MARINE BIOLOGY

The process of meiosis in seaweeds will produce:

Maybe a spore that produces a gametophyte.

The central gelatinous bell of a medusa is composed of which of these?

Mesoglea

In seastars, an external part of the water-vascular system which is called:

a tube foot.

Parapodia

a usually flat lateral extensions present on each of the body segments of polychaetes

Pneumatocysts:

gas-filled bladder

Phycocolloids:

gelatinous chemical found in algae that forms viscous suspensions or gels 1.algin 2.carrageenan 3.agar

Mesoglea

gelatinous middle layer -does not contain cells

Bacteria are particularly important in ecosystems because

many are decomposers/saprophytes and recycle essential nutrients.

Stromatolites:

massive calcareous mounds

Some prokaryotes (e.g. cyanobacteria) are _____________.

nitrogen fixers

Virus

non-cellular particle containing nucleic acid but unable to reproduce unless infecting living cells

1. Exoskeleton

non-living external skeleton made of chitin

The calcareous mounds formed by colonies of cyanobacteria that still survive in the shallows of the tropical ocean areas are called________.

stromatolites

Green algae generally can be found in all of these habitats except:

rocks exposed to heavy wave action.

byssal threads

strong fibers secreted by mussels for attachment

nematocysts:

stinging structure of cnidarians located w/in cnidocyte (specialized cell in tentacles)

Useful features for distinguishing between protistans include all of the following except ______________.

structure of the nucleus

Evisceration

sudden expulsion of internal organs through mouth or anus

Anaerobic respiration uses:

sulfate & make hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the rotten-egg smell

Filter feeders:

suspension feeders that actively filter the food particles

Pleopods

swimmerets

2 basic Cnidarian forms:

1. Polyp 2. Medusa

Characteristics

Mantle foot radula

Seeds germinate while:

still on tree (Viviparous)

T/F: At least 97% of all species of animals are invertebrates.

True

T/F: Barnacles use their legs to filter food particles out of the water.

True

T/F: Cephalopods use a structure called a funnel to squirt out water from their mantle cavities in order to create a kind of jet propulsion.

True

T/F: Dinoflagellates move using two flagella, one wrapped around a central groove, and one trailing free.

True

T/F: Echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates (which include humans) are all though to be closely related because of common features in early embryonic development.

True

T/F: Feeding currents in sponges are produces by flagellated cells called choanocytes.

True

T/F: Forarminifera are single cells that form chambered calcareous shells.

True

T/F: Hermit crabs have a long, soft abdomen, while true crabs have a small abdomen tucked under the cephalothorax.

True

T/F: In some seaweeds, leaf-like portions, called blades, are kept near the sea surface w/ gas-filled bladders called pneumatocysts.

True

T/F: Mature marine hydrozoan Cnidaria are mainly colonies of polyps that produce medusae.

True

T/F: Platyhelminths have a centralized brain, while cnidarians do not.

True

T/F: Radial symmetry, such as seen in Cnidaria, occurs when similar parts of a body are arranged and repeated around a central axis.

True

T/F: Seagrasses grow in clusters interconnected w/ horizontal root-like stems.

True

T/F: Segments of polychaete worms usually have fleshy extensions called parapodia that often have stiff bristles calle setae.

True

T/F: Copepod crustaceans typically use their antennae to swim as a plankton

True.

Sea quirts

Tunicates

Which of these features is not used to characterize major groups of seaweeds?

Types of roots

Dinoflagellates:

Unicellular, planktonic organisms -cell walls made of cellulose -have 2 flagella

Diatoms:

Unicellular, plantonic organism

Postelsia:

-Kelp -aka sea palm -rocky shores CA-B.C. -holds on in rough waves

Macrocystis:

-Kelp -grows as much as 14cm (5.5. in) per day -grown as tall as 100m (330ft) -Harvested for food -forms kelp beds/ kelp forests -high primary production (photosynthesis) -Complex habitat for other organisms

Phylum Chaetognatha

"Bristle jaw" Arrow worms

Obtained from giant kelps:

-Macrocystis -Laminaria

Marine Algae as Biofuels

-Many algae transform glucose (from photosynthesis) to lipids. -can be grown in desert -uses seawater & not freshwater -some species can be grown in dark (heterotrophs) -can use nutrients from wastewater -organic waste from lipid extraction fermented to ethanol e.g. Chlorella, Dunaliella, Navicula

Flowering Plants

------------------------

Salt Marsh Plants

-------------------------------

Archaea common in water column & sediments

-3.8 billions years old

Decapods have:

-5pairs of legs (Pereopods) 1st pair is heavier (claws) -3 pair of maxillipeds: Food-sorting appendages -cephalothorax -abdomen

