Mastering Quiz 1: Chapter 16

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress? a. mineralocorticoids b. glucocorticoids c. thyroxine d. insulin

b. glucocorticoids

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. a. antibodies b. hormones c. proteins d. enzymes

b. hormones

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have ______. a. increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) b. increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) c. decreased secretion of catecholamines d. decreased secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone/parathormone)

b. increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Which of the following hormones regulates blood calcium ion levels? a. glucagon b. parathyroid hormone c. thyroid hormone d. insulin e. follicle-stimulating hormone f. luteinizing hormone

b. parathyroid hormone

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis? a. creation of glycogen from glucose b. synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources c. breakdown of glycogen into glucose d. conversion of glucose to fat

b. synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone? a. parathyroid hormone b. thyroid hormone c. adrenocorticotropic hormone d. antidiuretic hormone

b. thyroid hormone

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? a. insulin b. thyroid hormone c. cortisol

b. thyroid hormone

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? a. Addison's disease b. cretinism c. Cushing's syndrome d. Graves' disease

c. Cushing's syndrome

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? a. Hormones travel through the lymphatic system to target cells. b. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells that are adjacent to target cells. c. Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells. d. Hormones are released at synapses adjacent to target cells. e. Ducts transport hormones directly to target cells.

c. Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. a. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger b. hormone binding to intracellular receptors c. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates d. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

d. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? a. the skin b. the spleen c. the kidney d. the heart

d. the heart

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________. a. cAMP b. cytoplasmic receptors c. adenylate cyclase d. protein kinases e. plasma membrane receptors

e. plasma membrane receptors

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." a. Cushing's disease b. Addison's disease c. pheochromocytoma

a. Cushing's disease

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system. a. True b. False

a. True

Hormones are long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lymph throughout the body. a. True b. False

a. True

Major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues. a. True b. False

a. True

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? a. acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene b. directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome c. phosphorylates a protein d. activates a protein kinase

a. acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? a. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b. growth hormone (GH) c. luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) d. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

a. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. a. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP b. synthesizing more than one hormone at a time c. altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA d. increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ

a. binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______. a. blood pressure b. gluconeogenesis c. plasma glucose levels d. All of the listed responses are correct.

a. blood pressure

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? a. decreased insulin secretion b. decreased or difficulty breathing c. decreased sweating d. decreased cardiac output

a. decreased insulin secretion

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? a. enzymatic b. hormonal c. neural d. humoral

a. enzymatic

Which of the following is NOT a major type of stimulus that triggers endocrine glands to manufacture and release hormones? a. enzymatic b. humoral c. neural d. hormonal

a. enzymatic

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? a. epinephrine b. cortisone c. estrogen d. aldosterone

a. epinephrine

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called __________. a. humoral stimuli b. hormonal stimuli c. neural stimuli d. endocrinal stimuli

a. humoral stimuli

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called ______________. a. humoral stimuli b. neural stimuli c. hormonal stimuli d. endocrinal stimuli

a. humoral stimuli

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? a. hypothalamus b. posterior pituitary c. kidney d. anterior pituitary

a. hypothalamus

Which of the following is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary? a. none of these b. oxytocin c. ADH d. HGH

a. none of these

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? a. oxytocin b. cortisol c. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a. oxytocin

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. a. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells b. growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone c. insulin, because insulin is a small peptide d. glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone

a. steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

Which of the following pairs correctly match the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces? a. zona glomerulosa/mineralocorticoids b. zona fasciculata/gonadocorticoids c. medulla/glucocorticoids d. zona reticularis/catecholamines

a. zona glomerulosa/mineralocorticoids

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the adrenal gland zone or area with the class of hormones it produces? a. zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids b. medulla: glucocorticoids c. zona fasciculata: gonadocorticoids d. zona reticularis: catecholamines

a. zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? a. cortisol b. ADH (vasopressin) c. aldosterone d. angiotensin II

b. ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland? a. Adrenal b. Adenoid c. Thyroid d. Pituitary

b. Adenoid

Which of the following glands is found atop the kidneys? a. Thyroid b. Adrenal c. Parathyroid d. Pituitary

b. Adrenal

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors? a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone c. Prolactin d. Follicle-stimulating hormone

b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema? a. Cretinism b. Cushing's syndrome c. Graves' disease d. Addison's disease

b. Cushing's syndrome

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system. a. True b. False

b. False

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? a. prolactin (PRL) b. GH (growth hormone) c. oxytocin d. thyroid hormones

b. GH (growth hormone)

