Mastering A&P Chapter 4

Which letter indicates a cellular junction that prevents molecules from passing between epithelial cells?

A

Liver Characteristics

A large gland of the digestive system. Functions to cleanse the blood of toxin. Hepatocytes are the predominant cell type of this organ.

In diabetes mellitus, the hormone insulin is either lacking or unable to stimulate tissue cells to bring glucose into the cells from the blood. Using deductive reasoning, elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes can mean that___________.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Kartagener's Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder, and it is also associated with situs inversus, a condition in which one or more organs are on the opposite side of where they are normally found. You have diagnosed a patient with this disorder. As you treat this individual, what of the following would be useful?

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which letter indicates junctions commonly associated with tissues under mechanical stress?

B

Which letter indicates the epithelium?

B

Strokes are a result of blood not being able to reach brain tissue. Which of the following could directly contribute to a stroke? Select all that apply.

Blood vessel of brain rupturing Blood clot blocking artery of the brain

Which letter indicates the acellular layer that acts as a selective filter and a scaffold for regenerating epithelial cells?

C

Which letter indicates the connective tissue layer?

C

Another name for a heart attack is a myocardial infarction. What do you think is the most common cause and consequential effect of a myocardial infarction?

CAUSE: blockage in blood vessels supplying the heart EFFECT: cardiac cells lose access to their oxygen supply and start to die.

Which letter indicates the basement membrane?

D

Which letter indicates tunnel-like junctions in the lateral membranes of adjacent epithelial cells?

D

located in the deep dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules of organs and joints

Dense irregular connective tissue

Which letter indicates the cytoplasmic protein fiber that connects desmosomes?

E

maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids in passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

Elastic connective tissue

Heart Characteristics

Functions to move large quantities of a connective tissue through the body. Cardiac muscle cells are the predominant cell type of this organ.

allow small molecules to move between neighboring cells

Gap junctions

Healing is dependent on the ability of damaged cells and tissues to regenerate. Select all of the following cell and/or tissue types that have a strong ability to regenerate.

Hepatocytes Epithelial Tissue Smooth Muscle

located in fetal skeleton, covers ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx

Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following statements is NOT a benefit of inflammatory edema?

It contributes to the sensation of pain, which is important for letting the body know something is wrong.

increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

Microvilli

Brain Characteristics

Neurons are the predominant cell type of this organ. The primary control center of the nervous system.

As a result of the basement membrane thickening in retinal capillaries, one might reasonably expect______________.

None of the listed responses is correct.

All three patients have stabilized and will survive, but only one could fully recover through tissue regeneration. Which one, and why?

The patient with liver damage will fully recover because the epithelial tissue made up of hepatocytes can readily regenerate.

Which statement is true of serous membranes?

They line closed cavities such as the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities.

The difference between a basal lamina and a basement membrane is that

a basal lamina plus a layer of reticular fibers equals a basement membrane.

A common example of a unicellular exocrine gland is

a globlet cell

How are stratified epithelia named?

according to the shape of the cells in their apical layer

The distinguishing characteristic between tight junctions and adherens junctions is that

adherens junctions attach to the actin myofilaments of the cytoskeleton, whereas tight junctions do not.

constitutes 15-22% of the body weight

adipose tissue

insulation, fuel reserve, protects organs

adipose tissue

A structure that secretes hormones into the blood is

an endocrine gland

Connective tissue proper includes which of the following tissue types?

areolar connective tissue and reticular connective tissue

a thin, noncellular layer of proteins secreted by epithelial cells

basal lamina

It might be argued that all the defense mechanisms in areolar connective tissue act to prevent infection from reaching which other tissue type?

blood

The tissue that functions to carry O2, CO2, nutrients, and wastes is __________.

blood

has a tremendous ability to support and protect body structures, resists compression, has an abundance of collagen fibers

bone tissue

A type of connective tissue that is not a connective tissue proper is

cartilage

contains thin collagen fibers, consists of up to 80% water; springs back from compression

cartilage tissue

Which description of smooth muscle tissue is most accurate?

centrally located nucleus; involuntary control; and propels substances or objects

actively secrete matrix during cartilage growth

chondroblasts

originate as their microtubules assemble around centrioles that have migrated to the apical plasma membrane

cilia

A highly branched gland whose walls do not balloon into spherical sacs is called

compound tubular

Adipocytes are found in tissues belonging to this category.

