Mastering A&P II Chapter 16 - The Endocrine System

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism in the individual in the center of this image? thyroid hormones (TH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) aldosterone

growth hormone (GH) Growth hormone has effects on metabolism as well as growth. Hypersecretion can lead to gigantism.

The three cardinal signs of diabetes mellitus would include excesses in all of the following EXCEPT __________. respiration urination hunger thirst

respiration

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone, or area, with the class of hormones it produces? zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids zona reticularis: aldosterone medulla: glucocorticoids zona fasciculata: catecholemines

zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids

The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release catecholamines during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses. True False

True The adrenal medulla is stimulated to release the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine during sympathetic autonomic nervous responses.

Which of the following hormones has a different effect when it is released in males instead of females? thyroid hormone parathyroid hormone follicle-stimulating hormone insulin

follicle-stimulating hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle development and estrogen production in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes.

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result? More calcium is present in feces. Vitamin D levels in the blood drop. Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys.

Less calcium is placed in the urine by the kidneys. The kidneys would be encouraged by PTH to retain more calcium, which would result is less calcium in the urine.

What gland secretes growth hormone? thyroid gland posterior pituitary adrenal cortex anterior pituitary

anterior pituitary The anterior pituitary secretes a variety of hormones, including growth hormone.

Which hormone aids in water resorption? adrenocorticotropic hormone parathyroid hormone thyroid hormone antidiuretic hormone

antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water.

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload? follicle-stimulating hormone antidiuretic hormone oxytocin thyroid-stimulating hormone

Antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload.

Which of these glands is responsible for regulating minerals in the body but is also part of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A B C D

C The adrenal glands have a medulla that contains postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its cortex helps regulates mineral levels in the body, along with other functions.

Up-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels. True False

False Down-regulation involves the loss of receptors and prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormone levels.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids. True False

False Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthesized from cholesterol.

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release? humoral neural paracrine hormonal

humoral The parathyroid is stimulated by the actual level of calcium in the blood rather than by neural or hormonal stimulus.

What area of the brain is designated by letter A? thalamus pineal gland hypothalamus limbic system

hypothalamus Structure of the pituitary gland with detail of the posterior lobe. The hypothalamus contains nuclei that produce hormones that are then secreted into the blood in the pituitary gland.

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made? hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary follicular cells of the thyroid gland

hypothalamus The hypothalamus regulates the release of several other hormones by producing releasing and inhibitory hormones, including TRH.

What property of a hormone would allow it to pass unassisted through a plasma membrane? Activation of a gene via interaction with a steroid hormone and a receptor protein. protein-based lipid-soluble bound to a protein complex charged

lipid-soluble Hormones that are lipid-soluble can dissolve through the plasma membrane. Activation of a gene via interaction with a steroid hormone and a receptor protein.

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? antagonism summation permissiveness synergism

synergism Synergism of hormones occurs in situations where one or more hormones produce the same effect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified.

What allows a cell to respond to a hormone? the structure of the hormone the location of the cell the gland that releases the hormone the presence of a specific hormone receptor

the presence of a specific hormone receptor Every hormone has a specific receptor that causes as action for that cell.

Which of the following hormones is stimulated by stress? follicle-stimulating hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone prolactin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors.

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? Cushing's syndrome Addison's disease Graves' disease cretinism

Cushing's syndrome Cushing's syndrome is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema.

What type of cell is shown at letter C? follicular cells beta cells parafollicular cells parathyroid cells

Follicular cells Follicular cells of the thyroid line the follicles and manufacture the materials within them.

Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels? gastrin somatostatin insulin glucagon

Glucagon Glucagon, produced by pancreatic alpha cells, increases blood sugar by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? creation of glycogen from glucose synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources breakdown of glycogen into glucose conversion of glucose to fat

Insulin decreases blood sugar while glucagon raises blood sugar. Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources The term genesis means "to create," and neo means "new," so this term literally means "to create new sugar."

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored? A B C D

The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secrete ADH and oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.

Identify the thyroid gland. A B C D

The thyroid gland is located in the lower anterior throat superficial to the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartilage.

Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands? They produce hormones. They have ducts. They drain into lymph vessels. They drain into blood vessels.

They have ducts. Endocrine glands are ductless glands.

What amino acid-based hormone uses the direct gene activation method illustrated in this image? growth hormone thyroxine mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids

Thyroxine Thyroxine is an amino acid-based hormone that uses the direct gene activation method. Although it is water-soluble, it is transported into the cell by a membrane carrier protein.

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? hyperglycemia a decrease in blood glucose levels release of insulin somatostatin

a decrease in blood glucose levels Homeostatic regulation of blood glucose by the pancreas. Glucagon acts to stimulate release of glucose into the blood to counteract falling levels.

Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland? adrenal pituitary adenoid thyroid

adenoid Pharyngeal tonsils, when enlarged, are commonly called adenoids and are lymphoid tissue, not endocrine glands.

Which hormone is essential to our ability to maintain our fluid levels? thyroxine insulin cortisol aldosterone

aldosterone Mineralocorticoids like aldosterone regulate sodium and potassium metabolism and fluid balance.

What hormone, indicated by letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when we are under stress? angiotensin II corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

angiotensin II Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary modulates the release of aldosterone. The term tropic refers to a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland.

What hormone released into the blood (shown by letter D) by the posterior pituitary inhibits or prevents urine formation? oxytocin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) cortisol

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Structure of the pituitary gland with detail of the posterior lobe. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the kidneys and modulates how much water is lost in the urine.

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? neural enzymatic hormonal humoral

enzymatic Enzymes are not triggers in the release of hormones.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an absolute insulin deficiency resulting from insulin hyposecretion and requires insulin replacement therapy. Which of the following conditions would NOT be associated with this particular disorder? increased insulin resistance loss of beta-islet cells destruction of beta-islet cells absence of beta-islet cells

increased insulin resistance

Variance in which of the following hormones is responsible for diabetes mellitus (DM)? glucagon insulin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone

insulin The inability to produce sufficient insulin or a reduced ability of insulin to bind to its receptors results in high levels of blood glucose. This leads to an increase in glucose in the copious urine produced by those with this disease.

Which of the following exhibits an antagonistic relationship? TSH/thyroxin PTH/aldosterone insulin/glucagon renin/ANP

insulin/glucagon Insulin decreases blood sugar while glucagon raises blood sugar.

Which of the following glands increases blood calcium levels? pituitary adrenal thyroid parathyroid

parathyroid The parathyroid glands secrete PTH, which increases blood calcium levels.

Which of the following is NOT believed to be linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)? predisposing genetic factors poor diet weight gain regular cardiovascular exercise

regular cardiovascular exercise Proper cardiovascular exercise can alleviate symptoms. Many sufferers with type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) are sedentary.

Which of the following hormones stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate as a tropic hormone? thyroid-stimulating hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone follicle-stimulating hormone prolactin

thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroid -stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the thyroid to release the hormone thyroxin, which increases metabolism in the body.