Marriage and Family (midterm)
A researcher using naturalistic observation must assign people to an experimental group and a control group.
False
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might speculate about whether the children seem to be secure, insecure/anxious or avoidant towards their parents?
attachment theorists
People are influenced by the society around them. Societal or structural conditions can negatively limit or positively__________ our options.
expand
The __________ perspective looks at the family as a whole; where change in one part sets in motion a process to restore equilibrium.
family systems
The text points out that each data collection technique
has strengths and weaknesses.
Collecting data over a period of years using documented materials would reflect a(n)
longitudinal study.
The family ecology perspective believes every family is embedded in a set of _________, which exist outside of the family and influence it.
nested structures
The __________ perspective once argued for the functionality of specialized gender roles.
structure-functional
1. From interviews and observations, the authors reveal that:
there are many definitions given for "family."
The conflict and feminist theories call attention to __________ within groups—including families—and within the larger society.
unequal power
Theoretical perspectives are ways of
viewing reality; or ways an observer may view, organize and interpret reality
A person who believed in the "family-decline" theory might say the following:
"There has been a serious breakdown in marriage and family values."
Those with a "family change" perspective view the family as ________________.
"an adaptable institution"
According to the text, over time, cohabitation has become
"mainstream"
Sometimes we _______ into a decision rather than making a conscious one
"slide"
According to the text, a national random sample of approximately __________ persons can validly represent the U.S. population.
1,500
Same-sex couple households increased by _____ percent between 2000 and 2010.
80
Empirical evidence includes things we know intuitively, that cannot be verified with our senses.
False
The aim of qualitative research is to gain in-depth understandings of people's experiences.
False
The family development model assumes that family life is erratic and seldom follows usual, typical, or conventional patterns.
False
The informed consent of human subjects is only necessary in dangerous research.
False
What is meant by the term postmodern family?
Families today exhibit a multiplicity of forms.
________ promote recognition of women's unpaid work and the greater involvement of men in childcare and housework.
Feminist perspectives
Which of the following is true about the age at marriage today?
It is the highest recorded since the 1890 census.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four themes of the textbook?
Personal decision making has little impact on society.
Which of the following is a path young adults took in response to the recession?
Postponed marriage
__________ refers to male or female anatomy and physiology.
Sex
According to attachment theory, if an individual is able to recognize a problematic attachment style they may be able to change it.
True
According to the text, married life is far more complex and difficult than the traditional image commonly portrayed.
True
People have been postponing marriage in recent years.
True
Evolutionary psychology is an alternate term for which perspective?
biosocial
Which of the following is NOT a style of relating, according to attachment theory?
compliant
Deciding about, rather than sliding into, a situation involves looking at the alternatives, not just picking the ________ choice.
easiest
Family change is attributed to which of the following influences?
economic trends and cultural changes
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might speculate about the individuals' personal power and resources relative to others in the United States?
exchange theorists
The __________ perspective focuses on how the family influences and is influenced by the environments that surround it.
family ecology
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars would likely note that some of the woman are in the child-rearing stage of the family life cycle?
family life course development
The idea that there are naturally two very distinct genders is called
gender dichotomy.
Dorothy perceives herself as being ultra-feminine, based on society's definitions of appropriate gender roles. Dorothy's perceptions are linked to her
gender identity
The divorce rate
has been in decline since 1980.
The Census Bureau uses which of the following terms to describe a person or a group of people residing together?
household
Family researchers will often generate a __________, or "educated guess" about the way things are, based on their theoretical orientation.
hypothesis
Life in American families reflects a tension in American culture between family solidarity and
individual freedom.
Valuing personal happiness and goals and the development of distinct identity is a(n) ________ value.
individualistic
The process by which family identity, traditions, and commitment emerge through interaction within a particular family, is an important part of which perspective?
interaction-constructionist
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars would be inclined to explore the body language of the people awaiting attention?
interaction-constructionists
What is the primary reason, according to the text, that the transition to adulthood has become elongated?
it takes longer to earn enough to support a family
If you wanted to make a knowledgeable decision about choosing which class to take,
look through the catalog at all the possibilities, consider what will benefit you in the future, and register early to get the class you consider best.
Which of the following is NOT listed by your text as a major family function?
meeting sexual desires
Children are __________ likely than the general population or the elderly to be living in poverty.
more
Compared to the recent past, children are __________ likely to live with a grandparent today.
more
The climate, soil, plants, and animals are all part of the __________ environment.
natural physical-biological
The text reports that _________ percent of marriages were preceded by cohabitation
over 50
Parents, siblings and other relatives are usually highly influential in developing a child's _____________, or that child's sense of worth and value.
self-concept
According to the text's discussion of how social factors influence people's personal choices,
social factors can limit people's options.
