MARINE BIOLOGY
The process of meiosis in seaweeds will produce:
Maybe a spore that produces a gametophyte.
The central gelatinous bell of a medusa is composed of which of these?
Mesoglea
In seastars, an external part of the water-vascular system which is called:
a tube foot.
Parapodia
a usually flat lateral extensions present on each of the body segments of polychaetes
Pneumatocysts:
gas-filled bladder
Phycocolloids:
gelatinous chemical found in algae that forms viscous suspensions or gels 1.algin 2.carrageenan 3.agar
Mesoglea
gelatinous middle layer -does not contain cells
Bacteria are particularly important in ecosystems because
many are decomposers/saprophytes and recycle essential nutrients.
Stromatolites:
massive calcareous mounds
Some prokaryotes (e.g. cyanobacteria) are _____________.
nitrogen fixers
Virus
non-cellular particle containing nucleic acid but unable to reproduce unless infecting living cells
1. Exoskeleton
non-living external skeleton made of chitin
The calcareous mounds formed by colonies of cyanobacteria that still survive in the shallows of the tropical ocean areas are called________.
stromatolites
Green algae generally can be found in all of these habitats except:
rocks exposed to heavy wave action.
byssal threads
strong fibers secreted by mussels for attachment
nematocysts:
stinging structure of cnidarians located w/in cnidocyte (specialized cell in tentacles)
Useful features for distinguishing between protistans include all of the following except ______________.
structure of the nucleus
Evisceration
sudden expulsion of internal organs through mouth or anus
Anaerobic respiration uses:
sulfate & make hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the rotten-egg smell
Filter feeders:
suspension feeders that actively filter the food particles
Pleopods
swimmerets
2 basic Cnidarian forms:
1. Polyp 2. Medusa
Characteristics
Mantle foot radula
Seeds germinate while:
still on tree (Viviparous)
T/F: At least 97% of all species of animals are invertebrates.
True
T/F: Barnacles use their legs to filter food particles out of the water.
True
T/F: Cephalopods use a structure called a funnel to squirt out water from their mantle cavities in order to create a kind of jet propulsion.
True
T/F: Dinoflagellates move using two flagella, one wrapped around a central groove, and one trailing free.
True
T/F: Echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates (which include humans) are all though to be closely related because of common features in early embryonic development.
True
T/F: Feeding currents in sponges are produces by flagellated cells called choanocytes.
True
T/F: Forarminifera are single cells that form chambered calcareous shells.
True
T/F: Hermit crabs have a long, soft abdomen, while true crabs have a small abdomen tucked under the cephalothorax.
True
T/F: In some seaweeds, leaf-like portions, called blades, are kept near the sea surface w/ gas-filled bladders called pneumatocysts.
True
T/F: Mature marine hydrozoan Cnidaria are mainly colonies of polyps that produce medusae.
True
T/F: Platyhelminths have a centralized brain, while cnidarians do not.
True
T/F: Radial symmetry, such as seen in Cnidaria, occurs when similar parts of a body are arranged and repeated around a central axis.
True
T/F: Seagrasses grow in clusters interconnected w/ horizontal root-like stems.
True
T/F: Segments of polychaete worms usually have fleshy extensions called parapodia that often have stiff bristles calle setae.
True
T/F: Copepod crustaceans typically use their antennae to swim as a plankton
True.
Sea quirts
Tunicates
Which of these features is not used to characterize major groups of seaweeds?
Types of roots
Dinoflagellates:
Unicellular, planktonic organisms -cell walls made of cellulose -have 2 flagella
Diatoms:
Unicellular, plantonic organism
Postelsia:
-Kelp -aka sea palm -rocky shores CA-B.C. -holds on in rough waves
Macrocystis:
-Kelp -grows as much as 14cm (5.5. in) per day -grown as tall as 100m (330ft) -Harvested for food -forms kelp beds/ kelp forests -high primary production (photosynthesis) -Complex habitat for other organisms
Phylum Chaetognatha
"Bristle jaw" Arrow worms
Obtained from giant kelps:
-Macrocystis -Laminaria
Marine Algae as Biofuels
-Many algae transform glucose (from photosynthesis) to lipids. -can be grown in desert -uses seawater & not freshwater -some species can be grown in dark (heterotrophs) -can use nutrients from wastewater -organic waste from lipid extraction fermented to ethanol e.g. Chlorella, Dunaliella, Navicula
Flowering Plants
------------------------
Salt Marsh Plants
-------------------------------
Archaea common in water column & sediments
-3.8 billions years old
Decapods have:
-5pairs of legs (Pereopods) 1st pair is heavier (claws) -3 pair of maxillipeds: Food-sorting appendages -cephalothorax -abdomen
Sponges ----
-Almost 6,000 known species of sponges -Tubular sponge -Encrusting sponge -Coralline sponge
Enterompha:
-Can eat it -Thin thallus is a hollow tube
Seagrasses are considered to belong to the Kingdom Plantae because they:
-Carry photosynthesis -can attach to sand -have chlorophyll -have specialized tissues that transport untried and food
Carageenan is obtained from:
-Chondrus -Eucheuma
Valonia:
-Each sphere a single cell w/ multiple nuclei -Tropics & subtroptics
Examples of Green algae:
-Enterompha -Ulva -Valonia -Caulerpa -Codium -Halimeda
The northern limit of mangroves is set by which feature of the environment?
