Management Test 4

A person who is motivated by extrinsic rewards does all of the following except???

---works hard because the job is challenging works hard to receive a year-end bonus hopes to get the "Employee of the Month" award tries to get a salary increase

Types of teams

-Functional teams -Cross-functional teams -Problem solving teams -Self-directed teams -Venture teams -Virtual teams -Global teams

In the context of managing communication, which of the following statements is a difference between routine and nonroutine messages?

. Nonroutine messages are ambiguous, whereas routine messages are straightforward. Nonroutine messages typically are ambiguous, concern novel events, and involve great potential for misunderstanding. Routine messages are simple and straightforward. They convey data or statistics or simply put into words what managers already agree on and understand.

Key elements of communication

1) Source- the originator of the ideas and feelings expressed 2) Message- the information being communicated 3) Receiver- the person(s) who interpret the message 4) Channel- the means by which the message is expressed

Which of the following is a difference between a centralized communication network and a decentralized communication network?

A decentralized network allows members to process information equally until all agree on a decision, whereas a centralized network limits the number of people involved in decision making. Centralized communication can be effective for large teams because it limits the number of people involved in decision making. In a decentralized network, people can communicate freely with other team members. Members process information equally among themselves until all agree on a decision.

vertical team

A formal team composed of a manager and his or her subordinates in the organization's formal chain of command.

horizontal team

A formal team composed of employees from about the same hierarchical level but from different areas of expertise.

job enrichment

A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself.

Heidi likes to start team meetings with a joke or a funny story that breaks the ice and makes people talk and laugh. She is very receptive to her team members' ideas and encourages them to contribute to conversations. When conflicts arise within the group, Heidi helps the disagreeing members to reach an agreement. In the context of the different roles played by team members, which of the following roles does Heidi play?

A socioemotional role In the given scenario, Heidi plays a socioemotional role. People who adopt a socioemotional role support team members' emotional needs and help strengthen the social entity. They are warm and receptive to others' ideas and they praise and encourage others to draw forth their contributions.

What is a team?

A team is a unit of two or more people who interact with coordinate their work to accomplish a goal to which they are committed and hold themselves mutually accountable.

Extinction

A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.

Herzberg

A theorist who looked at the factors that affect people's motivation to work. He identified a two-factor theory that suggested that motivation depends on two causes or factors. two factors: hygiene factors and- focus on lower-level needs and involves the presence or absence of job dissatisfy, including working conditions, pay, and company policies. Motivators: influences job satisfaction based on fulfilling higher level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunities for personal growth.

Which of the following behaviors shows good listening skills?

Asking for clarification after someone has spoken.

vertical communication

Communication that flows up and down the organization, usually along formal reporting lines; takes place between managers and their superiors and subordinates and may involve several different levels of the organization

________is the most familiar and obvious flow of formal communication that consists of the messages and information sent from top management to subordinates. Feedb

Downward communication The most familiar and obvious flow of formal communication, downward communication, consists of the messages and information sent from top management to subordinates in a downward direction.

____ is defined as an emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization. Feedback

Engagement Engagement is defined as an emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.

Which of the following theories focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others?

Equity theory Equity theory focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others. Developed by J. Stacy Adams, equity theory proposes that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance.

Which of the following statements is true of managers' communication?

Everything that a manager does and says communicates something to the employees. Managers are observed carefully by employees, so it's important to remember that everything a manager does and says will communicate something. Surveys of managers show that they consider communication their most critical skill and one of their top responsibilities. Most managers realize, however, that they need to improve their communication effectiveness.

_____ is based on the relationship among an individual's effort, the individual's performance, and the desirability of outcomes associated with high performance.

Expectancy theory Expectancy theory is based on the relationship among an individual's effort, the individual's performance, and the desirability of outcomes associated with high performance. See 16-3: Process Perspectives on Motivation

Wanda, an employee at Presert Inc., has not achieved her sales targets in the past three fiscal quarters. Hence, unlike her peers, she has not got a pay hike; moreover, her superior has withheld her annual bonus. Which of the following reinforcement tools has Wanda's superior used in this scenario?

Extinction Wanda's superior used the reinforcement tool of extinction. Extinction is the withholding of a positive reward. Whereas with punishment, the supervisor imposes an unpleasant outcome such as a reprimand, extinction involves withholding praise or other positive outcomes.

Formal communication channels are the primary way information spreads and work gets accomplished in most organizations.

False In most organizations, personal communication channels are the primary way information spreads and work gets accomplished. Personal communication channels coexist with formal channels within an organization but may skip hierarchical levels, cutting across vertical chains of command to connect virtually anyone in the organization.

According to goal-setting theory, easy goals are more motivating than hard ones.

