Mastering 11-14 A&P Lecture
A reflex with a single synapse between the sensory and motor neurons within the spinal cord is known as a:
monosynaptic reflex
Place these steps of the action potential in the correct order.1. Sodium ions channels return to the resting state and repolarization continues. 2. Voltage-gated sodium ion channels activate, sodium ions enter, and the axon section depolarizes. 3. As potassium ion channels return to resting state, the axolemma may hyperpolarize before returning to the resting membrane potential. 4. A local potential depolarizes the axolemma of the trigger zone to threshold. 5. Sodium ion channels inactivate, and voltage-gated potassium ion channels activate, so sodium ions stop entering and potassium ions leave, beginning repolarization.
4,2,5,1,3
Which of these ions triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles
Ca2+
During an actin potential, hyperpolarization is caused by:
K+ efflux
Which of the following events will cause an EPSP?
Na ions enter postsynaptic cell
Depolarizing local potentials are caused by an influx of:
Na ions via gated ion channels
During sympathetic nervous system activity, what is NOT an effect of norepinephrine?
blood glucose levels decrease
The neural circuit pattern in which the signal goes from several neurons to one is called _____________.
a converging circuit
The speed of nerve impulse transmission through the axon of a sensory neuron will be quickest in:
a large-diameter. myelinated axon
Control of skeletal muscle is the responsibility of:
a somatic motor neuron
What receptors present on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels binds norepinephrine?
a1(alpha) receptor
Found on arrector pili muscle in the dermis
alpha receptor
Nicotine is a drug that stimulates nicotinic receptors. It will have an effect _________________.
at all autonomic ganglia
Located in the plasma membranes of cardiac muscle cells
beta receptor
The axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves are associated with the ________________.
brachial plexus
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are all part of the __________.
brainstem
What ion triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?
calcium
Unlike autonomic motor neurons, somatic motor neurons _____________.
can only stimulate their target cells and not inhibit them
The brain and spinal cord compose the
central nervous system
What part of the brain is responsible for cognition?
cerebral cortex
The enlarged superior portion of the brain responsible for higher functions is called the ________________.
cerebrum
What brain is responsible for learning, memory, and personality?
cerebrum
The majority of synapses in the nervous system are:
chemical
The receptors for smell and taste are ___________________.
chemoreceptors
Compared to parasympathetic ganglia sympathetic ganglia are __________.
closer to the spinal cord
Action potential propagation in unmyelinated axons happens via:
continuous conduction
Which of the following is NOT one of the major ascending tracts in the spinal cord?
corticospinal tracts
A strong local potential moves the membrane potential to -55mV
depolarization
Sodium ions channels open causing the membrane potential to become more positive
depolarization
The influx of positive charges make the membrane potential more positive and is known as:
depolarization
The membrane potential moves from -70mV to -60mV
depolarization
The membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron moves closer to threshold during an excitatory postsynaptic potential(EPSP)
depolarization
Regions of skin supplied by a spinal nerve for somatic sensation are known as:
dermatomes
Depolarization to threshold during action potential propagation in axons is due to:
diffusion of Na ions down to the next segment of the axon
What is NOT a function of the nervous system?
direct long-term functions such as growth
What role does dopamine play in motor control?
dopamine binds to receptors on the caudate nucleus and putamen, inhibiting the globus pallidus. The upper motor neurons are eventually activated
What connective tissue sheath wraps the axon of a neuron?
endoneurium
Photoreceptors are found in the:
eye
A bundle of axons within a nerve is called a _____________.
fascicle
What are the three primary brain vesicles that form from the neural tube?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
Lose of K ions from the cytosol will have the same effect as:
gain of Cl ions
Which cranial nerve is generally thought of as a mixed nerve?