-Frost
Sargassum:
-Has pneumatocysts to help it float -some grow on rocks, some free float -Sargasso Sea
Laminaria:
-Kelp -a single blade up to 3m (9ft) -harvested for food
Cyanobacteria:
-One of the 1st photosynthetic groups on Earth -produce oxygen -produce stromatolites
Examples:
-Porphyra -Chondrus -Eucheuma -Corallina
Examples of brown algae:
-Sargassum -Padina -Fucus- -Postelsia- -Laminaria -Macrocystis
Other Unicellular Algae:
-Silicoflagellates -Coccolithophorids -Chrysophytes
Sponge Reproduction
-Sponges can reproduces asexually and sexually -sponges are hermaphrodites -sponges engage in broadcast spawning, releasing sperm into water to fertilize eggs inside sponges
Salt Marsh Plants:
-Temperate distribution -have salt glands that excrete salt
Caulerpa:
-Tropics & subtropics -consists of single-celled tubes w/ many nuclei -can eat some ( e.g. uni bud)
Porphyra:
-Tropics: polar rocky shores -Blades as lon as 1m (3ft) -some species economically important
Formaniferans:
-a.k.a forams -have a shell (a.k.a. test), made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) -most live on the bottom -have pseudopodia
Codium:
-aka Dead man's finger -Tropics to temperate -sea slugs eat podium & the chloroplasts remain active in animal
Chondrus:
-aka Irish moss Tropics- temperate
Fucus:
-aka rock weeds or wracks - no pneumatocysts -grow on rocky shores of temperate waters
Ulva:
-aka sea lettuce - can eat it -2 cell layers thick -wide distribution (tropics to polar)
Multicellular Algae: ALGAE
-aka seaweeds, macrophytes, macroalgae -Eukaryotic -multicellular -lacke specialized reproductive structures like terrestrial plants (flowers) -lack true roots, stems, & leaves
Brittle stars have
-also have 5 arms, but move faster, & are more mobile than sea stars -eat detritus & small animals -tube feet lack suckers
Protozoans:
-animal-like protists -eukaryotic -unicellular -heterotrophs
Seaweeds reproduce diverse:
-asexually & sexually -alternation of generations
Cordgrasses of salt marshes:
-belong to the same family as sea grasses -tolerate total submergence in seawater -can excrete excess salt -provide habitat & breeding grounds
Flatworms have:
-bilateral symmetry -1 opening to environment (mouth) -tissues organized into true organs -3 tissue layers: ----ectoderm ----gastroderm ----central nervous system (simple brain)
Sponge Summary:
-cellular level of organization -sessile -filter feeders -collar cells for feeding -skeleton of spongin &/or spicules -reproduce both asexually & sexually -hermaphrodites -undergo metamorphosis
Segmented worms are:
-characterized by segments (series of similar compartments) -closed circulatory systems -longitudinal muscles & circular muscles
Segmentes worms:
-christmas tree worms -feather duster worms -fire worms -leeches
Class Polychaeta
-closed circulatory system -excretory organs -gills on parapodia -have trochophore -highly specialized polychaetes -lack mouth and gut
Ribbon worms:
-complete digestive tract w. mouth and anus -circulatory system - 1 species is 30 m long
Green algae: (chlorophyta)
-dominant pigment: Chlorophyll -Only 10% of the estimated 7,000 species are marine -But can dominate habitats w/ wide fluctuations in salinity
Algae
-eukaryotes -autotrophic protists -lack structural features of plants (true roots, stems, leaves) -range in size from single cells to unicellular
Seaweeds also used for:
-fertilizer -food additives in animal feeds -woulds dressings in hospitals -reduce acidity in soil (coralline algae) -nutritional supplements
4. Class Polyplacophora
-have 8 overlapping shell plates -use radula to scrape algae off hard surfaces
Cyanobacteria known as blue-green algae:
-have chlorophyll, a green pigment -have phycocyanin, a bluish pigment -have a phycoerythrin, a reddish pigment
3. Red algae
-have phycobilins -some are reduced to parasites
Seagrasses have:
-horizontal -roots & erect shoots grow from the stems -have small flowers -pollen (plant sperm) is carried by water currents -resulting seeds dispersed by water currents or animal feces
Cnidarians include:
-hydroids -sea anemones -jellyfish -corals