False In terms of goal difficulty, hard goals are more motivating than easy ones. Easy goals provide little challenge for employees and don't require them to increase their output. Highly ambitious but achievable goals ask people to stretch their abilities and provide a basis for greater feelings of accomplishment and personal effectiveness.

Distributive negotiation is collaborative and typically leads to positive long-term relationships.

False Distributive negotiation is a competitive and adversarial approach in which each party strives to get as much as it can, usually at the expense of the other party. With this win-lose approach, distributive negotiation is competitive and adversarial, rather than collaborative, and does not typically lead to positive long-term relationships.

internal rewards

Forces within people that motivate them to perform well.

In the context of personal communication channels, which of the following statements is true of gossip that travels through the grapevine in an organization?

Gossip has a negative connotation, but it may actually be good for the company. The grapevine links employees in all directions, ranging from the CEO through middle management, support staff, and line employees

In the context of Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory, which of the following needs focus on the development of human potential and the desire for increased competence?

Growth needs Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory identified three categories of needs: existence needs, relatedness needs, and growth needs. Growth needs are the needs that focus on the development of human potential and the desire for personal growth and increased competence.

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

negative reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)

Examples of the above rewards

Intrinsic rewards- completion of a task Internal rewards- Extrinsic rewards- good salaries. no-cost health, dental insurance, tuition reimbursement, onsite fitness centers, and free gourmet meals

Which of the following motivation methods should an organization consider if it wants to go bossless?

It should reward teams instead of individuals. In a bossless environment, friendliness and helpfulness matter more than personal ladder-climbing and reward-seeking.

MBWA,

Management by walking around

In the context of communication channels, which of the following statements is true of electronic communication?

Managers use e-mail or text messaging to avoid the emotional discomfort of a real-time conversation. Too often, managers use e-mail or text messaging to avoid the emotional discomfort of a real-time conversation, hiding behind their computers to send rebukes or criticisms that they would never deliver in person.

In the context of the model of communication, which of the following individuals is giving feedback?

Marc, who replies to his manager's email about quality improvement with his own ideas Marc, who replies to his manager's email about quality improvement with his own ideas, is giving feedback. Feedback occurs when the employee responds to a manager's communication with a return message.

_____ refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.

Motivation Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.

__________ is a reinforcement tool that is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee.

Punishment Punishment is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee. Punishment typically occurs following undesirable behavior.

chapter 16

Review and quiz

In the context of Maslow's theory, which of the following individuals has satisfied her safety needs at her workplace?

Sara, who has been hired for a permanent position in a startup firm after being unemployed for over six months Sara, who has been hired for a permanent position in a startup firm after being unemployed for over six months, has satisfied her safety needs at her workplace. Safety needs include a safe and secure physical and emotional environment and freedom from threats. In the workplace, safety needs reflect the needs for safe jobs, fringe benefits, and job security.

According to the job characteristics model, which of the following is a core job dimension?

Skill variety Skill variety is a core job dimension. It refers to the number of diverse activities that compose a job and the number of skills used to perform it

_____ is the biggest factor in determining whether people feel motivated and engaged at work.

The behavior of managers he behavior of managers is the biggest factor in determining whether people feel motivated and engaged at work. Managers promote engagement when they listen to employees, genuinely care about their concerns, and help them develop positive relationships with colleagues.

Which of the following statements is true of effective communication?

The nature of effective communication is cyclical. The nature of effective communication is cyclical, in that a sender and receiver may exchange messages several times to achieve a mutual understanding. Effective communication involves both the transference and the mutual understanding of information.

Which of the following statements is true of empowered employees?

They are rewarded based on company performance. Empowered employees are rewarded based on company performance. Organizations that empower workers often reward them based on the results shown in the company's bottom line.

Nonroutine messages typically are ambiguous, concern novel events, and involve great potential for misunderstanding. Routine messages are simple and straightforward. They convey data or statistics or simply put into words what managers already agree on and understand.

They capitalize on the fact that thought is faster than speech. Good listeners capitalize on the fact that thought is faster than speech. Good listeners challenge assumptions, anticipate, summarize, and listen between the lines to tone of voice.

In the context of the types of negotiation, which of the following occurs when conflicting parties embark on an integrative negotiation approach?

They want to come up with a creative solution that benefits both sides. Integrative negotiation is based on a win-win assumption, in that all parties want to come up with a creative solution that can benefit both sides. With integrative negotiation, conflicts are managed through cooperation and compromise, which fosters trust and positive long-term relationships.

In the context of the two-factor theory, which of the following is true of hygiene factors?

They work only in the area of dissatisfaction. Frederick Herzberg believed that two entirely separate dimensions contribute to an employee's behavior at work. See

task identity

This is the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending.