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
glutamate
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential(IPSP) promotes this change in membrane potential
hyperpolarization
Anion channels open causing the membrane potential to become more negative
hyperpolarization
Glycine and GABA open chloride ion channels and cause this change in membrane potential
hyperpolarization
The membrane potential moves from -70mV to -90mV
hyperpolarization
The relative refractory period is caused by:
hyperpolarization
Which is NOT a sensory cranial nerve?
hypoglossal nerve
What part of the brain largely controls homeostatic functions?
hypothalamus
Batrachotoxin produced by certain species of frogs is a toxin that permanently opens voltage-gated Na ion channels. The results of exposure to batrachotoxin will be:
inability to generate actin potentials
If a drug inhibits the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase, the effect will be:
increased ACh availability in synaptic cleft
Ephedrine is a protein extracted from a Chinese plant that acts similarly to epinephrine and acts on the same receptors. Ephedrine can cause ________.
increased heart rate
Nicotine is addictive because it causes dopamine-releasing neurons to fire more action potentials. Nicotine will there fore cause:
increased levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft
The stretch of a full urinary bladder is detected by a(n):
interoceptors
Postsynaptic potentials are:
local potentials
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
maintain high intracranial pressure
Found in the membranes of all parasympathetics targets cells
muscarinic receptor
A plexus is a ______________.
network of spinal nerves
Which does NOT characterize a reflex?
neural integration of a reflex usually occurs in PNS
Located in the membranes of all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
nicotinic receptor
If a neuron simultaneously receives a stimulus that results in local depolarization if 10 mV and a stimulus that results in a local hyperpolarization of 10mV, what net effect would be:
no net change in membrane potential
Anosmia and other problems associated with smell can result from damage to the _________.
olfactory nerve
Which cranial nerve detects smell?
olfactory nerve (I)
Nociceptors detect ________________.
pain
Digestion
parasympathetic nervous system
Relaxation of the urinary sphincter
parasympathetic nervous system
Secretion of saliva
parasympathetic nervous system
The thinnest, innermost, cranial meninx is the _________.
pia mater
Which of the following carries sensory information only?
posterior (dorsal) root
Neurons that transmit efferent signals between the CNS and autonomic ganglia are called _________________.
preganglionic neurons
Visual stimuli that arrive in the thalamus are relayed to the:
primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
Receptors detect the movement and position of a joint or body part are called ______________.
proprioceptors
Visceral pain may be perceived as cutaneous pain, a phenomenon known as:
referred pain
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the hypothalamus?
regulate movement
The hypothalamus functions in:
regulating the autonomic nervous system
Potassium leak channels and the Na+/K+ pump restore resting membrane potential after action potential
repolarization
The membrane potential moves from -60mV to -70mV
repolarization
Autonomic centers are located in the ________________.
reticular formation
The longest and largest nerve in the body belongs to the sacral plexus and is known as the:
sciatic nerve
What division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) detects stimuli and carries them to central nervous system(CNS)?
sensory
Neurons that carry signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles are part of the __________________.
somatic motor division
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscle?
somatic nervous system
Which division detects stimuli of the general senses and special senses?
somatic sensory division
The patellar reflex is a type of ____________.
stretch reflex
Which of the following is NOT an organ innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
sweat glands
Enhances mental alertness
sympathetic nervous system
Increases heart rate
sympathetic nervous system
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is called the "fight or flight" division of the nervous system?
sympathetic nervous system
Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that act as adrenergic antagonists. Beta-blockers will have an effect at ____________.
sympathetic target organs
Which of the following is NOT one of the special senses?
tactile
The neurons responsible for hearing, language, memory and emotions can be found in the _______________ lobe
temporal
Astrocytes and tight junctions create a barrier to viruses and bacteria known as:
the blood-brain barrier
If drug inhibits neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynaptic cells:
the neurotransmitter will have no effect in the postsynaptic cells
A neuron the receives neurotransmitters from another neuron is called:
the postsynaptic neuron
An inability to swallow indicates a problem with the:
trigeminal nerve(V) or glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms for synaptic transmission termination?
uptake of neurotransmitter into postsynaptic neuron
Loss of balance and equilibrium can indicate damage to the:
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Which cranial nerve is NOT involved in eye movement?
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are divisions of the:
visceral motor division(autonomic nervous system)
The channels that open when the axolemma reaches threshold depolarization are the:
voltage-gated Na ion channels