Archaea found in extreme environments:
-hydrothermal cents at temperature of 250 degrees F -deep water w/ pressures 300-800 atms
Cnidarians are mostly carnivores
-initial digestion is extracellular (takes place in gut, outside of cells) -final digestion in intracellular (takes place w/in the cells lining the gut)
Cyanobacteria found everywhere:
-inside polar bear hairs -inside calcareous rocks & corals -oxygen poor sediment (polluted sites) -on surface of rocks in splash zones -on surface of seagrass -bloom & cause some red-tides
Mangroves pressures:
-loss of water through -sediemts are soft & oxygen poor
Anthropoda:
-most diverse animal group -most abundant: --on land: insects --in water: crustaceans
Reproduction
-most echinoderms have separate sexes - broadcast spawning, usually synchronized
Fungi:
-mostly multicellular (molds & yeast are unicellular) -heterotrophs -important decomposers of mangrove leaves
Cnidarians have:
-nematocysts -centrally located mouth -gut
Sea cucumbers have
-oral & aboral sides are at the ends of the organism, stretched radial symmetry -lies on one side, where all 5 rows of tube feet are located -eats detritus, absorbing organic material -Evisceration
Benefits of salt marsh plants:
-provide detritus food -prevents erosion -purifies water -breeding grounds for fish
Radiolarians have:
-shells made primarily of silica -have pseudopodia
Bacteria are:
-structurally simple -small (about 250,00 fit on a period in the text) -cell wall of peptidoglycan -significant decomposers, producing nutrients. -Primary producers (important food source)
1. Bryozoans
-tentacles like a poly -complete digestive tract, U-shaped -Colonial animal w/ separate chambers -skeletal chambers: oval vase tubular rectangular -grow like: clump of seaweed or moss lacy fan encrustations
Crinoids include:
-the feather stars or sea lilies -feather stars are in deep water -sea lilies in the tropical Pacific & indian oceans -like upside down brittle star -filtered food travels to mouth via cilia in ambulacral grooves
Mangroves adaptations:
-thick leaves -salt glands on leaves -prop roots -pneumatophores
Agar uses:
-to protect ham, fish, & means during canning -in low calorie foods (not digestible) -thickener -laxatives -cosmetics -medium to grow bacteria & molds
Sea stars have
-typically 5 arms, but up to 50 in some species -carnivores, eating bivalves, gastropods, barnacles (crustaceans)
Unicellular Algae
1. Diatoms 2. Dinoflagellates 3. Silicoflagellates 4. Cocolithophorids
2 tissue layes of Cnidarians:
1. Epidermis 2. Gastrodermis
Anthropoda characteristics:
1. Exoskeleton 2. Molt 3. jointed appendages 4. bilateral symmetry 5. segmented
Protozoans:
1. Formaniferans 2.Radiolarians 3. Ciliates
Types of Seaweed:
1. Green Algae 2. Brown Algae 3. Red Algae
Cnidarian nervous system consists of:
1. Nerve net 2. Statocysts
Anthozoan Includes:
1. Sea anemones 2. corals - 1. hard corals -2. gorgonians (soft corals) - 3. black corals
In ____ symmetrical animals, the body displays _____ surface different from a ventral one an an _______ end, usually a head, differentiated from a posterior end.
1. bilaterally 2. dorsal 3. anterior
3 groups of seaweeds are recognized, In the green algae, __________ is not masked by any other pigments, so the thallus is bright green. The ________ algae includes the largest & structurally most complex seaweeds. Whereas the third group, the __________ algae, includes the largest number of species.
1. chlorophyll 2.brown 3.red
Examples of bilaterally symmetrical worms are the _____ which lack an anus as in cnidarians, and the _______, a large group common in marine sediments that may consist of as many as half a million species.
1. flatworms 2. nematodes
Arthropods that are not Crustaceans
1. horseshoe crab (Class: Merestomata) 2. sea spiders (Class: Pycnogonida) Insects are arthropods with 3 pair of legs
Seaweeds can be distinguised from pants because they lack 3 types of special tissues:
1. leaves 2. stems 3. roots
Mollusks that do not have a shell may protect themselves by producing a _________ or ___________.
