Maternal-Child Nursing Care: Chapter 28
2 Until 6 months after birth, infants should grow 2.5 cm every month, so this 50-cm baby would to grow by 5 cm in 2 months. Therefore, the baby should be 55 cm in length by 4 months of age. If the child is only 52 cm, then the nurse should assess the child's nutritional status to determine whether caloric needs are being met. If the child is 57 cm or 60 cm, the nurse should assess the parents' height first. The baby may be longer because of greater than average parental height. If this is not the case, then the nurse should assess the child's endocrine system for growth problems.
A child is 50 cm (20 inches) long in the second month of infancy. The nurse checks the baby 2 months later and finds healthy growth in the child. Approximately how long would the baby be at 4 months? 1. 52 cm 2. 55 cm 3. 57 cm 4. 60 cm
3 In Erikson's theory, the industry versus inferiority stage includes children 6-12 years old. The stage in Freud's theory that matches this age group is the latency stage. The anal stage of Freud's theory corresponds to the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of Erikson's theory. The phallic stage of Freud's theory corresponds to initiative versus guilt, and the genital stage of Freud's theory corresponds to the identity versus role confusion stage of Erikson's theory.
A child is assessed and categorized in the industry versus inferiority stage according to Erikson's theory. The nurse compares the child with Freud's psychosexual development theory. At what stage would the child be categorized in Freud's theory? 1 Anal 2 Phallic 3 Latency 4 Genital
2 A toddler is developing autonomy and is able to start making some choices about what he or she can wear. A toddler is developing autonomy and focusing on doing things for himself or herself and therefore would not want the mother to feed him or her. The child is at the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, as defined by Erikson. At this age, the mother should provide opportunities for the child to be active and learn by experience and imitation. Providing toys the child can control will help achieve this stage. A toddler might easily become overstimulated by images from TV and loud sounds. Toddlers are more interested in manipulating and learning from objects in the environment.
A nurse is examining a toddler and is discussing with the mother psychosocial development according to Erikson's theories. Based on the nurse's knowledge of Erikson, the most age-appropriate activity to suggest to the mother at this stage is to: 1 feed lunch. 2 allow the toddler to start making choices about what to wear. 3 allow the toddler to pull a talking-duck toy. 4 turn on a TV show with bright colors and loud songs
2 Differentiation is the process by which immature cells transform into mature cells to form tissues. Thus undifferentiated cells are immature and not developed. These cells would be able to reproduce to form any part of the body. These cells are not similar to cancer cells and do not multiply rapidly. These cells are immature and are not able to perform specialized functions. These cells are not well developed and thus do not resemble other mature cells of the body.
A patient who is undergoing stem cell therapy asks the nurse about undifferentiated cells. Which response given by the nurse is most appropriate? "These cells:" 1 are able to divide at a very rapid rate." 2 multiply to form any part of the body." 3 can perform specialized functions." 4 are similar to all other cells in the body."
1 A preschool child does not have the ability to understand the concept of conservation . This concept is not developed until school age. Understanding conservation occurs between 7 to 10 years of age, when a child begins to realize that physical factors, such as volume, weight, and number, remain the same even though outward appearances are changed. Children are able to deal with a number of different aspects of a situation simultaneously. This is not an expected response by a child. A preschool child will not typically believe the glass changed shape to accommodate the medicine but rather that the amount of medicine is less in the short, wide glass.
A preschool child watches a nurse pour medication from a tall, thin glass to a short, wide glass. Which statement is appropriate developmentally for this age group? 1 The amount of medicine is less. 2 The amount of medicine did not change, only its appearance. 3 Pouring medicine makes the medicine hot. 4 The glass changed shape to accommodate the medicine
3 Thermoregulation is one of the most important adaptations for an infant to develop. A hypothermic infant tends to develop conditions such as hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis. Skin-to-skin contact, or kangaroo care, is beneficial in maintaining the infant's temperature. Sleep irregularities may develop when an infant is suffering from pain internally or externally, which would also affect the growth and development at early postnatal development. Metabolic rates are usually high in children. Neurological maturation, or a dramatic increase in the number of neurons, occurs when the infant is in the embryonic stage and the neonatal state.
