Marine Science Honors: Final Exam Review
Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point per second.
True
There are no true marine amphibians, mainly because
their skin is too permeable to water
Three evolutionary advances for arthropods include:
Striated muscle, an exoskeleton, and articulation.
Organisms that strain plankton and tiny organic food particles from surrounding water while sessile are called
Suspension feeders
A fish's "6th sense" is based on
The ability to detect small changes in the electric field surround their body.
The class Holothuroidea includes the sea cucumbers.
True
When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more
Acidic, its pH is lower
A collective term for autotrophs possessing chlorophyll and capable of photosynthesis but lacking vessels to conduct sap are called
Algae
By using the word "commonality" to describe one of the basic attributes of life, we mean:
All life shares certain basic underlying mechanisms within each individual.
A capsule from which a coiled thread with a toxin filled barb may be forcefully ejected, triggered mechanically or chemically is called
Cnidoblast
Upwelling water is usually
Cold and nutrient-laden
San Francisco's characteristic cold and foggy weather is caused by a:
Cold eastern boundary current
The most dense water in ocean currents is the
Coldest and saltiest
When respiration equals photosynthesis in the ocean, this is called
Compensation depth
When things run down due to lack of sufficient energy is a condition explained with
Entropy
This assumes that the seafloor does not influence the tides and that the ocean conforms instantly to the forces that affect the position of its surface.
Equilibrium theory of tides
An endoskeleton limits growth and must be shed or "molted" at regular intervals.
False
Bivalves have a siphon tube for bringing in water containing food and dissolved carbon dioxide, needed to sustain the bivalve's life.
False
Concerned over the damage to Galveston by a tidal wave in 1900, Congress past legislation to establish the first Tsunami Warning System in the United States.
False
Jellyfish are an advanced form of suspension feeder.
False
Maine lobsters have enlarged antennae used for defense, since the have now claws.
False
Most advanced surfers agree that spilling waves give the best ride.
False
Spray from the breaking waves on the beach is generated by the excess heat generated by the changing wave energy.
False
Storm surge's wavelength is usually less than 10 meters during a tropical cyclone.
False
Surface water upwelling and downwelling occurring down to 20 meters is called wind-induced vertical circulation
False
The body of the typical seaweed is called the stipe.
False
These tides form when the moon, Earth, and sun form a right angle. During these tides the high and low tide levels are not as pronounced.
Neap tides
Plankton productivity is the highest
Near the continents
This is a coiled thread tipped with a barb containing a neurotoxin with two triggers, one chemical the other physical
Nematocyst
The open ocean environment, over the continental shelves
Neritic
These structures detect pressure in water along the lateral line of sharks and fish
Neuromasts
The main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are:
Nitrates and phosphates.
This element is a major component of biology that helps to build proteins and nucleic acids.
Nitrogen
"Success" in biology means:
Number of living offspring
The open ocean realm, away from land
Oceanic
The most abundant sea turtle is considered
Olive ridley turtle
A wave in which particles of the water move in close circles as the wave passes is called a(n)
Orbital wave
Fresh water fish gain water by
Osmosis
Bony fish (like tuna or anchovies) are members of this group:
Osteichthyes
The open ocean environment, in general
Pelagic
This is the Earth's closest distance to the sun.
Perihelion
A group of animals that shares similar architecture, level of complexity, and evolutionary history is known as this
Phylum
This body symmetry resembles the spokes on a wheel.
Radial
Marine animal survival strategies are developed to solve the common problems of
Reproducing, feeding, and safety.
The classical definition of speeches depends ultimately on:
Reproductive isolation from other species
Marine crocodiles have the ability to
Resist infection from most bacteria
The dominant force that returns the water surface to flatness after a wave has formed in it is considered the
Restoring force
Marine animals remove excess salt from their bodies using
Salt glands
Which is considered the top consumer
Short fin mako shark
Saltwater crocodile hides are valued according to
Size and shape of the belly scales
This occurs when there are no currents during a change in tidal direction.
Slack water
Sensory abilities of most sharks:
Smell small amounts of blood, detect vibrations of injured fish, and are able to detect small electric fields
During spring, the alignment of the sun and moon produce these larger than normal tides.
Spring tides
An abrupt bulge of water driven ashore by a tropical cyclone or frontal storm is called a
Storm surge
What is a rogue wave?
