to analyze and evaluate potential solutions Improves decision making by: - conducting experiments and letting the data decide - saving time and money by using mathematical shortcut to test variables

Compute the Optimal Decision

-Multiply the rating for each criterion by the weight for that criterion -Sum the scores for each alternative course of action

The Five Stages of Organizational Decline

1. Blinded Stage 2. Inaction 3. Faulty Action 4. Crisis 5. Dissolution

Steps to Rational Decision Making

1. Define the problem 2. Identify decision criteria 3. Weigh the criteria 4. Generate alternative courses of action 5. Evaluate each alternative 6. Compute the optimal decision

Steps to establish Delphi Technique

1. assemble a panel of experts 2. create a questionnaire of open-ended questions 3. Summarize the responses and feed back to the panel until members reach agreement 4. Create a brief report and send to the panel members for agreement/disagreement 5. continue the feedback process until panel reaches agreement.

8 Reasons for Resisting Change

1. fear of the unknown 2. lack of good information 3. fear for loss of security 4. no reasons to change 5. fear for loss of power 6. lack of resources 7. bad timing 8. habit

Steps to establish a devils advocacy program

1. generate a potential solution 2. assign a devils advocate to criticize and question 3. present the critique of the solution to key decision makers 4. gather additional information 5. decide whether to use, change or not use the originally proposed solution

4. Crisis

Bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur

Another term fro initiation structure leadership behavior

Concern for production

Hot Topic is a fast growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topics CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlins almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. McLaughlin is demonstrating ______

Consideration

IN terms of leadership behavior, the term _____ refers to the extend to which a leader is friendly, approachable, supportive, and shows concern for employees

Consideration

W.L. Gore is the company that created Gore-Tex among many other innovative products. Gore employees (known as associates) don't have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. At Gore, few leaders are appointed; leaders simply emerge as needed by the other employees or the project itself. The Gore company more than likely adheres to the _____ Theory of leadership

Contingency

Kodak is a company associated with photography and has decided to become a market leader in digital imaging. Kodak can encourage the development of a culture where workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed by offering challenging work and supervisory encouragement. In other words, the company can create a(n) _______

Creative work environment

The nominal group technique improves group decision making by ________

Decreasing a-type conflict

The _______ is a decision making method in which a panel of experts responds to questions and to each other until an agreement is reached don how a specific issue should be handled

Delphi Technique

Recently, a newly appointed CEO of a major corporation began by firing the entire management committee. A few months later, this same executive, fired two of his hand picked senior executives. From this information, it is obvious that this executive was more concerned about his employees performances than their job satisfaction. From this information, what type of leadership style is being used?

Directive

Kodak is a company associated with photography. The company has recognized that digital photography is a threat to the future growth of the company's film business. Therefore, the company has decided to become a market leader in digital imaging. As kodak tried to compete in this new innovation stream, it entered _______.

Discontinuous change

The normative decision theory ________

Helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

Contingency theory of leadership

In order to maximize work group performance, leaders must e matches to the situation that best fits their leadership style.

Reseach at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, _____ and _____, are central to successful leadership

Initiating structure Consideration

3. Faulty Action

Managers assume that if they just run a tighter ship, company performance will return to previous levels

Informally agreed on standards that regulate team behavior

Norms

Hot Topic is a fast growing clothing chain targeted to the alternative teen demographic. Hot Topics CEO Betsy McLaughlin relies on her employees to locate new trends. McLaughlins almost daily consults with her employees for suggestions on what the stores should carry. She relies on their input before making inventory decisions and treats her employees as equals. McLaughlin uses the _____ style of management

Participative

Environmental Contingencies

Primary Work Group Locus of Control Task Structure

Which of the following statements about resistance to change is true?

Resistance to change will always occur; it is inevitable

Transactional Leaders _______.

Reward followers for good behavior and punish followers for poor behavior

Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ___ pattern of innovation

S-Curve

An example of an environmental contingency in path-goal theory

Task Structure

Kodak is a company associate with photography. The development of the digital camera forced Kodak into the innovation stream because the new imaging process was a(n) __________.

Technological discontinuity

The development of the DVD player was a source of _____ to companies in the movie industry just as VHS tapes had once been.