Job design is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction.

True Job design is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction.

Executives need to manage communications effectively so that the grapevine is not the only source of information in times of rapid change, uncertainty, or crisis.

True Managers should be aware that almost five of every six important messages are carried to some extent by the grapevine rather than through official channels. In all cases, but particularly in times of rapid change, uncertainty, or crisis, executives need to manage communications effectively so that the grapevine is not the only source of information.

In the context of team characteristics, teams need to be large enough to incorporate the diverse skills needed to complete a task and small enough to permit members to feel an intimate part of the team.

True Teams need to be large enough to incorporate the diverse skills needed to complete a task, enable members to express good and bad feelings, and aggressively solve problems. However, they also should be small enough to permit members to feel an intimate part of the team and to communicate effectively and efficiently.

Which of the following is a difference between Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and the ERG model?

Unlike Maslow's theory, the ERG model suggests that individuals may move down as well as up the needs hierarchy, depending on their ability to satisfy needs. The ERG model is less rigid than Maslow's needs hierarchy, suggesting that individuals may move down as well as up the hierarchy, depending on their ability to satisfy needs.

Which of the following is true of virtual teams?

Virtual teams can be local, national, global, and include members from one firm or many. A virtual team can be local, national, or global, with members coming from one firm or many. A virtual team is a group made up of geographically or organizationally dispersed members who are linked primarily through advanced information and telecommunications technologies.

In the context of gender differences in communication, which of the following is a difference between the communication styles of men and women?

When men make decisions, they process internally until they come up with a solution, whereas when women make decisions, they tend to process and think of options out loud. When women make decisions, they tend to process and think of options out loud. Men process internally until they come up with a solution.

committee team

a group of people appointed for a specific function, typically consisting of members of a larger group.

Job rotation

a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another

It is hard for a manager to pay attention when someone is speaking because?

a manager has constant interruptions and distractions.

McClelland Theory

a theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

Which of the following is the most likely outcome when there is a lack of trust within organizational teams?

a. People do not feel safe to reveal mistakes. When people in a team do not feel safe to reveal mistakes, share concerns, or express ideas, it shows a lack of trust within the team. Lack of trust is one of the common dysfunctions of teams.

self-directed

able to make correct decisions about behavior when adults are not present to enforce rules

Barry, the safety officer at a company that owns copper mines, had assembled a team to review the company's policy for disaster management. The task required employees to stay together in a harsh environment. The members worked together and examined the various measures in place for damage control. After achieving their main purpose, they were asked to wrap up and were presented with plaques to signify the achievement of the set goal. In the context of the stages of team development, the team members are in the ______.

adjourning stage In the given scenario, the team members are in the adjourning stage. The adjourning stage occurs in committees and teams that have a limited task to perform and are disbanded afterward. See 18-6: Team Processes

extrinsic rewards

are given by another person, such as a manager, and include pay increases, promotions, and praise

Intrinsic rewards

are the satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action.

________is defined as the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to influence or motivate behavior.

communication Communication is the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to influence or motivate behavior.

Nonverbal communication

communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech

Collin is the leader of a team that has resolved all its conflicts and has developed a sense of cohesion. The members have accepted each other and there is consensus over team members' roles. As the leader of a team that is yet to reach the problem-solving stage of team development, Collin should:

emphasize unity within the team and help to clarify team norms and values. As the leader of a team that is yet to reach the problem-solving stage of team development, Collin should emphasize unity within the team and help to clarify team norms and values. During the norming stage, consensus develops on who has the power, who the leaders are, and what the various members' roles are.

Equity theory

focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others

Ron was placed in charge of two teams: Team A and Team B. Team A's members reported that they were very satisfied with their team, but they were unproductive. Team B focused only on task accomplishment and was effective for a short amount of time, but its members were not very satisfied. As an effective team leader, Ron should:

form a team that consists of members from both Team A and Team B. In the given scenario, as an effective leader, Ron should form a team that consists of members from both Team A and Team B. Effective teams have people in both task specialist and socioemotional roles. A well-balanced team will do best over the long term because it will be personally satisfying for team members, as well as permitting the accomplishment of team tasks.

Stages of teams forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

forming: stage of team development is a period of orientation and getting acquainted Storming: is the stage of development in which individuals personalities and roles emerge, along with resulting conflicts Performing: stage where members focus on problem solving and accomplishing the team's assigned task. Adjourning: the stage during which members of temporary teams prepare for the teams disbanding.

Bart works at an accounting firm. He is not respected by his team members because he spends a lot of time on the Internet playing games. He does not participate in team activities or contribute to the team's work. His team members feel he is being unnecessarily rewarded for the hard work of others. In the context of the dilemmas of teamwork, Bart is a _____.

free rider In the given scenario, Bart is a free rider. The term free rider refers to a team member who attains benefits from team membership but does not actively participate in and contribute to the team's work.