Through the lens of social scientific research, individual choices are shaped by
social factors.
While part of being a scientist is having objectivity, in reality
total neutrality is impossible for anyone.
A majority of children live in __________ households.
two-parent
Research shows that parents, siblings, and other relatives influence a child's self-concept, having a profound influence on personal identity.
True
Science can be defined as a logical system that bases knowledge on systematic observations.
True
Sociobiologists are careful to point out that biological predisposition does not mean that a person's behavior cannot be influenced or changed by social structure.
True
Some of our choices are not conscious and we "slide" into them.
True
Who we are and our personal decisions and attitudes are a product of our environment.
True
The most generalizable findings are most likely to be found in a survey with
a representative sample.
To help accomplish ethical standards, most researchers now must have their research plans reviewed by
an institutional review board (IRB)
In 1957, the total fertility rate was about 3.6 children per woman. For the last 25 years, it has been __________ child/children per woman.
around 2
The __________ perspective argues that human physiology, genetics, and hormones predispose individuals to certain behaviors.
biosocial
Personal experience provides us with information, but it can also act as _________, which is why we need scientific study.
blinders
Family _________ theorists posit that today's family forms need to be seen as historically expected adjustments to changing conditions.
change
Andre is a family therapist who is interested in how husbands cope when they are the victims of physical abuse suffered at the hands of their wives. He makes an intensive study of the five husbands who are currently his clients for therapy sessions because they suffer physical abuse from this source. Andre is using which type of research method?
clinician's case study
In an experiment, the ______ group receives no special intervention.
control
A(n) __________ is possible when the researcher has a large amount of control over the various aspects of the phenomena under study
experiment
Many households containing grandparents are __________ family households, which include other relatives besides parents and children.
extended
Family togetherness, stability, and loyalty are all examples of
familistic (communal) values.
Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective argue that we need to view the family from a historical standpoint.
family change
Scholars and advocates with a __________ perspective point to what they see as a negative cultural change accentuated by excessive individualism and self-indulgence.
family decline
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might remark on the quality of the facilities or speculate about the home that these people live in?
family ecologists
A photograph in the text depicts individuals waiting patiently for medical attention in a neighborhood clinic. Which group of scholars might point out that, typically, it is mothers and not fathers who are primarily responsible for their children's health—and ask why?
feminists
A recent study among immigrants found that relationships "based not on blood or marriage but rather on religious rituals or close friendship ties" can serve as a functional alternative to the nuclear family. According to the text, what are these relationships called?
fictive kin
Michael is a stay-at-home father and feels pressure from society to watch football on TV, enjoy action movies, play basketball on the weekends, and bring home a bigger paycheck than his corporate executive wife. What is this societal pressure called?
gender expectations
In the contemporary version of evolutionary theory, it is the survival of one's __________ into future generations that is important.
genetic material
Economic _________ has affected bread-winning and consumption in American families.
globalization
The text concludes that the best way to make decisions about our personal lives is to make them
knowledgeably.
The child population of the U.S. is ________ racially and ethnically diverse than the adult population.
more
In __________________ the researcher spends extensive time with respondents and carefully records their activities, conversations, gestures, and other aspects of everyday life.
naturalistic observation
According to the family life course development framework, the __________ stage of the family life cycle comes to an end with the arrival of the first child.
newly established couple
Family diversity has progressed to the point that there is
no typical family form today.
The _________ hypothesis proposes that work-marriage-family sequence is thought to be best for mental health and happiness.
normative order
The _______ family became common in industrial societies because it was better suited for city life.
nuclear
Today's family ecologists stress the interdependence of all the world's families, not only with one another but also with our planet's __________ environment.
physical
Particularly among college educated women, parenthood is _________.
postponed
Within exchange theory, the _________ refers to the relationship between commitment to the relationship and power in the relationship.
principle of least interest
According to the family life course development framework, each developmental task has a certain order in which major transitions to adult roles take place, called _______.
role sequencing
Children learn social roles by imitating the behaviors of parents, siblings, and family members through a type of play called ___________.
role-taking
Which is the phrase used to describe economic and social forces that limit personal choices?
structural constraints
The view that the family is an enduring social institution because of the important tasks it performs for society—economic security, emotional support, socialization of children—is the __________ perspective.
structure-functional
The conflict perspective is the opposite of the___________; it assumes that not all family behaviors and practices contribute to family well-being.
structure-functional theory
What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?
the manipulation of sperm and/or egg in the absence of sexual intercourse that may involve a third party
The U.S. Census Bureau defines a family as
two or more persons sharing a household and who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
Today, only about __________ percent of American households fit the 1950s nuclear family ideal of a married couple with children, where only the husband is employed.
5