connective

All __________ tissues are characterized by having a great deal of space between cells, secretion of matrix, and origination from mesenchyme.

connective

Bone and cartilage are examples of tissues in this category.

connective

Fat is a form of ________ tissue.

connective

Histologists consider blood to be an example of what primary tissue category?

connective

Ligaments are examples of tissues in this category.

connective

Tissues in this category are characterized by an extracellular matrix that holds some amount of fluid.

connective

Which one of the following basic types of tissues has an extracellular matrix?

connective

Of the types of lining and covering membranes, the only one that is drier than the others is

cutaneous

Connective tissue that must resist forces pulling it from many different directions without stretching would most likely be

dense irregular connective tissue.

Ligaments consist primarily of which kind of connective tissue?

dense regular

attaches muscles to bone, attaches bone to bone; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

dense regular connective tissue

Despite their name, many types of cell junction are not very strong at joining and holding cells together. The cell junctions that best keep cells from being pulled apart are

desmosomes

main junctions for binding cells together; proteins from adjacent cell membranes interdigitate like teeth of a zipper

desmosomes

Cells lining the digestive tube are characteristic of this tissue category.

epithelial

Pseudostratified columnar is one of the tissues of this category.

epithelial

Use logic to deduce which of the following tissues is on the anterior surface of a person's eyeball.

epithelial

Which category of tissue is characterized by cells that have adhesion proteins and specialized cell-to-cell junctions?

epithelial

Which major tissue category includes tissues that function in secretion, absorption, and filtration?

epithelial

Which one of the following basic types of tissues functions as a covering tissue for the body?

epithelial

Of the following, the tissue with the greatest capacity for regeneration is

epithelium

Multilayered epithelia are named for the cell shape found in the basal layer.

false

fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, muscle groups, and large vessels

fascia

In connective tissue proper, ground substance is manufactured and secreted by which type of cell?

fibroblast

The proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans of the ground substance of most connective tissues are secreted by __________.

fibroblasts

provides tensile strength, with the ability to absorb compressive shock

fibrocartilage

How do epithelial tissues receive nutrients?

from capillaries in underlying connective tissue

The type of cell junction that permits small sugar molecules and ions to pass from the cytoplasm of one cell to that of another is a

gap junction

Which of the following is not associated with connective tissue?

goblet cells

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans are components of

ground substance

How would you distinguish pseudostratified columnar epithelium from all other tissues?

it is composed of a single layer of cells of varying heights; not all cells reach the free surface; and nuclei are at varying heights within cells

Cell junctions occur in which plasma membrane of epithelial cells?

lateral

Based on what you learned here and in Chapter 2 in your textbook, the increased glucose in the basement membrane would most likely result in____________.

more water molecules in the basement membrane

Microvilli can perform all of the following functions except

moving and propelling fluids.

What do goblet cells secrete?

mucin

Identify the cell indicated by the blue arrow.

neuron

secrete collagen fibers and ground substance of bone

osteoblasts

Simple squamous epithelia would not provide

protection from abrasion

The major function of stratified squamous epithelium is

protection from abrasion.

Kartagener's syndrome should be associated with__________.

reproductive problems in males only

What is the role of goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue of the upper respiratory tract?

secrete mucin

The major function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium is

secretion

A pseudostratified epithelium is always

simple

Sebaceous glands are classified as which type of gland?

simple branched alveolar

The thinnest type of epithelium is

simple squamous

Which of the following provides the least resistance to diffusion?

simple squamous epithelium

Identify the tissues that form the membranes illustrated here.

simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

Which of the following are characteristics of epithelia in general?

specialized contacts

When unstretched, transitional epithelium looks most like ________ epithelium.

stratified cuboidal

An epithelium in which the basal layer of cells is cuboidal and the apical layer has cells that are thin, flat and irregular in shaper is a ________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The type of cell junction that closes off the space between epithelial cells, thereby limiting the passage of small molecules, is the

tight junction

prevent molecules from passing between adjacent cells of epithelial tissue

tight junctions

The role of tight junctions is __________.

to prevent molecules from passing between cells

A stratified epithelium that thins and flattens as the tissue stretches is a

transitional epithelium

Microvilli are common on almost all epithelial cells, but they are more obvious and abundant on absorption cells in the small intestine and the kidney.

true

Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelia?

vascular