1. noxious chemicals 2. ink
Only relatively few charts lack a backbone. Nevertheless, all chordates during at least some stages of their lives have small openings in the anterior part of the gut called _______ (or ___________) , a flexible __________ for support, and a single ________ nerve cord.
1. pharyngeal slits 2. gills 3. notochord 4. dorsal
Echinoderms are unique in several ways. Besides their ______ symmetry, locomotion and sometimes feeding are carried out by means of the ______ or _______.
1. radial 2. water vascular system 3. tube feet
Almost all flowering plants live on land except 3 groups. The __________ are truly marine because they are rarely exposed to air. 2 other groups, the salt marsh plants and _________ are essentially land plants that are salt-tolerant.
1. sea grasses 2. mangroves
Molluscs are characterized by a body and by 2 structure that are sometimes absent: a calcareous, external or internal_________ and a ________, a chitinous structure in the mouth region used in feedings.
1. shell 2. radula
In the angiosperms, the dominant _________ features an elaborate reproductive organ, the _____________.
1. sporophyte 2. flower
Sponges are considered structurally simpler than most other multicellular animals because they lack true _____ and ______.
1. tissues 2. organs
Includes
1. turbellarians 2. flukes (trematodes) all are parasitic 3. tapeworms (cestodes) all are parasitic
Types of sponge cells:
1.Collar cell (choanocytes) 2. Pore cells (porocytes) 3. Amebocytes 4. Pinacocytes
Algae obtained by:
1.aquaculture 2. harvesting wild kelps
A bilaterally symmetric animals has _____ number of identical sides.
2
Symbiosis:
2 species living in close association -Deep sea bioluminescence -Shipworm bacteria -Chemosynthesis -Tetrodotoxin (pufferfish)
Protochordates
2subphyla of chordates that lack a bone 1. Subphylum Urochordata tunicates 2. Suphylum Cephalochordata lanceles
Decapods have which of the following?
3 pair of maxillipeds
Lichens:
a symbiotic association between fungi & green algae or cyanobacteria
Marine worms may utilize which of these for support and locomotion?
A hydrostatic skeleton
Which of these is identical to a vertebrate except for a backbone?
A lancelet
Sessile:
being attached to the bottom or a surface
Economic Importance of Algae
Algae used as food & biofuels
Chrysophytes:
Algae w/ 2 flagella & no skeleton
Metabolism:
All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism
Polychaete worms belong to which of these groups?
Annelida
Which of these groups has no medusa stage?
Anthozoa
4. Class:
Anthozoan
What is the major use of algin?
As a stabilizer and emulsifier in the dairy industry
Prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains:
Bacteria & Archaea
A closed circulatory system always has which of these features?
Blood w/in distinct vessels
Cephalopods are considered to have the most complex and developed ___________ outside of the vertebrates.
Brain
Colonial zooids w/ a lophophore belong to the group:
Bryozoa
Most arthropods:
Compound Eyes statocysts small brain separate sexes direct sperm transfer
Halimeda:
Calcareous algae
Like most plants, unicellular algae generally have which of these features?
Chlorophyll
Of the 3 types of common seaweeds, only the ________ often lie in fresh water.
Chlorophyta
Phylum Chordata:
Chordates
Ctenophores method of locomotion utilizes which of these structures?
Ciliary combs
Sea Stars
Class: Asteroidea
Crinoids
Class: Crinoidea
Sea Urchins
Class: Echinoidea
Sea cucumbers
Class: Holothuroidea
Brittle stars
Class: Ophiuroidea
Phylum: Echinodermata
Classes- 1. Asteroidea -seastars 2. Ophiuroides- brittle stars 3. Echinoidea- sea urchins, sand dollars 4. Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers Class: Crinoidea- sea lilies, feather stars
Which of these is the most common and widespread marine animals?
Copepods
Some dinoflagellates become zooxanthellae that inhabit the tissues of which of these animals, forming generally beneficial partnerships?
Corals
In which of these groups is the mouth is directed upward?
Crinoidea
3. Class:
Cubozoa
Nitrogen fixation is carred out by_________.
Cyanobacteria
_____ are mostly autotrophs but some ingest organize particles. May are _____:that is they are capable of producing light.
Dinoflagellates bioluminescent
Crustaceans generally reproduce by:
Direct sperm transfer
1. Green Algae:
Division: Chlorophyta
2. Brown algae:
Division: Phaeophyta
3. Red algae:
Division: Rhodophyta
2. Brown Algae: (Phaeophyta)
Dominant pigment is fucoxanthin, & other yellow-brown pigments
Phylum: Echiura
Echiurans Lives in soft sediment
Examples of Seagrass:
Eel grass Turtle grass Manati grass
Due to their use of their radulas gastropods may be:
Either herbivores or carnivores
Sea cucumbers (holothuroidea Echinodermata) can use a tactic called ____________ as an escape mechanism.