Technological discontinuity

Problem Identification

The first step in rational decision making

According to path goal theory, with of the following is an example of an environmental contingency?

The formal authority system

Which of the following statements about the two basic leader behaviors that are central to successful leadership is true?

These behaviors are referred to as initiating structure and consideration

Which leadership style would be most likely to rely on positive and negative reinforcement?

Transactional Leadership

_____ is based on an exchange process, in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance.

Transactional Leadership

The three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin are _____.

Unfreezing change intervention refreezing

approaches to managing resistance to change

Unfreezing: -Share reasons -Empathize -Communicate Change Intervention: -Benefits -Champion -Input -Timing -Security -Training -Pace Refreezing: -Top management support -Reinforce

______ is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides directions or future planning and goal setting.

Visionary Leadership

Which of the following leadership theories uses a decision tree to determine the appropriate level of participation by subordinates in decision making?

Vroom-Yetton-Jago's normative decision model

2. Inaction

Waiting to see if problems will correct themselves Don't feel problems are urgent

Locus of Control

a personality measure that indicated the extent to which people believe that they have control over what happens to them in life.

In the typical S-curve pattern of innovation, increases effort (money, research and development) brings only small improvements in technological performance __________.

at both the beginning and end of the cycle

In the typical s curve pattern of innovation, increased effort bring only small improvements in technological performance when performance limits of the technology are reached _________.

at the end of the cycle

In the typical s curve pattern of innovation, small amounts of effort will result in significant increases in performance _______.

at the midpoint of the cycle.

Design Competition

competition between old and new technologies in order to establish a dominant design

Another term for considerate leadership behavior

concern for people

Which of the following is NOT a component of Transformational leadership? a. Idealized influence b. supportive influence c. intellectual stimulation d. individualized consideration e. inspirational motivation

d. individualized

neither Chile nor Peru have a mass-market cafe culture, but that fact has not stopped Starbucks from engaging in (___) to determine how best to expand into those markets

decision making

According to John Kotter, which of the following actions will adversely/negatively influence refreezing efforts?

declaring victory too soon

Kodak is a company associated with photography. The company has recognized that digital photography isi a threat to the future growth of the company. Therefore, the company has decided to become a market leader in digital imaging while still providing customer support for people still using film cameras. The existence of both technologies is an example of _______.

design competition

The ________ approach to decision making is a method in which an individual or a subgroup is assigned the role of a critic

devils advocacy

Another term from considerate leadership behavior

employee-centered leadership

The most popular approach to increasing goal commitment

encouraging workers' participation in goal setting

The two kinds of charismatic leaders are referred to as ______

ethical charismatics and unethical charismatics

decision making

he process of choosing a solution from available alternatives

The European Union encourages companies to abandon national boundaries and offer the same products to all of the member countries. Allianz, Germany's largest insurance group, is considering converting from a German company to a European company. If it makes this decision rationally, it will first _________

identify problems arising from tax and regulatory issues

Transformational leaders that pay special attention to followers individual needs by creating learning opportunities, accepting and tolerating individual differences, encouraging two way communication, and practice being a good listener describe the component of transformational leadership known as __________

individualized consideration

Directive leadership style

involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them, giving them specific guidelines for perfromaning tasks, scheduling work, setting standards of performance and making sure that people follow standard rules and regulations.

1. Blinded Stage

lack of awareness about changes overconfidence

Path Goal Theory

leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment.

A systematic process of defining problems, evaluating alternatives and choosing optimal solutions

rational decision making

One method of weighing decision criteria uses ________, which is a process where each decision is compared directly to every other criterion.

relative comparisons

In terms of innovation streams, what _______ occurred when customers purchased flat screen computer monitors to replace the older, bulkier monitors?

technological substitution

Primary Work Group

the amount of work oriented participation or emotional support that is provided by an employees immediate work group.

5. Dissolution

the company is dissolved through bankruptcy or selling assets

Task Structure

the degree to which the requirements of a subordinates tasks are clearly specified

Discontinuous Change

the phase of the technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

Which of the following is one of the six steps in the rational decision making process?

weight the criteria