An infant's blood glucose levels are low, and the nurse instructs the mother to perform kangaroo care. Which condition would the nurse have assessed in the child? 1 Irregular sleep patterns 2 Reduced metabolism 3 Improper thermoregulation 4 Impaired maturation
3 The nurse should regularly check the height and weight of the child and compare them with previous assessment records. These comparisons help the nurse identify genetic defects that can affect the child's growth and development. A child gains 140 g in weight, and height increases by 1.25 cm every month from ages 6 to 12 months. Therefore, this child has an ideal height and weight. Down syndrome is characterized by a slower growth rate. The child is having age-appropriate increases in height and weight and thus does not have Down syndrome. Calcium deficiency decreases bone density and causes fractures in children. The nurse cannot determine whether the child has calcium deficiency by assessing height and weight. Test-Taking Tip: Make certain that the answer you select is reasonable and obtainable under ordinary circumstances and that the action can be carried out in the given situation.
During assessment of a 7-month-old child, the nurse checks the child's height and weight and compares them with previous assessment records. The nurse finds that the child's height has increased by 1.25 cm, and the weight is 140 g more than in the previous month. What does the nurse infer from this observation? 1 The child is displaying symptoms of Down syndrome. 2 The child's weight is not ideal in relation to height. 3 The child's height and weight are ideal. 4 The child has a calcium deficiency due to malnutrition.
1 Black-and-white reasoning involves a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, when in fact there are additional options. Preoperational thinking is concrete and tangible. During the school-age years, children deal with thoughts and learn through observation. They do not have the ability to do abstract reasoning and learn best with illustration. Thought at this time is dominated by what the school-age child can see, hear, or otherwise experience. School-age rhetoric simply refers to the type of ideas that arise out of the years children attend school. Formal operations are characterized by the adaptability and flexibility that occurs during the adolescent years. Test-Taking Tip: Answer every question because, on the NCLEX exam, you must answer a question before you can move on to the next question.
During their school-age years, children best understand concepts that can be seen or illustrated. The nurse knows this type of thinking is termed as: 1 concrete operations. 2 preoperational. 3 school-age rhetoric. 4 formal operations.
2 Children between 1 and 6 years of age are considered to be in early childhood. This is when motor skills such as walking, talking, and climbing develop. The nurse should assess the child to determine whether the child is progressing appropriately. The period from birth to 12 months is called infancy. This is when the relationship between parent and child develops. This increases trust in the baby, and gross motor activity is not prominent at this growth stage. Later childhood is from 11 to 19 years of age. It is a period of rapid maturation and a point of entry into adulthood. Middle childhood encompasses the age group from 6 to 10 years old. This is when steady physical, mental, and social development is seen in children.
In what age group should the nurse expect a child to develop gross motor skills? 1 Birth through infancy 2 Early childhood 3 Later childhood 4 Middle childhood
2 Development is the mental and cognitive attainment of skills. Growth is the increase in physical size—both height and weight.
Often parents are confused by the terms growth and development and use the terms interchangeably. Based on the nurse's knowledge of growth and development, the most appropriate explanation of development is: 1 a child grows taller all through early childhood. 2 a child learns to throw a ball overhand. 3 a child's weight triples during the first year. 4 a child's brain increases in size until school age.
3 According to Kohlberg's moral development theory, when children are concerned with conformity and loyalty, they are at the conventional level. Children at this level are considered to be working on concrete operations of cognitive development, where children 7-11 years old are included. Infants between 0 and 2 years of age are included in the sensory motor level of cognitive development. Children between 2 and 7 years old are in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. Children between 11 and 15 years are considered to be in the formal operation stage of cognitive development.