In the context of the types of teams that organizations use, a _____ is composed of a manager and his or her subordinates in the formal chain of command.

functional team A functional team is composed of a manager and his or her subordinates in the formal chain of command. Sometimes called a command team, the functional team in some cases may include three or four levels of hierarchy within a functional department.

Anjali, a manager at an investment firm, needs to downsize her team by five employees. She is faced with the difficult task of informing and explaining the necessity of this decision to the five team members who are being laid off. In order to handle this task most effectively, Anjali should:

have a face-to-face discussion with each of the five team members In order to accomplish the difficult task of communicating her decision to the five team members who are being laid off, Anjali should have a face-to-face discussion with each of the five team members. Face-to-face discussion is the richest medium of communication because it permits direct experience, multiple information cues, immediate feedback, and personal focus. Because of its richness, it is the best channel when communicating to people who are exhibiting strong emotions, such as anxiety, fear, or defensiveness.

job enlargement

increasing the number of different tasks in a given job by changing the division of labor

A person who takes a continuing education course because it is interesting is ________ motivated.

intrinsically

In global teams

is a group made of employees who come from, and whose activities span , multiple countries

special purpose

is a team created outside the formal structure to undertake a project of special importance such as developing new product.

What is motivation?

is the arousal of enthusiasm an persistence to pursue a certain course of action. all behaviors are motivated by something such as the desire to fulfill needs for money, recognition, friendship, or sense of accomplishment

horizontal communication

is the lateral or diagonal exchange of messages among peers or coworkers and includes teams communication.

Definition of communication

is the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people.

Approaches to motivation

motivation, human resources, and organizational, traditional, contemporary,

Expectancy theory

proposes that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards

A person who is motivated by intrinsic rewards does all of the following except

puts in extra time and effort because of a challenging problem on the job ---asks for a pay raise enjoys taking on more responsibility looks forward to the satisfaction of doing the job

Chapter 18

quiz

Task complexity

reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are, as well as how much the task changes

Chapter 17

review and quiz

Team characteristics

size, diversity, member roles

Hilary was put on a new team by her manager. Ever since she shifted teams, Hilary has felt energized and motivated toward higher performance because her friends work on the same team. She and her friends work together to come up with creative ideas and solutions to problems. In the given scenario, Hilary's manager recognized that _____ was most likely to produce a positive work life change for Hilary.

social facilitation In the given scenario, Hilary's manager recognized that social facilitation was most likely to produce a positive work life change for her. Social facilitation refers to the tendency for the presence of others to enhance one's performance. Simply being around others has an energizing effect.

One of the elements of workplace communication for managers to master is using:

social media to improve internal and external communication. Four elements of workplace communication for managers to master are (1) using social media to improve internal and external communication; (2) using informal, personal communication channels; (3) establishing formal communication channels; and (4) developing strategies for crisis communication.

In the _____ of team development, individual personalities emerge and team members become more assertive in clarifying their roles and what is expected of them.

storming stage During the storming stage of team development, individual personalities emerge. People become more assertive in clarifying their roles and what is expected of them. This stage is marked by conflict and disagreement.

In the context of the different types of conflict, one study of top management teams found that _____ was associated with higher decision quality, greater commitment, and more decision acceptance.

task conflict Task conflict refers to disagreements among people about the goals to be achieved or the content of the tasks to be performed. One study of top management teams found that task conflict was associated with higher decision quality, greater commitment, and more decision acceptance.

Channel richness

the amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode

One of the determinants of team cohesiveness is ________________ , which means team members agree on purpose and direction.

the concept of shared goals One of the determinants of team cohesiveness is the concept of shared goals. If team members agree on purpose and direction, they will be more cohesive

Task Significance (

the degree to which a job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people

task structure

the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified

InterValley Inc. is undergoing major changes at its managerial level. It is also about to appoint a new CEO. Although this information is strictly confidential and has not yet been told to the employees, almost every employee in the company knows about it and is anticipating major changes in the firm in the near future. In this context, the employees at InterValley Inc. gained knowledge of the changes taking place in the company even before receiving any official message through _____.

the grapevine The employees at InterValley Inc. gained knowledge of the changes taking place in the company even before receiving any official message through the grapevine. Gossip typically travels along the grapevine, an informal, person-to-person communication network that is not officially sanctioned by an organization. The grapevine links employees in all directions, ranging from the CEO through middle management, support staff, and line employees.

The purpose of asking questions is not

to show managerial expertise.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

which proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs-- physiological, safety, belonging. esteem, and self actualization- that exist in hierarchical order