_____ is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present. a. Antagonism b. Permissiveness c. Activism d. Synergism

b. Permissiveness

Which of the following is NOT a property of endocrine glands? a. They drain lymphatically. b. They have ducts. c. They drain vascularly. d. They produce hormones.

b. They have ducts.

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? a. phosphorylation of intracellular proteins b. activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell c. increasing protein kinases

b. activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

What is the primary function of hormones? a. influence metabolic activity of glands by electrochemical impulses b. alter cell activity c. activate extracellular enzymes d. cause allergic reactions

b. alter cell activity

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload? a. oxytocin b. antidiuretic hormone c. thyroid-stimulating hormone d. follicle-stimulating hormone

b. antidiuretic hormone

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? a. transcription factors b. chaperone proteins (chaperonins) c. Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it.

b. chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? a. control secretion of thyroid hormones b. control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) c. control secretion of oxytocin d. control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

b. control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? a. epinephrine b. cortisol c. insulin

b. cortisol

Which letter represents the hormone that promotes a decrease in blood pressure and a loss of sodium and water in urine? Select from letters A-D.

D

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon? a. hyperglycemia b. release of insulin c. a decrease in blood glucose levels d. somatostatin

c. a decrease in blood glucose levels

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______. a. plasma membrane receptors b. phosphodiesterase in the cytoplasm c. cAMP in the cytoplasm d. adenylate cyclase in the plasma membrane e. water-soluble hormone in the blood

c. cAMP in the cytoplasm

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. a. the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids b. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time c. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes d. there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane

c. during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? a. aldosterone b. ADH (vasopressin) c. epinephrine d. cortisol

c. epinephrine

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels? a. somatostatin b. glucagon c. insulin d. gastrin

c. insulin

Which of the following best describes the main effects of insulin? a. synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrate molecules b. catabolize glycogen into glucose c. lower blood glucose levels d. release glucose into the blood by liver cells

c. lower blood glucose levels

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. a. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path b. nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ d. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ

c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called ____________. a. GHIH b. somatostatins c. tropins d. somatotropin

c. tropins

Which of the following is not a homeostatic imbalance related to underactivity of the thyroid gland? a. Myxedema b. Endemic goiter c. Cretinism d. Graves' disease

d. Graves' disease

What is the role of activated protein kinases? Select the best answer. a. Degrade cAMP to AMP. b. Convert ATP to cAMP by phosphorylation. c. Activate adenylate cyclase. d. Phosphorylate proteins. e. Phosphorylate ADP to ATP.

d. Phosphorylate proteins.

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts? a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone b. Follicle-stimulating hormone c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone d. Prolactin

d. Prolactin

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified? a. Antagonism b. Permissiveness c. Organism d. Synergism

d. Synergism

What is the primary function of hormones? a. cause allergic reactions b. activate extracellular enzymes c. stimulate meiosis d. alter cell activity

d. alter cell activity

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? a. cool, dry skin b. slow heart rate c. low blood glucose d. heart palpitations

d. heart palpitations

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones? a. all of these b. neural stimuli (from the sympathetic division of the ANS) c. humoral stimuli d. hormonal stimuli

d. hormonal stimuli

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? a. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) b. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) c. a circadian rhythm of release d. negative feedback

d. negative feedback

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________. a. AMP b. protein kinase c. adenylate cyclase d. phosphodiesterase e. G proteins

d. phosphodiesterase

Which of the following enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling? a. G protein b. protein kinase c. adenylate cyclase d. phosphodiesterase

d. phosphodiesterase