Evisceration
T/F: A giant kelp typically grows very slowly because much of its huge thallus is in deep, dark waters.
False
T/F: All molluscs have an external shell make of calcium carbonate.
False
T/F: Marine nematode worms are hardly every seen because they are relatively few in number.
False
T/F: Primary produces in oceans are all microscopic photosynthesizers including bacteria, plants, and algae.
False
T/F: The holdfasts of seaweeds are analogous to roots because both provide an anchor and absorb nutrients and water to supply the entire algal body or thallus.
False
T/F: The most common pattern of reproduction in seaweeds is like that of animals, resulting in a diploid adult thallus and a haploid gametes.
False
T/F: Today the cyanobacteria form a relatively minor component of the oceans primary producers.
False
Pseudopodia:
False feet (extensions of the cytoplasm)
In a bivalve, the gills serve in
Gas exchange and as a feeding mechanism
Which feature of cephalopods is found in other mollusks?
Mantle
Molluscs Nervous system
Gastropods & bivalves have sets of ganglia
After eons of evolution on Earth today one might find the Archaea in which of the following habitats?
Hydrothermal vents
1. Class:
Hydrozoan
Sulfide-bacteria that carry on sulfur oxidation can usually be found in which habitat?
In mud flats.
1. Class: Gastropods
Include: snals limpets abalone nudibrachs
Phylum Ectoprocta: Ectoprocta "Outside anus"
Includes all Iophophorates 1. Bryozoans 2.Phoronids 3. Lamp Shells
Sea Urchins have
Includes sand dollars & sea biscuits -have 5 arms, bent upwards and fused -5 rows of tube feet in 5 ambulacral grooves -mouth on bottom, anus on top -primarily eat seaweeds & grasses
3. Class: Cephalopoda
Ink sacs Include: -octopuses -squids -cuttlefish -nautilus
Sponges do not have which feature?
Internal organs
Which of these best describes the carapace?
It covers the cephalothorax
Sponges:
Kingdom : Animalia Phylum: Porifera
Phyllum Mollusca
Kingdom Animalia Phylum: Mollusca 1. Class: Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda Polyplacophora
Cnidarians:
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria -Class: Hydrozoans -Scyphozoa -Cubozoa -Anthozao
Which of these is an important food source in polar ecosystems?
Krill
3. Phylum Brachiopoda
Lamp shells aka brachiopods
Scyphozoans
Larger jellyfish common in all oceans e.g. moon jelly
Planula:
Larval cnidarian -cylindrical -ciliated -2 layes of cells
Which of these is a characteristics of flowering plants?
Leaves are present and sexually reproductive flowers.
Marine fungi may be common in which of these habitats?
Mangrove swamps
In order for arthropods to grow they must discard or __________ their chitinous exoskeletons.
Molt
Unlike other flatworms, tapeworms have which feature?
No digestive tract (mouth & gut)
Echinoderms are characterized by:
Often moving by use of hundreds of luis-powered tube feet.
Among red algae, dense clumps are characteristics of species living where?
On upper levels of rocky coasts
Water entes a sponge through which of these parts?
Ostium
Symbiosis
Parasitism- 1 species benefits at cost of other Mutualism- both species benefit
Phylum: sipuncula
Peanut worm aka sipincula
Which of these groups includes the largest algae, the giant kelps?
Phaeophyta
2. Phylum: Phoronida Phoronids
Phoronids
Not all autotrophic bacteria are __________. For example, some derive energy from H2S and other inorganic compounds.
Photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria:
Photosynthetic bacteria
-----------The Ribbon Worms
Phylum Nemertea
------------The Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class:
Polychaeta
Nemertean worms entangle prey w/ a structure called a _____ which is everted from a cavity above the mouth.
Proboscis
Archaea:
Prokaryotes but more closely related to eukaryotes
Members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are ______________ organisms and therefore their cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic
Protozoans such as foraminiferans and radiolarians are unicellular and are included in the kingdom ___________.
Protista
Mollusks have a ribbon-like structure that carries rows of small teeth called a ______.
Radula
Which of these is partially responsible for adding calcium carbonate in the making of coral reefs?
Rhodophyte coralline algae.
2. Class:
Scyphozoa
The larger jellyfish that are common in all oceans belong to which of these groups?