The Kohlberg moral development theory states that children are concerned with conformity and loyalty at a stage of their growth. When this stage is correlated with the cognitive development of children, what would the age group be? 1 0-2 years 2 2-7 years 3 7-11 years 4 11-15 years
2 A baby typically quadruples in weight by the time the child reaches 2 to 2.5 years of age. A child who weighed 3 kg (7 lb) at birth should weigh four times as much as that by 2.5 years, or 12 kg (27 lb). Birth weight triples by the age of 6-12 months, so the child's weight would be 9 kg (20 lb) at 6-12 months. The child would attain a body weight of 15 kg (33 lb) and 17 kg (38 lb) after 2.5 years of age.
The nurse finds that a newborn infant weighs approximately 3 kg (7 lb). Approximately how much would the child weigh when he reaches 2.5 years of age? 1. 9 kg (20 lb) 2. 12 kg (27 lb) 3. 15 kg (33 lb) 4. 17 kg (38 lb)
3 Rhythmicity is an attribute of temperament that refers to regularity in the timing of physiologic functions such as sleep and hunger. Because the nurse is asking about changes in the child's duration of sleep, the nurse is assessing rhythmicity. Adaptability is an attribute of temperament that refers to the child's ability to adapt to new situations. Distractibility is an attribute of temperament that refers to the ease with which a child's attention is diverted. Activity is an attribute of temperament that refers to the levels of physical activity such as sleeping and eating.
The nurse is assessing a child. The nurse asks the parents, "Has your child started sleeping less lately?" Which attribute of temperament is the nurse assessing? 1 Adaptability 2 Distractibility 3 Rhythmicity 4 Activity
2 A child's weight should quadruple by the toddler stage. The child's weight would be 12 kg if it was 3 kg at birth. Birth weight triples by the end of infancy, so it would be 9 kg if it is 3 kg at birth. After the toddler weight is achieved, an annual weight increase of 2-3 kg is seen in both preschool- and school-age children. STUDY TIP: You have a great resource in your classmates. We all have different learning styles, strengths, and perspectives on the material. Participating in a study group can be a valuable addition to your nursing school experience.
The nurse is assessing a newborn who weighs 3 kg (7 lb). At what growth stage would the child weigh 12 kg (26 lb)? 1 Infancy 2 Toddlerhood 3 Preschool age 4 School age
1, 2, 3 The stage in Erikson theory of psychosocial development that is used for toddlers (1-3 years) is autonomy versus shame and doubt. In this stage the toddler's motor skills, such as walking and climbing, are evaluated. The toddler's mental acuity and thought processes are also evaluated. The toddler develops negative feelings of doubt and shame when feeling low at this stage of growth. In the middle childhood growth pattern, the child tends to compete with others, aiming to accomplish tasks. This stage is referred to as industry versus inferiority in child. Inadequacy or inferiority complexes arise in this stage when parents impose huge expectations on the child. They tend to feel inferior in this stage of development.
The nurse is assessing a toddler's psychosocial development using Erikson's theory. What should the nurse include in the evaluation? Select all that apply. 1 Gross and fine motor skills 2 Mental acuity and capability 3 Level of doubt and shame 4 Competition with others 5 Inadequacy or inferior feelings
2 The neonate has hypothermia, and therefore the nurse instructs the mother to perform kangaroo care, in which the unclothed infant is placed on the mother's bare chest. This ensures improved thermoregulation and improves the complications of hypothermia. The presence of metabolic acidosis is a symptom of hypothermia. Hypoglycemia is caused by hypothermia in the infant. The normal weight of a healthy neonate at birth is approximately 7.5 lbs. By one year of age, the infant's weight normally triples to 21 lbs. Test-Taking Tip: Be alert for details. Details provided in the stem of the item such as behavioral changes or clinical changes (or both) within a certain time period can provide a clue to the most appropriate response or, in some cases, responses.
The nurse is caring for a 2-day-old neonate who is healthy but has a low body temperature. The nurse instructs the infant's mother to place the unclothed infant on her bare chest. Which finding in the infant indicates ineffective management of the infant's condition? 1 Hyperglycemia 2 Metabolic acidosis 3 Body weight of 21 lbs 4 Body weight of 7.5 lbs
3 The younger child exhibits a strong imagination and an urge to explore through her doll play, which indicates that she is in the initiative versus guilt stage of Erikson's psychosocial development theory. The older child is building a model, indicating a desire to produce something and complete a task, which is a primary characteristic of the industry versus inferiority stage according to Erikson. The trust versus mistrust stage of Erikson's theory consists of establishing trust and taking in the world using all the senses; neither child is exhibiting characteristics of the trust versus mistrust stage. The identity versus role confusion stage is characterized by rapid physical change in children and concern over how they are viewed by others; neither child is exhibiting behavior associated with this stage.
