Mastering A&P Chapter 4
Which letter indicates a cellular junction that prevents molecules from passing between epithelial cells?
A
Liver Characteristics
A large gland of the digestive system. Functions to cleanse the blood of toxin. Hepatocytes are the predominant cell type of this organ.
In diabetes mellitus, the hormone insulin is either lacking or unable to stimulate tissue cells to bring glucose into the cells from the blood. Using deductive reasoning, elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes can mean that___________.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Kartagener's Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder, and it is also associated with situs inversus, a condition in which one or more organs are on the opposite side of where they are normally found. You have diagnosed a patient with this disorder. As you treat this individual, what of the following would be useful?
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which letter indicates junctions commonly associated with tissues under mechanical stress?
B
Which letter indicates the epithelium?
B
Strokes are a result of blood not being able to reach brain tissue. Which of the following could directly contribute to a stroke? Select all that apply.
Blood vessel of brain rupturing Blood clot blocking artery of the brain
Which letter indicates the acellular layer that acts as a selective filter and a scaffold for regenerating epithelial cells?
C
Which letter indicates the connective tissue layer?
C
Another name for a heart attack is a myocardial infarction. What do you think is the most common cause and consequential effect of a myocardial infarction?
CAUSE: blockage in blood vessels supplying the heart EFFECT: cardiac cells lose access to their oxygen supply and start to die.
Which letter indicates the basement membrane?
D
Which letter indicates tunnel-like junctions in the lateral membranes of adjacent epithelial cells?
D
located in the deep dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules of organs and joints
Dense irregular connective tissue
Which letter indicates the cytoplasmic protein fiber that connects desmosomes?
E
maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids in passive recoil of lungs following inspiration
Elastic connective tissue
Heart Characteristics
Functions to move large quantities of a connective tissue through the body. Cardiac muscle cells are the predominant cell type of this organ.
allow small molecules to move between neighboring cells
Gap junctions
Healing is dependent on the ability of damaged cells and tissues to regenerate. Select all of the following cell and/or tissue types that have a strong ability to regenerate.
Hepatocytes Epithelial Tissue Smooth Muscle
located in fetal skeleton, covers ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following statements is NOT a benefit of inflammatory edema?
It contributes to the sensation of pain, which is important for letting the body know something is wrong.
increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Microvilli
Brain Characteristics
Neurons are the predominant cell type of this organ. The primary control center of the nervous system.
As a result of the basement membrane thickening in retinal capillaries, one might reasonably expect______________.
None of the listed responses is correct.
All three patients have stabilized and will survive, but only one could fully recover through tissue regeneration. Which one, and why?
The patient with liver damage will fully recover because the epithelial tissue made up of hepatocytes can readily regenerate.
Which statement is true of serous membranes?
They line closed cavities such as the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities.
The difference between a basal lamina and a basement membrane is that
a basal lamina plus a layer of reticular fibers equals a basement membrane.
A common example of a unicellular exocrine gland is
a globlet cell
How are stratified epithelia named?
according to the shape of the cells in their apical layer
The distinguishing characteristic between tight junctions and adherens junctions is that
adherens junctions attach to the actin myofilaments of the cytoskeleton, whereas tight junctions do not.
constitutes 15-22% of the body weight
adipose tissue
insulation, fuel reserve, protects organs
adipose tissue
A structure that secretes hormones into the blood is
an endocrine gland
Connective tissue proper includes which of the following tissue types?
areolar connective tissue and reticular connective tissue
a thin, noncellular layer of proteins secreted by epithelial cells
basal lamina
It might be argued that all the defense mechanisms in areolar connective tissue act to prevent infection from reaching which other tissue type?
blood
The tissue that functions to carry O2, CO2, nutrients, and wastes is __________.
blood
has a tremendous ability to support and protect body structures, resists compression, has an abundance of collagen fibers
bone tissue
A type of connective tissue that is not a connective tissue proper is
cartilage
contains thin collagen fibers, consists of up to 80% water; springs back from compression
cartilage tissue
Which description of smooth muscle tissue is most accurate?
centrally located nucleus; involuntary control; and propels substances or objects
actively secrete matrix during cartilage growth
chondroblasts
originate as their microtubules assemble around centrioles that have migrated to the apical plasma membrane
cilia
A highly branched gland whose walls do not balloon into spherical sacs is called
compound tubular
Adipocytes are found in tissues belonging to this category.
