Marriage & Family
intervention of domestic violence
-promoting relationships and behaviors that minimize anguish and reduce chances of violence from reoccurring. -home visitation programs reduce violence and maltreatment in high-risk families with few supports because they diminish abused women's isolation. -Violence Against Women Act -The Watchful Shepherd-protects at-risk children -Camp Hope-helps children from violent homes -court ordered protection -Kaiser Permanente-screens and treats domestic violence victims in ER and reports abuse to police.
Why do women stay in abusive relationships?
- negative self-concept and low self-esteem - belief that the abuser will change - economic hardship and homelessness - need for child support - shame or guilt - blaming themselves - fear
IPV in the US
-37% women, 31% of men have been IPV victims but that is conservative. -44% of victims don't report IPV to police from shame, belief no-one can help, or fear of retribution. -IPV has declined but almost 86% were female -in majority of female homicides, 30% were IPV; 81% of victims were women. -majority of female homicides, killers are current or former partners.
Sexual Abuse and Incest
-58,000 substantiated cases of child sexual abuse in 2015 -between 7-12% abused before 18yrs -90% of offenses by family members
Child abuse perpetrators are most often
-The child's parents, mother more likely than fathers -homicide is leading cause of death among infants -one or both parents are responsible for 77% of child deaths
feminist theory of family abuse
-cultural and social norms that tolerate violence. -male aggression against women and children is common in patriarchal societies. -feminists don't believe women aren't violent, but rather women resort to aggression to resist men's control and domination.
social learning theory of domestic abuse
-learn by observing behaviors of others -continuous exposure to violence during childhood increases likelihood that a person will be both the assailant and a victim in adulthood. -children tend to model behaviors of abusive adults and engage siblings with similar behavior instead of learning conflict resolution skills.
Same-Sex IPV
-lesbians experience more IPV than gay men -rates are higher for bisexual and heterosexual women that bisexual or heterosexual men. -Same-Sex IPV is due to two stressors: Internalized homophobia and Heterosexist discrimination
cycle of abuse
1) tensions building 2) Acute battering incident 3) reconciliation and calm (honeymoon phase)
heavy drinking
15 or more drinks a week for men, 8 for women
characteristics of abusive and violent households
Gender-women are more likely than men to be IPV victims. Age-23% of females, 14% males 11-17yrs, 48%F & 44%M 18-24yrs, women over 50 have the lowest IPV rates. Race & Ethnicity-minority women and men have the highest rates of IPV, women more likely than men to be victims over a lifetime. *Multiracial and American Indian have the highest abuse rates 57% and 48% and Asian women have the lowest 18%* -geographical isolation, poverty and offender alcohol consumption. Too few nurses trained to perform rape examinations, tribal police discourage women from reporting IPV
types of intimate partner violence
Physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse
ways to combat domestic violence
Prevention: Involves both micro and macro factors. -micro include: focus on building safe, healthy relationship skills -family-based programs that promote positive interactions -home visiting programs that teach parents about child development. -prevention programs that focus on preventing child sexual abuse. Macro: -improving schools, neighborhoods, and work environments. -increasing financial security for couples and families. -strengthening housing programs and civil legal protections. -better quality and better access to social services and healthcare.
Murray Straus
This sociologist has studied domestic violence and found that, while husbands and wives are equally likely to attack one another, men inflict more damage on women than the reverse.
child maltreatment
a broad range of behaviors that place a child at serious risk or result in serious harm (child abuse)
marital rape
a husband forces his wife to have unwanted sexual intercourse. (sometimes called spousal rape or wife rape) -most common type of rape -10-14% of women nationwide have experienced marital rape. -rarely prosecuted -1/3 of rapes, husband used object -2/3 of raped wives have experienced this violence multiple times.
elder mistreatment
a single or repeated act, or failing to do something, by a caregiver that results in harm or a risk of harm to an older person
battered woman syndrome
a woman who has experienced many years of physical abuse but feels unable to leave her partner
intimate partner violence (IPV)
abuse between two people in a close relationship
Polyvictimization
abuse involving multiple kinds of victimizations.
sandwich generation
adults who care for their parents as well as their own children
emotional abuse
aggressive behavior that threatens, monitors, or controls a partner
heterosexual discrimination
being treated unfairly because cultural norms support opposite-sex sexuality and relationships
social exchange theory of domestic abuse
both assailants and victims tolerate or engage in violent behavior because they believe the benefits outweigh the costs. -many battered women stay in violent relationships because of economic reasons. -the rewards for the aggressor is the release of anger and frustration and the accumulation of power and control. -costs are minimal in patriarchal societies.
Causes of elder abuse
caregiver stress, cycle of violence, substance abuse of caregiver, personal problems of abusers, impairment of dependent older adult
ages most vulnerable to abuse
children under 5
the single most common type of mental disorder reported by adolescents,, and usually begins at age 14.
depression
binge drinking
drinking 4 (women) five (men) or more alcoholic drinks in 2 hours
most common elder abuse
emotional abuse
Ecological Systems Theory
explains domestic violence by analyzing the relationships between individuals and larger systems such as the economy, education, state agencies, and the community
IPV in minorities
exposed to a number of stressors that increase likelihood of violence. -low income -unemployment -discrimination -inadequate community resources
internalized homophobia
having negative feelings about being lesbian or gay because of society's rejection of homosexuality.
familycide
murdering one's spouse, ex-spouse, children, or other relatives before attempting or committing suicide. -usually white, male, middle-aged, family bread winners who are on the verge of catastrophic economic loss or have been laid off. never shown signs of depression or hostility, but have been plotting the murders for many months.
What is the most common type of abuse?
neglect
"the hidden iceberg"
older victims don't discuss their abusive or neglect with others and rarely report incidents to the authorities. -fear of going to nursing home -belief abuse if their fault -embarrassment -fear of retribution -not believing help is available
how IPV affects victim
pg. 357
most common types of child abuse
physical and sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional abuse.
Michael Johnson
posits there are two types of IPV -Intimate Terrorism, the primary perpetrator is male who uses multiple forms of abuse and escalates control to dominate his partner. -Situational Couple Violence-Both partners are perpetrators that aren't necessarily seeking dominance, but the violence results from conflict that turns into disagreements that escalate into violence.
lifestyle choices that affect family health
smoking, obesity, substance abuse,
most common reasons for child maltreatment
substance abuse, stress, poverty, partner violence, divorce, and sexual orientation
Siblicide-10% of all murder in families
the killing of a brother or sister, average age is 33, during early and middle adulthood. 88% men are offenders, 84% men are victims
sexual abuse
threatening or forcing a partner to take part in a sex act when she or he doesn't consent
physical abuse
threatening, trying to hurt, or hurting a partner using physical force
Top three killers
tobacco, obesity, alcohol
IPV Social Class
women three times less likely to be victims of IPV in households making at least $75,000. -IPV is 2-4 times more common in police families -"Women of Means' shelter specifically targets educated, professional and/or affluent IPV victims.