Sponges ----

-Almost 6,000 known species of sponges -Tubular sponge -Encrusting sponge -Coralline sponge

Enterompha:

-Can eat it -Thin thallus is a hollow tube

Seagrasses are considered to belong to the Kingdom Plantae because they:

-Carry photosynthesis -can attach to sand -have chlorophyll -have specialized tissues that transport untried and food

Carageenan is obtained from:

-Chondrus -Eucheuma

Valonia:

-Each sphere a single cell w/ multiple nuclei -Tropics & subtroptics

Examples of Green algae:

-Enterompha -Ulva -Valonia -Caulerpa -Codium -Halimeda

The northern limit of mangroves is set by which feature of the environment?

-Frost

Sargassum:

-Has pneumatocysts to help it float -some grow on rocks, some free float -Sargasso Sea

Laminaria:

-Kelp -a single blade up to 3m (9ft) -harvested for food

Cyanobacteria:

-One of the 1st photosynthetic groups on Earth -produce oxygen -produce stromatolites

Examples:

-Porphyra -Chondrus -Eucheuma -Corallina

Examples of brown algae:

-Sargassum -Padina -Fucus- -Postelsia- -Laminaria -Macrocystis

Other Unicellular Algae:

-Silicoflagellates -Coccolithophorids -Chrysophytes

Sponge Reproduction

-Sponges can reproduces asexually and sexually -sponges are hermaphrodites -sponges engage in broadcast spawning, releasing sperm into water to fertilize eggs inside sponges

Salt Marsh Plants:

-Temperate distribution -have salt glands that excrete salt

Caulerpa:

-Tropics & subtropics -consists of single-celled tubes w/ many nuclei -can eat some ( e.g. uni bud)

Porphyra:

-Tropics: polar rocky shores -Blades as lon as 1m (3ft) -some species economically important

Formaniferans:

-a.k.a forams -have a shell (a.k.a. test), made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) -most live on the bottom -have pseudopodia

Codium:

-aka Dead man's finger -Tropics to temperate -sea slugs eat podium & the chloroplasts remain active in animal

Chondrus:

-aka Irish moss Tropics- temperate

Fucus:

-aka rock weeds or wracks - no pneumatocysts -grow on rocky shores of temperate waters

Ulva:

-aka sea lettuce - can eat it -2 cell layers thick -wide distribution (tropics to polar)

Multicellular Algae: ALGAE

-aka seaweeds, macrophytes, macroalgae -Eukaryotic -multicellular -lacke specialized reproductive structures like terrestrial plants (flowers) -lack true roots, stems, & leaves

Brittle stars have

-also have 5 arms, but move faster, & are more mobile than sea stars -eat detritus & small animals -tube feet lack suckers

Protozoans:

-animal-like protists -eukaryotic -unicellular -heterotrophs

Seaweeds reproduce diverse:

-asexually & sexually -alternation of generations

Cordgrasses of salt marshes:

-belong to the same family as sea grasses -tolerate total submergence in seawater -can excrete excess salt -provide habitat & breeding grounds

Flatworms have:

-bilateral symmetry -1 opening to environment (mouth) -tissues organized into true organs -3 tissue layers: ----ectoderm ----gastroderm ----central nervous system (simple brain)

Sponge Summary:

-cellular level of organization -sessile -filter feeders -collar cells for feeding -skeleton of spongin &/or spicules -reproduce both asexually & sexually -hermaphrodites -undergo metamorphosis

Segmented worms are:

-characterized by segments (series of similar compartments) -closed circulatory systems -longitudinal muscles & circular muscles

Segmentes worms:

-christmas tree worms -feather duster worms -fire worms -leeches

Class Polychaeta

-closed circulatory system -excretory organs -gills on parapodia -have trochophore -highly specialized polychaetes -lack mouth and gut

Ribbon worms:

-complete digestive tract w. mouth and anus -circulatory system - 1 species is 30 m long

Green algae: (chlorophyta)

-dominant pigment: Chlorophyll -Only 10% of the estimated 7,000 species are marine -But can dominate habitats w/ wide fluctuations in salinity

Algae

-eukaryotes -autotrophic protists -lack structural features of plants (true roots, stems, leaves) -range in size from single cells to unicellular

Seaweeds also used for:

-fertilizer -food additives in animal feeds -woulds dressings in hospitals -reduce acidity in soil (coralline algae) -nutritional supplements

4. Class Polyplacophora

-have 8 overlapping shell plates -use radula to scrape algae off hard surfaces

Cyanobacteria known as blue-green algae:

-have chlorophyll, a green pigment -have phycocyanin, a bluish pigment -have a phycoerythrin, a reddish pigment

3. Red algae

-have phycobilins -some are reduced to parasites

Seagrasses have:

-horizontal -roots & erect shoots grow from the stems -have small flowers -pollen (plant sperm) is carried by water currents -resulting seeds dispersed by water currents or animal feces

Cnidarians include:

-hydroids -sea anemones -jellyfish -corals

Archaea found in extreme environments:

-hydrothermal cents at temperature of 250 degrees F -deep water w/ pressures 300-800 atms

Cnidarians are mostly carnivores

-initial digestion is extracellular (takes place in gut, outside of cells) -final digestion in intracellular (takes place w/in the cells lining the gut)

Cyanobacteria found everywhere:

-inside polar bear hairs -inside calcareous rocks & corals -oxygen poor sediment (polluted sites) -on surface of rocks in splash zones -on surface of seagrass -bloom & cause some red-tides

Mangroves pressures:

-loss of water through -sediemts are soft & oxygen poor

Anthropoda:

-most diverse animal group -most abundant: --on land: insects --in water: crustaceans

Reproduction

-most echinoderms have separate sexes - broadcast spawning, usually synchronized

Fungi:

-mostly multicellular (molds & yeast are unicellular) -heterotrophs -important decomposers of mangrove leaves

Cnidarians have:

-nematocysts -centrally located mouth -gut

Sea cucumbers have

-oral & aboral sides are at the ends of the organism, stretched radial symmetry -lies on one side, where all 5 rows of tube feet are located -eats detritus, absorbing organic material -Evisceration

Benefits of salt marsh plants:

-provide detritus food -prevents erosion -purifies water -breeding grounds for fish

Radiolarians have:

-shells made primarily of silica -have pseudopodia

Bacteria are:

-structurally simple -small (about 250,00 fit on a period in the text) -cell wall of peptidoglycan -significant decomposers, producing nutrients. -Primary producers (important food source)

1. Bryozoans

-tentacles like a poly -complete digestive tract, U-shaped -Colonial animal w/ separate chambers -skeletal chambers: oval vase tubular rectangular -grow like: clump of seaweed or moss lacy fan encrustations

Crinoids include:

-the feather stars or sea lilies -feather stars are in deep water -sea lilies in the tropical Pacific & indian oceans -like upside down brittle star -filtered food travels to mouth via cilia in ambulacral grooves

Mangroves adaptations:

-thick leaves -salt glands on leaves -prop roots -pneumatophores

Agar uses:

-to protect ham, fish, & means during canning -in low calorie foods (not digestible) -thickener -laxatives -cosmetics -medium to grow bacteria & molds

Sea stars have

-typically 5 arms, but up to 50 in some species -carnivores, eating bivalves, gastropods, barnacles (crustaceans)

Unicellular Algae

1. Diatoms 2. Dinoflagellates 3. Silicoflagellates 4. Cocolithophorids

2 tissue layes of Cnidarians:

1. Epidermis 2. Gastrodermis

Anthropoda characteristics:

1. Exoskeleton 2. Molt 3. jointed appendages 4. bilateral symmetry 5. segmented

Protozoans:

1. Formaniferans 2.Radiolarians 3. Ciliates

Types of Seaweed:

1. Green Algae 2. Brown Algae 3. Red Algae

Cnidarian nervous system consists of:

1. Nerve net 2. Statocysts

Anthozoan Includes:

1. Sea anemones 2. corals - 1. hard corals -2. gorgonians (soft corals) - 3. black corals

In ____ symmetrical animals, the body displays _____ surface different from a ventral one an an _______ end, usually a head, differentiated from a posterior end.

1. bilaterally 2. dorsal 3. anterior

3 groups of seaweeds are recognized, In the green algae, __________ is not masked by any other pigments, so the thallus is bright green. The ________ algae includes the largest & structurally most complex seaweeds. Whereas the third group, the __________ algae, includes the largest number of species.

1. chlorophyll 2.brown 3.red

Examples of bilaterally symmetrical worms are the _____ which lack an anus as in cnidarians, and the _______, a large group common in marine sediments that may consist of as many as half a million species.

1. flatworms 2. nematodes

Arthropods that are not Crustaceans

1. horseshoe crab (Class: Merestomata) 2. sea spiders (Class: Pycnogonida) Insects are arthropods with 3 pair of legs

Seaweeds can be distinguised from pants because they lack 3 types of special tissues:

1. leaves 2. stems 3. roots

Mollusks that do not have a shell may protect themselves by producing a _________ or ___________.