Scyphozoans
Multicelluar Primary Producers:
Seaweeds and Plants
Sponge:
Sessile invertebrate that consists of a complex aggregation of specialized cels, that are largely independent of each other -no true tissue/organs
Mangroves:
Shrubs & trees that live along the seashores in tropical & subtropical regions -tolerant inundation by seawater by varying degrees
Diatoms have a protective covering made out of which of the following materials?
Silica
Diatom cells are enclosed in cell walls made largely of ________________.
Silicon
Hemichordates and echinoderms may both have:
Similar larval stages
Colloblasts
Sticky cells on the 2 long tentacles generally harmless Carnivorous
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea -copepods barnacles amphipods isopods krill shrimps lobsters hermit crabs true crabs horseshoe crabs
Brown algae are dominant primary produces in which area?
Temperate rocky shores
Sporophyte:
The diploid, spore-producing generation in many seaweeds
Aquaculture:
The farming of marine organisms
Stipe:
The stem-like structure of a thallus
T/F: Annelid worms have a true coelom for a body cavity, but nematode, nemertean, and platyhelminth worms do not.
True
Which of the occurs in all animals with radial symmetry?
There is no head.
The most unique feature of mangroves as a tree species is:
They can grow directly in saltwater.
Symbiotic bacteria may be responsible for __________ in pufferfishes.
Toxins
Eucheuma:
Tropics- Temperate -Farmed in the Philippines
Prokaryotic cells have ________.
a cell wall
A lancelet, like other chordates, has which feature?
a dorsal nerve chord
Lophophore
a feeding structure that consists of ciliated tentacles
Amphipods
a group of small, laterally compressed crustaceans
Alteration of generations:
a life history w/ a sporophyte & a gametophyte
Flagellum:
a long, whip-like organelle that is usually involved in locomotion
Metamorphosis:
a marked change in form durn embryological development
Foot
a muscular potion of body used for locomotion
Water vascular system:
a network of water-filled canals
Viruses do not have _____.
a nucleus
1. Algin
a phycocolloid extracted from brown algae used in: -ice cream -toppings -cheese -pastries -paper -ink -paints -pesticides -cosmetics
Salp
a plantonic tunicate
Domoic Acid:
a potent toxin that accumulates in plankton-feeding fish -consuming contaminated shellfish or fish can be serious, even fatal, effects nervous system
1. Polyp
a sac-like attached stage w/ the mouth & tentacles oriented upward e.g. sea anemone
Hemichordates:
a small group of worms that have a larval from similar to that of vertebrates --dorsal, hollow nerve cord --openings along the anterior part of the gut e.g. acorn worms
Regeneration:
ability of an organism to grow a body part that has been lost
Biofouling-
accumulation of organisms on boats, piling, & other submerged structures
Turritopsis dohrnii
aka "Immortal jellyfish" -Mediterranean Sea -Transdifferentiation
Lichens are a type of fungus living symbiotically with an ________ thus they are considered autotrophic.
algae
Silicoflagellates:
algae w/ star shaped internal skeletons made of silica w/ 2 flagella
2. Pore cells (porocytes)
allows water to enter
Like vertebrates echinoderms have _________.
an Endoskeleton
2. Medusa-
bell-like, free swimming stage, w/ mouth & tentacles oriented downward e.g. jellyfish
Compound eyes:
an eye that consists of numerous light-sensitive units
Endophyte:
an organism that lives inside algae or plants
Epiphyte:
an organism that lives on algae or plants
Vertebrate
animal w/ backbone
invertebrate
animal w/out backbone -97% of animals are invertebrates -all major groups have marine representatives -some major groups are exclusively marine
Deposit feeders:
animals that eat detritus that settle on the bottom
Suspension feeders:
animals that eat food particles suspended in the water
Anaerobic bacteria generally
are heterotrophs.
Crustaceans
arthropods that have 2 pairs of antennae & an exoskeleton hardened by calcium carbonate
Asexual reproduction is diatoms usually result in ______.
auxo-spores
Photoautotrophic:
make organic compounds using solar energy
DOM used by:
bacteria & other microbes, which are eaten by zooplankton
Cirri
barnacle legs that function as filtering appendages
Amphipods found in :
beach hoppers whale lice
Chapter 6:
begins>>>>>>>>>>
Diatoms produce_____________.
biogenous sediments: -diatomaceous ooze -diatomaceous earth
Some dinoflagellates are __________.
bioluminescent
ventral
bottom surface
Cubomdeusae
box jellyfishes e.g. cubozoa
Cnidarians lack:
brain true nerves
Setae
bristles on polychaetes
Among mollusks, the _____ is the tissue layer that secretes the shell.
mantle
Besides being saprophytes bacteria are ecologically important because they also _________________.
can carry on nitrogen fixation.