connective
All __________ tissues are characterized by having a great deal of space between cells, secretion of matrix, and origination from mesenchyme.
connective
Bone and cartilage are examples of tissues in this category.
connective
Fat is a form of ________ tissue.
connective
Histologists consider blood to be an example of what primary tissue category?
connective
Ligaments are examples of tissues in this category.
connective
Tissues in this category are characterized by an extracellular matrix that holds some amount of fluid.
connective
Which one of the following basic types of tissues has an extracellular matrix?
connective
Of the types of lining and covering membranes, the only one that is drier than the others is
cutaneous
Connective tissue that must resist forces pulling it from many different directions without stretching would most likely be
dense irregular connective tissue.
Ligaments consist primarily of which kind of connective tissue?
dense regular
attaches muscles to bone, attaches bone to bone; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
dense regular connective tissue
Despite their name, many types of cell junction are not very strong at joining and holding cells together. The cell junctions that best keep cells from being pulled apart are
desmosomes
main junctions for binding cells together; proteins from adjacent cell membranes interdigitate like teeth of a zipper
desmosomes
Cells lining the digestive tube are characteristic of this tissue category.
epithelial
Pseudostratified columnar is one of the tissues of this category.
epithelial
Use logic to deduce which of the following tissues is on the anterior surface of a person's eyeball.
epithelial
Which category of tissue is characterized by cells that have adhesion proteins and specialized cell-to-cell junctions?
epithelial
Which major tissue category includes tissues that function in secretion, absorption, and filtration?
epithelial
Which one of the following basic types of tissues functions as a covering tissue for the body?
epithelial
Of the following, the tissue with the greatest capacity for regeneration is
epithelium
Multilayered epithelia are named for the cell shape found in the basal layer.
false
fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, muscle groups, and large vessels
fascia
In connective tissue proper, ground substance is manufactured and secreted by which type of cell?
fibroblast
The proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans of the ground substance of most connective tissues are secreted by __________.
fibroblasts
provides tensile strength, with the ability to absorb compressive shock
fibrocartilage
How do epithelial tissues receive nutrients?
from capillaries in underlying connective tissue
The type of cell junction that permits small sugar molecules and ions to pass from the cytoplasm of one cell to that of another is a
gap junction
Which of the following is not associated with connective tissue?
goblet cells
Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are components of
ground substance
How would you distinguish pseudostratified columnar epithelium from all other tissues?
it is composed of a single layer of cells of varying heights; not all cells reach the free surface; and nuclei are at varying heights within cells
Cell junctions occur in which plasma membrane of epithelial cells?
lateral
Based on what you learned here and in Chapter 2 in your textbook, the increased glucose in the basement membrane would most likely result in____________.
more water molecules in the basement membrane
Microvilli can perform all of the following functions except
moving and propelling fluids.
What do goblet cells secrete?
mucin
Identify the cell indicated by the blue arrow.
neuron
secrete collagen fibers and ground substance of bone
osteoblasts
Simple squamous epithelia would not provide
protection from abrasion
The major function of stratified squamous epithelium is
protection from abrasion.
Kartagener's syndrome should be associated with__________.
reproductive problems in males only
What is the role of goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue of the upper respiratory tract?
secrete mucin
The major function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is
secretion
A pseudostratified epithelium is always
simple
Sebaceous glands are classified as which type of gland?
simple branched alveolar
The thinnest type of epithelium is
simple squamous
Which of the following provides the least resistance to diffusion?
simple squamous epithelium
Identify the tissues that form the membranes illustrated here.
simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
Which of the following are characteristics of epithelia in general?
specialized contacts
When unstretched, transitional epithelium looks most like ________ epithelium.
stratified cuboidal
An epithelium in which the basal layer of cells is cuboidal and the apical layer has cells that are thin, flat and irregular in shaper is a ________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
The type of cell junction that closes off the space between epithelial cells, thereby limiting the passage of small molecules, is the
tight junction
prevent molecules from passing between adjacent cells of epithelial tissue
tight junctions
The role of tight junctions is __________.
to prevent molecules from passing between cells
A stratified epithelium that thins and flattens as the tissue stretches is a
transitional epithelium
Microvilli are common on almost all epithelial cells, but they are more obvious and abundant on absorption cells in the small intestine and the kidney.
true
Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelia?
vascular