1. noxious chemicals 2. ink

Only relatively few charts lack a backbone. Nevertheless, all chordates during at least some stages of their lives have small openings in the anterior part of the gut called _______ (or ___________) , a flexible __________ for support, and a single ________ nerve cord.

1. pharyngeal slits 2. gills 3. notochord 4. dorsal

Echinoderms are unique in several ways. Besides their ______ symmetry, locomotion and sometimes feeding are carried out by means of the ______ or _______.

1. radial 2. water vascular system 3. tube feet

Almost all flowering plants live on land except 3 groups. The __________ are truly marine because they are rarely exposed to air. 2 other groups, the salt marsh plants and _________ are essentially land plants that are salt-tolerant.

1. sea grasses 2. mangroves

Molluscs are characterized by a body and by 2 structure that are sometimes absent: a calcareous, external or internal_________ and a ________, a chitinous structure in the mouth region used in feedings.

1. shell 2. radula

In the angiosperms, the dominant _________ features an elaborate reproductive organ, the _____________.

1. sporophyte 2. flower

Sponges are considered structurally simpler than most other multicellular animals because they lack true _____ and ______.

1. tissues 2. organs

Includes

1. turbellarians 2. flukes (trematodes) all are parasitic 3. tapeworms (cestodes) all are parasitic

Types of sponge cells:

1.Collar cell (choanocytes) 2. Pore cells (porocytes) 3. Amebocytes 4. Pinacocytes

Algae obtained by:

1.aquaculture 2. harvesting wild kelps

A bilaterally symmetric animals has _____ number of identical sides.

2

Symbiosis:

2 species living in close association -Deep sea bioluminescence -Shipworm bacteria -Chemosynthesis -Tetrodotoxin (pufferfish)

Protochordates

2subphyla of chordates that lack a bone 1. Subphylum Urochordata tunicates 2. Suphylum Cephalochordata lanceles

Decapods have which of the following?

3 pair of maxillipeds

Lichens:

a symbiotic association between fungi & green algae or cyanobacteria

Marine worms may utilize which of these for support and locomotion?

A hydrostatic skeleton

Which of these is identical to a vertebrate except for a backbone?

A lancelet

Sessile:

being attached to the bottom or a surface

Economic Importance of Algae

Algae used as food & biofuels

Chrysophytes:

Algae w/ 2 flagella & no skeleton

Metabolism:

All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism

Polychaete worms belong to which of these groups?

Annelida

Which of these groups has no medusa stage?

Anthozoa

4. Class:

Anthozoan

What is the major use of algin?

As a stabilizer and emulsifier in the dairy industry

Prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains:

Bacteria & Archaea

A closed circulatory system always has which of these features?

Blood w/in distinct vessels

Cephalopods are considered to have the most complex and developed ___________ outside of the vertebrates.

Brain

Colonial zooids w/ a lophophore belong to the group:

Bryozoa

Most arthropods:

Compound Eyes statocysts small brain separate sexes direct sperm transfer

Halimeda:

Calcareous algae

Like most plants, unicellular algae generally have which of these features?

Chlorophyll

Of the 3 types of common seaweeds, only the ________ often lie in fresh water.

Chlorophyta

Phylum Chordata:

Chordates

Ctenophores method of locomotion utilizes which of these structures?

Ciliary combs

Sea Stars

Class: Asteroidea

Crinoids

Class: Crinoidea

Sea Urchins

Class: Echinoidea

Sea cucumbers

Class: Holothuroidea

Brittle stars

Class: Ophiuroidea

Phylum: Echinodermata

Classes- 1. Asteroidea -seastars 2. Ophiuroides- brittle stars 3. Echinoidea- sea urchins, sand dollars 4. Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers Class: Crinoidea- sea lilies, feather stars

Which of these is the most common and widespread marine animals?

Copepods

Some dinoflagellates become zooxanthellae that inhabit the tissues of which of these animals, forming generally beneficial partnerships?

Corals

In which of these groups is the mouth is directed upward?

Crinoidea

3. Class:

Cubozoa

Nitrogen fixation is carred out by_________.

Cyanobacteria

_____ are mostly autotrophs but some ingest organize particles. May are _____:that is they are capable of producing light.

Dinoflagellates bioluminescent

Crustaceans generally reproduce by:

Direct sperm transfer

1. Green Algae:

Division: Chlorophyta

2. Brown algae:

Division: Phaeophyta

3. Red algae:

Division: Rhodophyta

2. Brown Algae: (Phaeophyta)

Dominant pigment is fucoxanthin, & other yellow-brown pigments

Phylum: Echiura

Echiurans Lives in soft sediment

Examples of Seagrass:

Eel grass Turtle grass Manati grass

Due to their use of their radulas gastropods may be:

Either herbivores or carnivores

Sea cucumbers (holothuroidea Echinodermata) can use a tactic called ____________ as an escape mechanism.