2 common kinds of photosynthetic pigments in seaweeds are:
chlorophyll & carotenoids.
Tintinnids:
ciliates that drift in the water in build vase-like cases
Ganglia
clusters of nerve cells located in different parts of the body
The presence of nematocysts and radial symmetry are fundamental characteristics of _____________________.
cnidarians
Annedlids, the segmented worms, have a body cavity called a ___________, which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton.
coelom
Ctenophora:
comb jellies swim by moving the 8 rows of cilia (Ciliary combs)
Calcareous algae:
contains calcium carbonate
True crabs
crustaceans that have the abdomen tucked under the cephalothorax
Barnacles:
crustaceans that live attached to surfaces & are typically enclosed by heavy calcareous plates
Isomorphic:
sporophyte & gametophyte indentical
Carageenan is used in:
dairy products & processed foods like instant pudding
Most marine bacteria are heterotrophs functioning as _________.
decomposers
Diatomaceous earth:
deposits on land
Diatomaceous ooze:
deposits under water
Zooxanthellae:
dinoflagellates that live w/in the tissue of reef colors, & other marine organism such as sponges, sea anemones & giant clams
Chordates:
divide into 3 major groups (sub-phyla) -2 lack a backbone -1 w/backbone
Some diatoms produce ___________.
domoic acid
Prokaryotes:
enclosed in a cell wall, w/ a cell/plasma membrane, w/ circular DNA & no nucleus
Proboscis
extensions near mouth that aids in the capture or collection of food
1. Epidermis
external layer of cells
Diatomaceous earth is used industrially as a __________.
filtering medium.
1.Collar cell (choanocytes)
flagellated cell that pumps water into a sponge and traps food on its collar
4.Pinacocytes
flattened surface cells
notochord
flexible rod for support that lies between the nerve cord & gut
pair of statocysts-
fluid-filled cavity w/ sensitive hairs & small free body used to orient animals w/ respect to gravity
anterior:
front end
Retrovirus
genetic info is single-stranded RNA
Seagrass:
grass-like flowering plants that are adopted to live at sea -closest phylogenetic relatives are members of the lily family (not grasses)
Lophophorates
group of invertebrates that have a feeding structure called a lophophore
Cilia:
hair-like structures used for locomotion & feeding
2. Class Bivalvia
have 2 shells, known as valves
Hermit crabs
hermit crabs are not true crabs, more like shrimp & lobsters
nerve chord
hollow & dorsally located
Siphonophores
hydrozoans that form drifting colonies e.g. Portuguese man -of-war
Larva-
immature stage of an animal that looks different from the adult
Corallina:
important in formin coral reefs
Chemoautrophic (chemosynthetic) :
make organic compounds using chemical compounds like hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Most mollusks have an open circulatory system:
in which blood flows out of vessels into open blood spaces except cephalopods w/ closed circulatory systems
Endoskeleton:
internal skeleton secreted w/in tissues
Aristotle's lantern
intricate system of jaws & muscles
Molluscs
invertebrates w/ a soft, unsegmented body, a muscular foot, & generally a calcareous shell & radula
Cnidarians (coelenterates)-
invertebrates w/ radial symmetry & nematocysts
Trochophore
larval stage w. band on cilia
2. Gastrodermis
layer of cells lining gut
Many decapods are scavengers
lobsters crabs some shrimp
Bacteriophages are :
lysogenic viruses that reproduced by targeting bacteria.
Kelps:
most complex & largest brown algae
Cephalopods have
most complex nervous system & behavior among the molluscs
Molluscs Digestion: Molluscs have:
mouth & anus salivary & digestive glands digestive enzymes
tube feet:
muscular extensions of the canals
Ampullae:
muscular sacs inside the body opposite the tube feet, assist in extending the tube feet by filling them w/ water
Chordates characteristics:
nerve chord gills slits notochord post-anal tail
Prokaryotes account for much of the ____________.
oceanic primary production
aboral surface:
opposite mouth
Scavengers
organisms that specialize in feeding on bits of detritus on the bottom
Detritus:
particles of dead o organic matter
Detritus:
particles of dead organic matter
Blooms:
periods of rapid reproduction
Carageenan:
phyccocolloid obtained from red algae
2. Agar
phycocolloid used in jellies
Pedicellariae-
pincer-like organs that function in removing debris from aboral surface
Krill (euphausiids)
planktonic shrimp-like crustaceans food for whales, penguins, & fishes
Flowering plants (angiosperms):
plants (organism that have true roots, stems, & leaves) that reproduce w/ flowers that produce seeds
Halophytes:
plants that are salt-tolerant
Gas-filled structures called _________, help keep blades of kelp close to the surface of the water so they can capture the energy in sunlight.