The nurse is caring for two children. The younger child creates complex imaginary stories using dolls and toys. The older child is engaged in building a model airplane. Which stages of development are the children likely in, according to Erikson? 1 The younger child is in the trust versus mistrust stage; the older child is in the initiative versus guilt stage. 2 The younger child is in the industry versus inferiority stage; the older child is in the identity versus role confusion stage. 3 The younger child is in the initiative versus guilt stage; the older child is in the industry versus inferiority stage. 4 The younger child is in the identity versus role confusion stage; the older child is in the trust versus mistrust stage.
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Teratogens, agents that cause birth defects when present in the prenatal environment, account for the majority of adverse intrauterine effects not attributable to genetic factors. Types of teratogens include drugs (phenytoin [Dilantin], warfarin [Coumadin], isotretinoin [Accutane]); chemicals (ethyl alcohol, cocaine, lead); infectious agents (rubella, cytomegalovirus); physical agents (maternal ionizing radiation, hyperthermia); and metabolic agents (maternal PKU). Many of these teratogenic exposures and the resulting effects are completely preventable, such as ingestion of alcohol resulting in fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects, which causes severe birth defects, including cognitive impairment. The incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome is estimated at 5.2 per 10,000 live births (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000).
The nurse is developing a teaching plan about preventing fetal exposure to teratogens. Which teratogenic agents or conditions should the nurse include? Select all that apply. 1 acetaminophen (Tylenol) 2 isotretinoin (Accutane) 3 cocaine 4 hyperthermia 5 ethyl alcohol 6 phenytoin (Dilantin)
2 When the nurse is reviewing the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage in Erikson theory, it refers to a toddler. The corresponding level in Freud's theory for the toddler's psychosexual developmental stage is the anal stage, when the toddler is toilet trained. The oral stage in Freud's theory represents infancy, from birth to 1 year, and is the trust versus mistrust stage in Erikson's theory. The phallic stage in Freud's theory represents early childhood, 3-6 years of age, or initiative versus guilt in Erikson's theory. Latency in Freud's theory represents middle childhood, 6-12 years, or industry versus inferiority in Erikson's theory.
The nurse is reviewing Erikson's theory about the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage. The nurse is trying to correlate it to Freud's psychosexual theory. Which stage would the nurse review in Freud's theory? 1 Oral 2 Anal 3 Phallic 4 Latency
3 Erikson's life-span approach categorized childhood into five stages. Industry versus Inferiority is the fourth stage of development the crucial stage attained by children 6-12 years of age. Children at this stage are workers and producers, and they initiate and complete work aiming at real achievement. The child may feel inferior if parents impose many expectations on the child. The second stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3 years), when children increase their ability to control their bodies and their environment and use their mental powers in decision making. Negative feelings develop when children are made to feel low and when others shame them. Initiative versus guilt (3-6 years) is when children explore the physical world with all their senses and powers and may feel guilt when parents make their child feel their behaviors are bad. Identity versus role confusion (12-18 years) is the stage when rapid and marked physical changes occur. Adolescents struggle to fit the roles they have played and those they expect to play. When the ability to resolve these conflicts fails, it leads to role confusion.
The nurse is speaking to a group in the community about psychosocial development according to Erikson's life-span approach. The nurse instructs the group not to impose too many expectations on a child because the child may develop an inferiority complex. What age group of children is nurse referring to here? 1 1-3 years 2 3-6 years 3 6-12 years 4 12-18 years
1, 5 Postnatal development happens in a cephalocaudal pattern, from the head to the feet. Infants use or develop their eyes before gaining control of their hands. Infants are able to first hold their head up, and then they can stabilize their trunk. In this development pattern, infants have control of their hands first and then gain control of their feet. Infants observe objects first using their eyes and then with their hands. Infants must be able to control their back before they can stand erect.