Evisceration

T/F: A giant kelp typically grows very slowly because much of its huge thallus is in deep, dark waters.

False

T/F: All molluscs have an external shell make of calcium carbonate.

False

T/F: Marine nematode worms are hardly every seen because they are relatively few in number.

False

T/F: Primary produces in oceans are all microscopic photosynthesizers including bacteria, plants, and algae.

False

T/F: The holdfasts of seaweeds are analogous to roots because both provide an anchor and absorb nutrients and water to supply the entire algal body or thallus.

False

T/F: The most common pattern of reproduction in seaweeds is like that of animals, resulting in a diploid adult thallus and a haploid gametes.

False

T/F: Today the cyanobacteria form a relatively minor component of the oceans primary producers.

False

Pseudopodia:

False feet (extensions of the cytoplasm)

In a bivalve, the gills serve in

Gas exchange and as a feeding mechanism

Which feature of cephalopods is found in other mollusks?

Mantle

Molluscs Nervous system

Gastropods & bivalves have sets of ganglia

After eons of evolution on Earth today one might find the Archaea in which of the following habitats?

Hydrothermal vents

1. Class:

Hydrozoan

Sulfide-bacteria that carry on sulfur oxidation can usually be found in which habitat?

In mud flats.

1. Class: Gastropods

Include: snals limpets abalone nudibrachs

Phylum Ectoprocta: Ectoprocta "Outside anus"

Includes all Iophophorates 1. Bryozoans 2.Phoronids 3. Lamp Shells

Sea Urchins have

Includes sand dollars & sea biscuits -have 5 arms, bent upwards and fused -5 rows of tube feet in 5 ambulacral grooves -mouth on bottom, anus on top -primarily eat seaweeds & grasses

3. Class: Cephalopoda

Ink sacs Include: -octopuses -squids -cuttlefish -nautilus

Sponges do not have which feature?

Internal organs

Which of these best describes the carapace?

It covers the cephalothorax

Sponges:

Kingdom : Animalia Phylum: Porifera

Phyllum Mollusca

Kingdom Animalia Phylum: Mollusca 1. Class: Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda Polyplacophora

Cnidarians:

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria -Class: Hydrozoans -Scyphozoa -Cubozoa -Anthozao

Which of these is an important food source in polar ecosystems?

Krill

3. Phylum Brachiopoda

Lamp shells aka brachiopods

Scyphozoans

Larger jellyfish common in all oceans e.g. moon jelly

Planula:

Larval cnidarian -cylindrical -ciliated -2 layes of cells

Which of these is a characteristics of flowering plants?

Leaves are present and sexually reproductive flowers.

Marine fungi may be common in which of these habitats?

Mangrove swamps

In order for arthropods to grow they must discard or __________ their chitinous exoskeletons.

Molt

Unlike other flatworms, tapeworms have which feature?

No digestive tract (mouth & gut)

Echinoderms are characterized by:

Often moving by use of hundreds of luis-powered tube feet.

Among red algae, dense clumps are characteristics of species living where?

On upper levels of rocky coasts

Water entes a sponge through which of these parts?

Ostium

Symbiosis

Parasitism- 1 species benefits at cost of other Mutualism- both species benefit

Phylum: sipuncula

Peanut worm aka sipincula

Which of these groups includes the largest algae, the giant kelps?

Phaeophyta

2. Phylum: Phoronida Phoronids

Phoronids

Not all autotrophic bacteria are __________. For example, some derive energy from H2S and other inorganic compounds.

Photosynthetic

Cyanobacteria:

Photosynthetic bacteria

-----------The Ribbon Worms

Phylum Nemertea

------------The Flatworms

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Class:

Polychaeta

Nemertean worms entangle prey w/ a structure called a _____ which is everted from a cavity above the mouth.

Proboscis

Archaea:

Prokaryotes but more closely related to eukaryotes

Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are ______________ organisms and therefore their cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic

Protozoans such as foraminiferans and radiolarians are unicellular and are included in the kingdom ___________.

Protista

Mollusks have a ribbon-like structure that carries rows of small teeth called a ______.

Radula

Which of these is partially responsible for adding calcium carbonate in the making of coral reefs?

Rhodophyte coralline algae.

2. Class:

Scyphozoa

The larger jellyfish that are common in all oceans belong to which of these groups?