pneumatocysts
The upward, unbranched extensions of some mangrove roots are called __________ and function in aerating plant tissues in oxygen-poor mud.
pneumatophores
Madreporite
porous plate on aboral surface acting as a water filter
Capsid
protein coat protecting viruses -always parasitic -few genes -20-200nm
Ciliates:
protozoans w/ cilia
Pentamerous radial symmetry
radial symmetry based on 5 parts -oral & aboral surfaces no anterior or posterior ends -planktonic larvae have bilateral symmetry
posterior
rear end
Coralline algae:
red algae that deposit calcium carbonate w/in their cell walls.
phycobilins:
red pigments that mas chlorophyll
Anaerobic respiration:
respiration that does not use oxygen
Aerobic respiration:
respiration that uses oxygen
Radula
ribbon of small teeth used to scrape food off of surfaces, made of chitin
3. Amebocytes:
secrete spongin and spicules
1. Nerve net
serve cells that interconnect & transmit impulses in all directions
2. Molt
shedding of skeleton
Frustule:
shell made of silica (SiO2), glass material
Carapace
shield-ike structure that covers the anterior portion of some crustaceans
Decapods:
shrimps, lobsters, & crabs "10ft"
tentacles:
slender finger- like extensions used to capture and handle food.
gill slits
small openings along the anterior part of the gut
Spicules:
small siliceous or calcareous bodies embedded among the cells of sponges or in the tissues of other invertebrates
2. Statocysts
small, calcareous bodies in fluid-filled chambers surrounded by sensitive hairs in medusae & provide a sense of balance
Isopods: iso(same)
small, dorsoventrally flattened crustaceans
Copepods:
small, mostly planktonic crustaceans
Mantle cavity
space lined by the mantle
Spore:
specialized cell for: 1. dispersing to new locations 2. persisting through unfavorable conditions
Coccolithophorids:
spherical algae covered w/ button-like structure made of calcium w/ flagella
Polymorphic:
sporophyte & gametophyte different
post-anal tail
tail that extends beyond the anus
Bilateral symmetry
the arrangement of body parts in such a ways that there is only 1 way to cute the body to get 2 identical halves
Dissolved organic Matter (DOM)
the bursting of viral-infected cells releases large amounts of organic mlcls into the ocean, producing DOM
Ambulacral groove-
the channels from which the tube feet protrude on orla surface
Thallus:
the complete body of an alga
Nitrogen fixation:
the conversion of inorganic, gaseous nitrogen into organic nitrogen (nitrogen in organic compounds, e.g. proteins)
Cephalothorax (Cephal=head)
the fusion of the head w/ some of the other body segments, covered by the carapace
Gametophyte:
the haploid, gamete-producing generation in many seaweeds
Tadpole larvae
the larvae of tunicates that superficially resemble tadpoles
Blade:
the leaf-like, flattened portion of a thallus
Tunic
the leathery or gelatinous outer covering of sea quirts -u-shaped gut- w. incurrent siphon & excurrent siphon -when disturbed will expel water from both siphons -filter feeders
Radial Symmetry:
the regular arrangement of similar body parts around a central axis -no head, front, back
Holdfast:
the root-like structure of a thallus
Abdomen:
the sectoin of the crustacean body posterior to the cephalothorax
Mantle
thin layer of tissue that secretes the shell
dorsal
top surface
Spongin:
tough, elastic, protein fibers that form the sponge skeleton
Some dinoflagellates produce _____________ during algal blooms.
toxins
Amebocytes:
traveling sponge cells that secrete spicules & spongin -sometimes transport & storage food -sometimes repair damages -sometimes produce gametes
Cordgrasses:
true members of the grass family that are tolerant to salt. but not submersion
siphon
tube-like extensions through which water flows in & out of the mantle cavity in bivalves & cephalopods
Adductor muscles
used to close the valves
Foraminiferans and radiolarians feed by _______.
using a network pf psuedopodia to trap food like Amoeba.
Unlike leaves, the blades of seaweeds do not have_______.
veins
Lysogenic Viruses
viruses that reproduces when their nucleus acid becomes part of the gem one of the host cell
Bacteriophages
viruses that specifically target & destroy bacteria
Ciliates are found in :
water, on seagrass, in gills of giant clams, in the intestines of sea urchins, on the skin of fish
Pneumatophore:
way to aerate roots
Proproots:
way to aerate roots
oral surface:
where mouth is
Carotenoid:
yellow, orange, or red photosynthetic pigment -important primary produces in cold waters
Some dinoflagellates are _________.
zooxanthellae