Mastering A&P Respiratory System

Which of the following gases has a greater partial pressure in blood as it enters pulmonary capillaries?

CO2

Central chemoreceptors are stimulated by ________.

H+ ions produced in cerebrospinal fluid

In the chloride shift, chloride ions are exchanged for ________ across the erythrocyte membrane.

HCO3-

The magnitude of lung volumes can depend on ________.

activity level, gender, and posture.

Functional residual capacity (FRC) is calculated by ________.

adding ERV + RV

The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute depends on the following except ________.

airway resistance

The total lung capacity is best described by the sum of ________.

all lung volumes

The direction and magnitude of airflow during breathing is determined by changes in ________ pressure.

alveolar

Type I alveolar cells ________.

are simple squamous epithelial cells adapted for exchange

Put the following structures of the chest wall in the correct order, going from most superficial to deepest: a. Parietal pleura b. Intercostal muscle c. Visceral pleura d. Intrapleural space e. Lungs

b, a, d, c, e

Put the events of inspiration* in the correct order a. Pip decreases b. Transpulmonary pressure increases c. Diaphragm and intercostals contract d. Palv decreases to less than Patm *Where: Pip = intrapleural pressure; Palv= intra-alveolar pressure; Patm= atmospheric pressure

c, a, b, d

Arrange these airways in the anatomical order that a breath of inhaled air encounters them: a. Larynx b. Trachea c. Pharynx d. Bronchioles e. Bronchi

c, a, b, e, d

During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals ________, and the volume of the thoracic cage ________.

contract; increases

Which of the following does not influence the ventilation-perfusion ratio?

damage to systemic capillaries

Pulmonary surfactant helps to ________.

decrease surface tension

One effect of carbon monoxide is to ________.

decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Which area of the central nervous system contains neurons that control mostly muscles of inspiration?

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Airway resistance can be decreased by ________.

epinephrine

Treatments for obstructive pulmonary diseases such as asthma might include ________.

epinephrine and steroids

Which respiratory volume is represented by forceful exhalation (after exhalation of the tidal volume)?

expiratory reserve volume

Alveolar ventilation refers to the movement of ________.

fresh air into the alveoli

Functions of the respiratory system include ________.

helping to maintain blood pH, defense against pathogens, enabling vocalization

The pleural fluid surrounding each lung ________.

helps the lungs adhere to the thoracic cage

Which of the following can result in a decreased PO2 in arterial blood?

hyperventilation, emphysema, pulmonary edema

Airway resistance is increased by each of the following, except________.

increasing transpulmonary pressure

The sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume and represents the total amount of air that a person can bring in from rest is the ________.

inspiratory capacity

The extra volume of air that can be brought into the lungs after an inspiratory tidal volume is taken is the ________.

inspiratory reserve volume

In an active, or forced, expiration, the abdominal muscles and ________ contract(s).

internal intercostals

A patient has an upper respiratory infection (URI). This means that his infection is not in his ________.

lungs

Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity increase in ________.

obstructive pulmonary disease

Conditions that would shift the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to the right include a decrease in ________.

pH

If carbonic anhydrase activity decreased, which of the following would increase in the blood plasma?

pH, PCO2, and Cl-

External respiration processes include each of the following except the __________.

production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

The respiratory receptors of the brain receive input from ________.

pulmonary stretch receptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, irritant receptors, central chemoreceptors

The air in the lungs that can never be eliminated despite the efforts to eliminate it is the ________.

residual volume

Structures within the conducting zone include the ________.

terminal bronchioles

In a premature newborn with respiratory distress syndrome, lung compliance (a measure of how easily a tissue or organ can stretch) will likely improve with an increase in ________.

the amount of surfactant

Alveolar ventilation (VA) is different from minute ventilation (VE) in that ________.

the equation for VA subtracts the dead space volume from the VE

Just prior to expiration, the PO2 decreases and PCO2 increases in the pulmonary alveoli due to ________.

the increased partial pressure of water vapor, inhaled air mixing with air in anatomical dead space, rapid diffusion of gases across the respiratory membranes

For oxygen gas in air and dissolved in water, at equilibrium, ________.

the partial pressure of oxygen in air is equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in water

The respiratory quotient is defined as the ________.

the ratio of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the body to the amount of oxygen consumed

According to Boyle's law, at a constant temperature, ________.

the volume of a container of gas and the pressure of the gas within are inversely related

On average, the number of oxygen molecules bound to heme groups in hemoglobin in systemic venous blood is ________.

three

The cells and structures that defend against bacteria and foreign particles entering the lungs include each of the following except the ________.

type II alveolar cells

Which area of the central nervous system contains neurons that control the muscles of active expiration?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

The total amount of air that can be moved between the lungs and the atmosphere is known as the ________.

vital capacity

Calculate the alveolar ventilation using the provided data: Tidal volume = 500 mL Vital capacity = 5500 mL Respiratory rate = 12 breaths/minute Dead space volume = 100 mL Alveolar ventilation = __________ mL/min.

4800 mL/min

Approximately 79% of the total atmospheric pressure is taken up by nitrogen. At the top of Mount Everest, PATM = 250 mm Hg. Calculate the PN2 at Mount Everest.

197.5 mm Hg

Calculate minute ventilation using the provided data: Tidal volume = 400 mL Vital capacity = 4000 mL Respiratory rate = 10 breaths/min Dead air space = 150 mL Minute ventilation = _______ mL/min.

4000 mL/min

Which structures are part of the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar walls and pulmonary capillaries

Which of the following structures allow gas exchange?

Alveoli

Which of the following terms is the best choice for "the cessation of breathing"?

Apnea

Which of the following statements related to "the bends" is false?

Ascending too quickly after diving in deep water causes the pH of body fluids to increase.

Which of the following factors decrease hemoglobin affinity for oxygen at the peripheral tissues?

Bohr effect and carbamino effect

Which of the following volumes allow(s) additional lung capacity (such as during times of increased metabolism) so that tidal volume can increase?

Inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume

Which of the following is the lowest pressure at rest following a quiet expiration?

Intrapleural

Which of the following is not categorized as an obstructive disease?

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Which type of pulmonary disease is likely with a pulmonary function test with results of a low forced vital capacity (FVC)?

Restrictive

Which of the following statements is false?

The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin is a linear function.

Which of the following statements about exercise and respiration is false?

The increased ventilation during exercise is referred to as "exercise apnea."

For what reason can expiration can be considered to be a passive (quiet) process?

The relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Which of the following is the volume that represents quiet breathing and normal breathing during an inspiratory and expiratory cycle?

Tidal volume

Which of the following best represents how to calculate the inspiratory capacity?

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

Each of the following occurs if bronchioles are constricted, except ________.

VA increases