Scyphozoans

Multicelluar Primary Producers:

Seaweeds and Plants

Sponge:

Sessile invertebrate that consists of a complex aggregation of specialized cels, that are largely independent of each other -no true tissue/organs

Mangroves:

Shrubs & trees that live along the seashores in tropical & subtropical regions -tolerant inundation by seawater by varying degrees

Diatoms have a protective covering made out of which of the following materials?

Silica

Diatom cells are enclosed in cell walls made largely of ________________.

Silicon

Hemichordates and echinoderms may both have:

Similar larval stages

Colloblasts

Sticky cells on the 2 long tentacles generally harmless Carnivorous

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea -copepods barnacles amphipods isopods krill shrimps lobsters hermit crabs true crabs horseshoe crabs

Brown algae are dominant primary produces in which area?

Temperate rocky shores

Sporophyte:

The diploid, spore-producing generation in many seaweeds

Aquaculture:

The farming of marine organisms

Stipe:

The stem-like structure of a thallus

T/F: Annelid worms have a true coelom for a body cavity, but nematode, nemertean, and platyhelminth worms do not.

True

Which of the occurs in all animals with radial symmetry?

There is no head.

The most unique feature of mangroves as a tree species is:

They can grow directly in saltwater.

Symbiotic bacteria may be responsible for __________ in pufferfishes.

Toxins

Eucheuma:

Tropics- Temperate -Farmed in the Philippines

Prokaryotic cells have ________.

a cell wall

A lancelet, like other chordates, has which feature?

a dorsal nerve chord

Lophophore

a feeding structure that consists of ciliated tentacles

Amphipods

a group of small, laterally compressed crustaceans

Alteration of generations:

a life history w/ a sporophyte & a gametophyte

Flagellum:

a long, whip-like organelle that is usually involved in locomotion

Metamorphosis:

a marked change in form durn embryological development

Foot

a muscular potion of body used for locomotion

Water vascular system:

a network of water-filled canals

Viruses do not have _____.

a nucleus

1. Algin

a phycocolloid extracted from brown algae used in: -ice cream -toppings -cheese -pastries -paper -ink -paints -pesticides -cosmetics

Salp

a plantonic tunicate

Domoic Acid:

a potent toxin that accumulates in plankton-feeding fish -consuming contaminated shellfish or fish can be serious, even fatal, effects nervous system

1. Polyp

a sac-like attached stage w/ the mouth & tentacles oriented upward e.g. sea anemone

Hemichordates:

a small group of worms that have a larval from similar to that of vertebrates --dorsal, hollow nerve cord --openings along the anterior part of the gut e.g. acorn worms

Regeneration:

ability of an organism to grow a body part that has been lost

Biofouling-

accumulation of organisms on boats, piling, & other submerged structures

Turritopsis dohrnii

aka "Immortal jellyfish" -Mediterranean Sea -Transdifferentiation

Lichens are a type of fungus living symbiotically with an ________ thus they are considered autotrophic.

algae

Silicoflagellates:

algae w/ star shaped internal skeletons made of silica w/ 2 flagella

2. Pore cells (porocytes)

allows water to enter

Like vertebrates echinoderms have _________.

an Endoskeleton

2. Medusa-

bell-like, free swimming stage, w/ mouth & tentacles oriented downward e.g. jellyfish

Compound eyes:

an eye that consists of numerous light-sensitive units

Endophyte:

an organism that lives inside algae or plants

Epiphyte:

an organism that lives on algae or plants

Vertebrate

animal w/ backbone

invertebrate

animal w/out backbone -97% of animals are invertebrates -all major groups have marine representatives -some major groups are exclusively marine

Deposit feeders:

animals that eat detritus that settle on the bottom

Suspension feeders:

animals that eat food particles suspended in the water

Anaerobic bacteria generally

are heterotrophs.

Crustaceans

arthropods that have 2 pairs of antennae & an exoskeleton hardened by calcium carbonate

Asexual reproduction is diatoms usually result in ______.

auxo-spores

Photoautotrophic:

make organic compounds using solar energy

DOM used by:

bacteria & other microbes, which are eaten by zooplankton

Cirri

barnacle legs that function as filtering appendages

Amphipods found in :

beach hoppers whale lice

Chapter 6:

begins>>>>>>>>>>

Diatoms produce_____________.

biogenous sediments: -diatomaceous ooze -diatomaceous earth

Some dinoflagellates are __________.

bioluminescent

ventral

bottom surface

Cubomdeusae

box jellyfishes e.g. cubozoa

Cnidarians lack:

brain true nerves

Setae

bristles on polychaetes

Among mollusks, the _____ is the tissue layer that secretes the shell.

mantle

Besides being saprophytes bacteria are ecologically important because they also _________________.

can carry on nitrogen fixation.