The constructive interference of many wavelengths, A wave much larger than theoretical maximum wave sustained by a fully developed sea, A freak, unpredictable wave
The zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy than they use to stay alive is called:
The euphotic zone
What is the restoring force of a wave?
The force that returns the wave to a calm state.
An old form of cephalopod that moves slow, has many sticky , residing in a curled shell describes this animal
The nautilus.
What is a wave period?
The time for a wave to move the distance of one wavelength
What is a fetch?
The uninterrupted distance over which wind blows
As the wave is just about to break,
The water is moving faster than the wave.
When waves approach the shore, if the bottom is a steep slope,
The waves will plunge
What is an example of a true tidal wave?
Tidal bore
The only marine energy source being successfully exploited on a large scale is:
Tidal currents
The water level from which the heights of the tides are measure is referred to as the
Tidal datum
These track the high and low tides of a location based on the gravitational interaction of the moon.
Tide charts
What is the net force of inertia and gravitational attraction combined?
Tractive forces
A disturbing force maintains a forced wave.
True
Brittle stars can detach and later re-grow an arm.
True
Chlorophytes live near the surface where red light is available for photosynthesis.
True
Coral polyps mainly feed at night for protection.
True
Diatoms are encase in SiO₂, a form of silica.
True
Eastern and Western boundary currents are linked by transverse currents
True
HAB stands for Harmful Algal Blooms.
True
Many species of large seaweeds are leaky, like tea bags, releasing excess organic matter into the ocean.
True
Of all the seaweeds we studied, only Rhodophyta is the most abundant due to its color.
True
One sverdrup (sv) equals 1 million m³/second
True
Part of the balancing within a geostopic gyre includes the pressure gradient.
True
Plankton can only ride the currents as drifters.
True
The distribution of phytoplankton corresponds to the distribution of picoplankton.
True
The oxygen revolution occurred before the Cambrian Explosion
True
The process of wave separation produces swell
True
The wave steepness ratio is 1:7
True
Transitional waves travel through water deeper than 1/20 their original wavelength but shallower than half their original wavelength
True
Wave trains are sometimes called sets while at the beach
True
Photosynthesis occurs
Very little below 100 meters and not below 268 meters in the ocean.
Some fish secrete mucus on their scales to help reduce the effects of water's
Viscosity
Britain's weather is _______ than would be expected at that latitude because of the influence of surface currents
Warmer and wetter
The highest part of the wave above average water level is called
Wave crest
What occurs when waves hit an obstacle straight on?
Wave reflection
The progressing groups of swell with the same origin and wavelength re called
Wave trains
The horizontal distance between two successive wave crests is called
Wavelength
The only ocean current that continues in an uninterrupted circle around the circumference of the Earth without encountering land is the:
West Wind Drift
Generally the fastest and deepest ocean currents are:
Western Boundary currents
Tidal currents can result in a rotary direction of water flow called
Whirlpools or maelstroms
Wind wave development is influenced by
Wind strength, Wind duration, Fetch
Methods used by a sea turtle to navigate:
Wind wave direction, solar angle, and smell
The ULTIMATE source of most of the energy for ocean currents is:
the sun
A notochord is
A tubular dorsal nervous system
Most bivalve shells are made up of this chemical compound,
Calcium carbonate
Primary producer
Detritus
A possible ending point of diatom reproduction is the formation of an angiosperm.
False
All forms of plankton are very small to microscopic in size.
False
Gastropod means "muscle foot".
False
Capillary waves reach a maximum height of
1.73 cm
Most biologists and geologists now think life began on Earth about:
3.5-4.2 billion years ago
As wind moves over the surface of the ocean, the water's direction is
90⁰ degrees to the right
Which of these is generally not an El Nino effect
A decline in the exotic species of dish and other forms of marine life at Australia.
Sea urchins and sand dollars have
A five sided symmetry
During an El Nino event
A strong equatorial counter current develops in the Pacific.
