Mastering Anatomy and Physiology CH 21.10-21.18

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C) Rapid, shallow breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. Rapid, shallow breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. Slow, deep breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle?functional residual capacity (FRC) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) tidal volume (VT) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

functional residual capacity (FRC)

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is breathing. cellular respiration. external respiration. internal respiration. pulmonary ventilation.

internal respiration

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. It is driven by a rise in PCO2. It causes RBCs to swell. It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma.

it causes RBCs to swell

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

Emphysema:

occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, expiration occurs. the lungs shrink. the volume of the thorax decreases. the volume of the lungs decreases. the volume of the thorax increases.

the volume of the thorax increases.

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's expiratory reserve volume. total lung capacity. reserve volume. tidal volume. vital capacity.

vital capacity.

The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

alveoli

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. (Module 21.13C)

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

Carbon dioxide

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C)

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.

Which of the following statements is true regarding partial pressure and the diffusion of gases in the body?

In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45.

Which statement is correct? In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? (Module 21.13B)

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true? The incidence of lung cancer is greater among women than men. Cancer rates are the same for smokers and non-smokers. Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery. Twenty-five percent of lung cancers are the direct result of cigarette smoking. Anaplasia is reversible if a person stops smoking.

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery

Which is true regarding the compliance of the lungs? The loss of supporting tissues decreases compliance. The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages. The greater the compliance, the greater the tension in the walls of the lungs at a given volume. Arthritis increases compliance.

The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages.

_______ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Residual volume Inspiratory capacity Expiratory reserve volume

Tidal volume

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as solute dissolved in the plasma. carbaminohemoglobin. carbonic acid. bicarbonate ions. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

bicarbonate ions

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A)

blood CO2 levels