2 common kinds of photosynthetic pigments in seaweeds are:

chlorophyll & carotenoids.

Tintinnids:

ciliates that drift in the water in build vase-like cases

Ganglia

clusters of nerve cells located in different parts of the body

The presence of nematocysts and radial symmetry are fundamental characteristics of _____________________.

cnidarians

Annedlids, the segmented worms, have a body cavity called a ___________, which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.

coelom

Ctenophora:

comb jellies swim by moving the 8 rows of cilia (Ciliary combs)

Calcareous algae:

contains calcium carbonate

True crabs

crustaceans that have the abdomen tucked under the cephalothorax

Barnacles:

crustaceans that live attached to surfaces & are typically enclosed by heavy calcareous plates

Isomorphic:

sporophyte & gametophyte indentical

Carageenan is used in:

dairy products & processed foods like instant pudding

Most marine bacteria are heterotrophs functioning as _________.

decomposers

Diatomaceous earth:

deposits on land

Diatomaceous ooze:

deposits under water

Zooxanthellae:

dinoflagellates that live w/in the tissue of reef colors, & other marine organism such as sponges, sea anemones & giant clams

Chordates:

divide into 3 major groups (sub-phyla) -2 lack a backbone -1 w/backbone

Some diatoms produce ___________.

domoic acid

Prokaryotes:

enclosed in a cell wall, w/ a cell/plasma membrane, w/ circular DNA & no nucleus

Proboscis

extensions near mouth that aids in the capture or collection of food

1. Epidermis

external layer of cells

Diatomaceous earth is used industrially as a __________.

filtering medium.

1.Collar cell (choanocytes)

flagellated cell that pumps water into a sponge and traps food on its collar

4.Pinacocytes

flattened surface cells

notochord

flexible rod for support that lies between the nerve cord & gut

pair of statocysts-

fluid-filled cavity w/ sensitive hairs & small free body used to orient animals w/ respect to gravity

anterior:

front end

Retrovirus

genetic info is single-stranded RNA

Seagrass:

grass-like flowering plants that are adopted to live at sea -closest phylogenetic relatives are members of the lily family (not grasses)

Lophophorates

group of invertebrates that have a feeding structure called a lophophore

Cilia:

hair-like structures used for locomotion & feeding

2. Class Bivalvia

have 2 shells, known as valves

Hermit crabs

hermit crabs are not true crabs, more like shrimp & lobsters

nerve chord

hollow & dorsally located

Siphonophores

hydrozoans that form drifting colonies e.g. Portuguese man -of-war

Larva-

immature stage of an animal that looks different from the adult

Corallina:

important in formin coral reefs

Chemoautrophic (chemosynthetic) :

make organic compounds using chemical compounds like hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Most mollusks have an open circulatory system:

in which blood flows out of vessels into open blood spaces except cephalopods w/ closed circulatory systems

Endoskeleton:

internal skeleton secreted w/in tissues

Aristotle's lantern

intricate system of jaws & muscles

Molluscs

invertebrates w/ a soft, unsegmented body, a muscular foot, & generally a calcareous shell & radula

Cnidarians (coelenterates)-

invertebrates w/ radial symmetry & nematocysts

Trochophore

larval stage w. band on cilia

2. Gastrodermis

layer of cells lining gut

Many decapods are scavengers

lobsters crabs some shrimp

Bacteriophages are :

lysogenic viruses that reproduced by targeting bacteria.

Kelps:

most complex & largest brown algae

Cephalopods have

most complex nervous system & behavior among the molluscs

Molluscs Digestion: Molluscs have:

mouth & anus salivary & digestive glands digestive enzymes

tube feet:

muscular extensions of the canals

Ampullae:

muscular sacs inside the body opposite the tube feet, assist in extending the tube feet by filling them w/ water

Chordates characteristics:

nerve chord gills slits notochord post-anal tail

Prokaryotes account for much of the ____________.

oceanic primary production

aboral surface:

opposite mouth

Scavengers

organisms that specialize in feeding on bits of detritus on the bottom

Detritus:

particles of dead o organic matter

Detritus:

particles of dead organic matter

Blooms:

periods of rapid reproduction

Carageenan:

phyccocolloid obtained from red algae

2. Agar

phycocolloid used in jellies

Pedicellariae-

pincer-like organs that function in removing debris from aboral surface

Krill (euphausiids)

planktonic shrimp-like crustaceans food for whales, penguins, & fishes

Flowering plants (angiosperms):

plants (organism that have true roots, stems, & leaves) that reproduce w/ flowers that produce seeds