The sharks, skates, and rays are members of this group:
Chondrichthyes
Light absorbing compounds that enhance photosynthesis by absorbing specific ranges of dim light and transferring this energy to the chlorophyll molecules are called
Accessory pigments
All of the following are circuits in the world's oceans, except, the
Arctic Ocean gyre
The Latin word for "self nourishment" used to describe how an organism feeds is
Autotroph
Primary consumers
Benthic invertebrates, Krill, Copepods
A body shape where the left and right sides mirror each other is called
Bilateral symmetry
Living organisms are supported and sustained by huge nonliving chemical reserves, and there is a large scale transport of elements between the reserves and organisms. This statement describes
Biogeochemical cycles
Zooplanktons
Brittle star embryos, Lobster larvae, Ctenophores
What is PRODUCED in primary productivity?
Carbohydrates
Which chemical element is usually in great supply for sustaining life in the ocean
Carbon
Part of the carbon cycle
Carbonate rocks, Dissolved organic carbon, Shells and ooze
The inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was:
Carolus Linnaeus
This fin feature increases the area and provides additional thrust for forward movement.
Caudal
The production of usable energy directly from inorganic molecules available in the environment is called
Chemosynthesis
A tough, nitrogen rich carbohydrate which may be strengthened by calcium carbonate that covers most arthropods is called
Chitin
La Nina is a
Cooling of the ocean water after El Nino
The Earth's rotation influences currents by an acceleration known as:
Coriolis effect
A marine fish must _______ seawater, and _______ salt from special glands in the gills.
Drink... export
These sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation.
Diatom
Some species are brightly bio-luminescent.
Dinoflagellate
A tide pattern of on high and one low each day describes a
Diurnal tide
In order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of:
Energy
A fall in sea level flowing out of a bay or harbor is called an
Ebb current
Hedgehog skin describes this phylum,
Echinodermata
Fish maintain a body temperature at or near the temperature of the water they are in, and are called
Ectotherms
ENSO stands for
El Nino/ Southern Oscillation
A good "working definition" for life might be: "A highly organized system that can capture, store, and transmit__________."
Energy
The movement of water due to the Ekman spiral causes intense whirlpools to form suddenly
False
The sea wasp jellyfish is mainly found in the ocean off java.
False
Whip-like projections on plankton used for limited locomotion are called
Flagella
Any wave that is never free of the forces that cause them are known as
Forced waves
Water moving in the opposite direction from the surface current is called
Friction depth
Brown algae or kelp gets its color from the accessory pigment called
Fucoxanthin
Gill membranes are attached to
Gill arches.
The orbit of the moon is stable due to these opposite forces
Gravity and interia
The largest of all the hard shelled sea turtles is the
Green turtle
Species of marine turtles :
Green, Kemp's ridley, Hawksbill
The half-speed advance of the wave train is called
Group velocity
Benjamin Franklin was the first person to recognize the extent of the _______ and to publish a navigational chart of it.
Gulf stream
Marine turtles:
Have flattened front limbs, are in some danger of extinction, and have a strong homing instinct
The side of the Earth facing the moon will experience a high tide, while the opposite side of Earth will have a
High tide also
When the sun and the moon are in a line with Earth, the
Highest high and lowest low tides will occur
El Nino results due to an interruption of flow of the ___________ current (s) in the Pacific
Humboldt and Equatorial
In the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate_______, which_______ transfer efficiency
In opposite directions... Increases
Soft bodies animals that lack a rigid skeletal structure for the attachment of muscles is called a(n)
Invertebrate
These are generally soft-bodied animals that lack a rigid internal skeleton for the attachment of muscles, but may possess some sort of hard outer covering.
Invertebrates
Marine turtles that inhabit the coasts of the United States
Kemp's Ridley, Olive Ridley, Hawksbill
The smallest marine turtle is considered the
Kemp's ridley turtle
A dominant and most prolific consumer, is the
Krill
These tides are caused by tractive forces and complete their cycle every 24 hours 50 minutes
Lunar tides
This form of plankton is easily mistaken for larger invertebrates seemingly related to squid.
Macroplankton
Sir Issac Newton defines gravity in 1687 in his book titled
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosphy
Part of the organism's life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community.
Meroplankton
Which body has the most profound influence on ocean tides?
Moon
A population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation and a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population. After a time, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the population of the fish increased. This is a good illustration of:
Natural selection
Coral polyps contain a symbiotic dinoflagellate called
Zooanthellate
Animals
Zooplankton
A system of four currents completing a flow circuit around the periphery of an ocean basin is collectively called:
a gyre
Nutrients that change in concentration with biological activity are considered
non-conservative nutirents
Sharks use dorsal fins to reduce the amount of
rolling