A&P Exam 2: Integumentary System
areolar and adipose
What are the primary tissues composing the hypodermis?
a decrease in the elastic fiber network of the dermis
Sagging and wrinkling of the integument is due to __________.
Langerhans cells
A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.
club hair
A hair at the end of the growth cycle is called __________.
a keloid
A thick, flattened mass of scar tissue that grows into the tissue around an injury site is called __________.
hair follicles and the sebaceous and sweat glands
Accessory structures of the skin include the __________.
stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues
An important function of the hypodermis is to __________.
7-10 days
Approximately how long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum?
water to enter the epidermis and cause the epithelial cells to swell
Because fresh water is hypotonic to body fluids, sitting in a freshwater bath causes __________.
external auditory canal
Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the __________.
differences in the number of melanocytes
Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of __________.
steroid precursors to vitamin D3 when exposed to sunlight
Epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum function as a chemical factory in that they can convert __________.
second -degree
Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters classifies the burn as __________.
reticular layers of the dermis
Hair production occurs in the __________.
decreased melanocyte activity
Hair turns gray or white because of __________.
In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.
How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?
stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum
In which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?
nail root
Nail production occurs at an epithelial fold NOT visible from the surface called the __________.
stratum germinativum
Psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormal increased mitotic activity in the __________.
sebum
Sebaceous glands release which type of secretion?
cool the surface of the skin, reduce body temperature, and dilute harmful chemicals
Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves to __________.
convert a steroid related to cholesterol into vitamin D
Skin exposure to small amounts of ultraviolet radiation serves to __________.
arrector pili
Special smooth muscles in the dermis that, when contracted, produce "goose bumps" are called __________.
consists of dead, tightly compacted cells
The body of the nail __________.
medulla
The core of a hair is called the __________.
a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs
The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has __________.
germinativum, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
The layers of the epidermis, beginning with the deepest layer and proceeding outward, include the strata __________.
MSH
The peptide that is secreted by the pituitary gland and increases the rate of melanin production is __________.
scar tissue
The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________.
sebum
The secretion that lubricates and inhibits growth of bacteria on the skin is called __________.
circulatory supply and pigment concentration
What are the two basic factors interacting to produce skin color?
dermis and epidermis
What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?
papillary and reticular layers
What are the two layers of the dermis?
dermatitis
What condition causes inflammation in the papillary layer when a part of the skin is exposed to infection or an irritant?
stratum corneum
What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
lunula
What is the name of the pale, crescent-shaped area near the root of the nail?
type of melanin present
What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color?
hypodermis
What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?
bruise
When ruptured dermal blood vessels leak into the dermis, a __________ may form.
an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin
When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by __________.
cyanosis
When the skin is deprived of blood flow and oxygen, it takes on a bluish coloration called __________.
armpits, nipples, and pubic region
Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?
stratum lucidum
Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?
warts
Which of the following are benign tumors that occur in the skin?
synthesis of B vitamins
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin?
Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.
Which of the following statements describes the immediate response by the skin to an injury?
lymphatics blood vessels nerve fibers
Which of the following structures can you find within the dermis?
A cut parallel to a cleavage line will remain closed.
Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?
The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.
Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and life-threatening?
chronic respiratory disorders, thyroid gland disorders, or AIDS
Yellowing of the fingernails occurs in patients who have __________.