Halophytes:

plants that are salt-tolerant

Gas-filled structures called _________, help keep blades of kelp close to the surface of the water so they can capture the energy in sunlight.

pneumatocysts

The upward, unbranched extensions of some mangrove roots are called __________ and function in aerating plant tissues in oxygen-poor mud.

pneumatophores

Madreporite

porous plate on aboral surface acting as a water filter

Capsid

protein coat protecting viruses -always parasitic -few genes -20-200nm

Ciliates:

protozoans w/ cilia

Pentamerous radial symmetry

radial symmetry based on 5 parts -oral & aboral surfaces no anterior or posterior ends -planktonic larvae have bilateral symmetry

posterior

rear end

Coralline algae:

red algae that deposit calcium carbonate w/in their cell walls.

phycobilins:

red pigments that mas chlorophyll

Anaerobic respiration:

respiration that does not use oxygen

Aerobic respiration:

respiration that uses oxygen

Radula

ribbon of small teeth used to scrape food off of surfaces, made of chitin

3. Amebocytes:

secrete spongin and spicules

1. Nerve net

serve cells that interconnect & transmit impulses in all directions

2. Molt

shedding of skeleton

Frustule:

shell made of silica (SiO2), glass material

Carapace

shield-ike structure that covers the anterior portion of some crustaceans

Decapods:

shrimps, lobsters, & crabs "10ft"

tentacles:

slender finger- like extensions used to capture and handle food.

gill slits

small openings along the anterior part of the gut

Spicules:

small siliceous or calcareous bodies embedded among the cells of sponges or in the tissues of other invertebrates

2. Statocysts

small, calcareous bodies in fluid-filled chambers surrounded by sensitive hairs in medusae & provide a sense of balance

Isopods: iso(same)

small, dorsoventrally flattened crustaceans

Copepods:

small, mostly planktonic crustaceans

Mantle cavity

space lined by the mantle

Spore:

specialized cell for: 1. dispersing to new locations 2. persisting through unfavorable conditions

Coccolithophorids:

spherical algae covered w/ button-like structure made of calcium w/ flagella

Polymorphic:

sporophyte & gametophyte different

post-anal tail

tail that extends beyond the anus

Bilateral symmetry

the arrangement of body parts in such a ways that there is only 1 way to cute the body to get 2 identical halves

Dissolved organic Matter (DOM)

the bursting of viral-infected cells releases large amounts of organic mlcls into the ocean, producing DOM

Ambulacral groove-

the channels from which the tube feet protrude on orla surface

Thallus:

the complete body of an alga

Nitrogen fixation:

the conversion of inorganic, gaseous nitrogen into organic nitrogen (nitrogen in organic compounds, e.g. proteins)

Cephalothorax (Cephal=head)

the fusion of the head w/ some of the other body segments, covered by the carapace

Gametophyte:

the haploid, gamete-producing generation in many seaweeds

Tadpole larvae

the larvae of tunicates that superficially resemble tadpoles

Blade:

the leaf-like, flattened portion of a thallus

Tunic

the leathery or gelatinous outer covering of sea quirts -u-shaped gut- w. incurrent siphon & excurrent siphon -when disturbed will expel water from both siphons -filter feeders

Radial Symmetry:

the regular arrangement of similar body parts around a central axis -no head, front, back

Holdfast:

the root-like structure of a thallus

Abdomen:

the sectoin of the crustacean body posterior to the cephalothorax

Mantle

thin layer of tissue that secretes the shell

dorsal

top surface

Spongin:

tough, elastic, protein fibers that form the sponge skeleton

Some dinoflagellates produce _____________ during algal blooms.

toxins

Amebocytes:

traveling sponge cells that secrete spicules & spongin -sometimes transport & storage food -sometimes repair damages -sometimes produce gametes

Cordgrasses:

true members of the grass family that are tolerant to salt. but not submersion

siphon

tube-like extensions through which water flows in & out of the mantle cavity in bivalves & cephalopods

Adductor muscles

used to close the valves

Foraminiferans and radiolarians feed by _______.

using a network pf psuedopodia to trap food like Amoeba.

Unlike leaves, the blades of seaweeds do not have_______.

veins

Lysogenic Viruses

viruses that reproduces when their nucleus acid becomes part of the gem one of the host cell

Bacteriophages

viruses that specifically target & destroy bacteria

Ciliates are found in :

water, on seagrass, in gills of giant clams, in the intestines of sea urchins, on the skin of fish

Pneumatophore:

way to aerate roots

Proproots:

way to aerate roots

oral surface:

where mouth is

Carotenoid:

yellow, orange, or red photosynthetic pigment -important primary produces in cold waters

Some dinoflagellates are _________.

zooxanthellae