Marriage & Family

intervention of domestic violence

-promoting relationships and behaviors that minimize anguish and reduce chances of violence from reoccurring. -home visitation programs reduce violence and maltreatment in high-risk families with few supports because they diminish abused women's isolation. -Violence Against Women Act -The Watchful Shepherd-protects at-risk children -Camp Hope-helps children from violent homes -court ordered protection -Kaiser Permanente-screens and treats domestic violence victims in ER and reports abuse to police.

Why do women stay in abusive relationships?

- negative self-concept and low self-esteem - belief that the abuser will change - economic hardship and homelessness - need for child support - shame or guilt - blaming themselves - fear

IPV in the US

-37% women, 31% of men have been IPV victims but that is conservative. -44% of victims don't report IPV to police from shame, belief no-one can help, or fear of retribution. -IPV has declined but almost 86% were female -in majority of female homicides, 30% were IPV; 81% of victims were women. -majority of female homicides, killers are current or former partners.

Sexual Abuse and Incest

-58,000 substantiated cases of child sexual abuse in 2015 -between 7-12% abused before 18yrs -90% of offenses by family members

Child abuse perpetrators are most often

-The child's parents, mother more likely than fathers -homicide is leading cause of death among infants -one or both parents are responsible for 77% of child deaths

feminist theory of family abuse

-cultural and social norms that tolerate violence. -male aggression against women and children is common in patriarchal societies. -feminists don't believe women aren't violent, but rather women resort to aggression to resist men's control and domination.

social learning theory of domestic abuse

-learn by observing behaviors of others -continuous exposure to violence during childhood increases likelihood that a person will be both the assailant and a victim in adulthood. -children tend to model behaviors of abusive adults and engage siblings with similar behavior instead of learning conflict resolution skills.

Same-Sex IPV

-lesbians experience more IPV than gay men -rates are higher for bisexual and heterosexual women that bisexual or heterosexual men. -Same-Sex IPV is due to two stressors: Internalized homophobia and Heterosexist discrimination

cycle of abuse

1) tensions building 2) Acute battering incident 3) reconciliation and calm (honeymoon phase)

heavy drinking

15 or more drinks a week for men, 8 for women

characteristics of abusive and violent households

Gender-women are more likely than men to be IPV victims. Age-23% of females, 14% males 11-17yrs, 48%F & 44%M 18-24yrs, women over 50 have the lowest IPV rates. Race & Ethnicity-minority women and men have the highest rates of IPV, women more likely than men to be victims over a lifetime. *Multiracial and American Indian have the highest abuse rates 57% and 48% and Asian women have the lowest 18%* -geographical isolation, poverty and offender alcohol consumption. Too few nurses trained to perform rape examinations, tribal police discourage women from reporting IPV

types of intimate partner violence

Physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse

ways to combat domestic violence

Prevention: Involves both micro and macro factors. -micro include: focus on building safe, healthy relationship skills -family-based programs that promote positive interactions -home visiting programs that teach parents about child development. -prevention programs that focus on preventing child sexual abuse. Macro: -improving schools, neighborhoods, and work environments. -increasing financial security for couples and families. -strengthening housing programs and civil legal protections. -better quality and better access to social services and healthcare.

Murray Straus

This sociologist has studied domestic violence and found that, while husbands and wives are equally likely to attack one another, men inflict more damage on women than the reverse.

child maltreatment

a broad range of behaviors that place a child at serious risk or result in serious harm (child abuse)

marital rape

a husband forces his wife to have unwanted sexual intercourse. (sometimes called spousal rape or wife rape) -most common type of rape -10-14% of women nationwide have experienced marital rape. -rarely prosecuted -1/3 of rapes, husband used object -2/3 of raped wives have experienced this violence multiple times.

elder mistreatment

a single or repeated act, or failing to do something, by a caregiver that results in harm or a risk of harm to an older person

battered woman syndrome

a woman who has experienced many years of physical abuse but feels unable to leave her partner

intimate partner violence (IPV)

abuse between two people in a close relationship

Polyvictimization

abuse involving multiple kinds of victimizations.

sandwich generation

adults who care for their parents as well as their own children

emotional abuse

aggressive behavior that threatens, monitors, or controls a partner

heterosexual discrimination

being treated unfairly because cultural norms support opposite-sex sexuality and relationships

social exchange theory of domestic abuse

both assailants and victims tolerate or engage in violent behavior because they believe the benefits outweigh the costs. -many battered women stay in violent relationships because of economic reasons. -the rewards for the aggressor is the release of anger and frustration and the accumulation of power and control. -costs are minimal in patriarchal societies.

Causes of elder abuse

caregiver stress, cycle of violence, substance abuse of caregiver, personal problems of abusers, impairment of dependent older adult

ages most vulnerable to abuse

children under 5

the single most common type of mental disorder reported by adolescents,, and usually begins at age 14.

depression

binge drinking

drinking 4 (women) five (men) or more alcoholic drinks in 2 hours

most common elder abuse

emotional abuse

Ecological Systems Theory

explains domestic violence by analyzing the relationships between individuals and larger systems such as the economy, education, state agencies, and the community

IPV in minorities

exposed to a number of stressors that increase likelihood of violence. -low income -unemployment -discrimination -inadequate community resources

internalized homophobia

having negative feelings about being lesbian or gay because of society's rejection of homosexuality.

familycide

murdering one's spouse, ex-spouse, children, or other relatives before attempting or committing suicide. -usually white, male, middle-aged, family bread winners who are on the verge of catastrophic economic loss or have been laid off. never shown signs of depression or hostility, but have been plotting the murders for many months.

What is the most common type of abuse?

neglect

"the hidden iceberg"

older victims don't discuss their abusive or neglect with others and rarely report incidents to the authorities. -fear of going to nursing home -belief abuse if their fault -embarrassment -fear of retribution -not believing help is available

how IPV affects victim

pg. 357

most common types of child abuse

physical and sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse.

Michael Johnson

posits there are two types of IPV -Intimate Terrorism, the primary perpetrator is male who uses multiple forms of abuse and escalates control to dominate his partner. -Situational Couple Violence-Both partners are perpetrators that aren't necessarily seeking dominance, but the violence results from conflict that turns into disagreements that escalate into violence.

lifestyle choices that affect family health

smoking, obesity, substance abuse,

most common reasons for child maltreatment

substance abuse, stress, poverty, partner violence, divorce, and sexual orientation

Siblicide-10% of all murder in families

the killing of a brother or sister, average age is 33, during early and middle adulthood. 88% men are offenders, 84% men are victims

sexual abuse

threatening or forcing a partner to take part in a sex act when she or he doesn't consent

physical abuse

threatening, trying to hurt, or hurting a partner using physical force

Top three killers

tobacco, obesity, alcohol

IPV Social Class

women three times less likely to be victims of IPV in households making at least $75,000. -IPV is 2-4 times more common in police families -"Women of Means' shelter specifically targets educated, professional and/or affluent IPV victims.