The nurse is teaching a group of student nurses about developmental patterns of neonates. Which information should the nurse include in the teaching plan? Select all that apply. Infants: 1 use their eyes before they use their hands. 2 gain control of their feet before their hands. 3 use their hands to observe things around them. 4 stand erect first to get control of their back. 5 have structural control of the head before the trunk
2 Turner syndrome is the only viable condition that happens as a result of the child missing one X chromosome. Down syndrome occurs when the child has an extra autosome, chromosome 21. Fragile X syndrome is a condition in which the chromosomes are fragile or weak, and it is associated with other changes in the autosomes. Microdeletion or microduplication of chromosome segments is called contiguous gene syndrome.
The nurse is teaching a student nurse about a child who only has one X chromosome. What abnormality does the child have? 1 Down syndrome 2 Turner syndrome 3 Fragile X syndrome 4 Contiguous gene syndrome
3 The spleen is easily palpated between the ages of 6 and 12 years. If it is palpated at any other age, such as 0-12 months, 1-6 years, or 12-18 years, this finding must be reported to the primary health care provider.
The nurse notices that a child's spleen is quite large. To which age group does the child belong? 1 0-12 months 2 1-6 years 3 6-12 years 4 12-18 years
2 Children's play activities are categorized during each stage of development. Pretend play, which is also called dramatic play, is seen in 11- to 13-month-old children when they perform activities that might be puzzling or frustrating to them. Skill play is seen after infants have developed the ability to grasp objects with their hands and manipulate them. This is when they use their skills to do things they observe such as putting paper in and out of a toy. Social-effective play is seen in infancy, when infants take pleasure in relationships with people. Sense-pleasure play happens when infants become attracted to natural colors or things and focus intently on them. An example is playing with sand.
The nurse observes a child having difficulty getting a mobile phone to work and looking puzzled. What type of play is the child demonstrating? 1 Skill play 2 Dramatic or pretend play 3 Social-effective play 4 Sense-pleasure play
4, 5 Inability to communicate properly or delays in speech may signify developmental delays. When a child is found to have difficulty making friends or has impaired social interactions, the child should be referred for testing. In this condition, the nurse should provide further interventions for the child to support his or her development. Dermatological disorders are assessed in a child to check for genetic abnormalities. Impaired hearing is assessed through testing of the child's auditory function. Impaired hearing does not directly affect a child's behavior. A child who is immunocompromised has a weakened immune system and is at higher risk for infections.
The nurse recognizes a delay in the child's developmental pattern and refers the child for further testing. Which characteristics of this child might the nurse have identified? Select all that apply: 1 Dermatological disorders 2 Impaired hearing ability 3 Immunocompromise 4 Improper communication 5 Impaired social interaction
4 Cooperative play features one child supplementing another child's function with a common aim of goal completion. In cooperative play, the group may be loosely formed but the members plan activities with the aim of accomplishing a task. The group members play independently among others in parallel play. The members act according to individual wishes in associative play. There is no leadership assignment in associative play.
What is the characteristic of the type of play that is organized by children playing with other children with the purpose of accomplishing a goal? 1 The group members play independently. 2 The group members act according to their own wishes. 3 The group members do have assigned leadership roles. 4 The group members plan activities even if the group is formed loosely.
4 Thermoregulation is not well developed in infants. As a result, babies are at risk for hypothermia. Kangaroo care is an effective way to prevent hypothermia in the infant. In this method, an unclothed, diapered infant is placed on the mother's bare chest. This provides physiological warmth to the infant. It is not advisable to give hot milk or hot water to the infant because it can damage their tissues. An unclothed infant must not be kept in the sun for a long time because the sun's ultraviolet rays can cause skin damage. There is no difference in calories between breast milk and formula. Test-Taking Tip: Avoid selecting answers that state hospital rules or regulations as a reason or rationale for action.
Which intervention should the nurse incorporate to prevent hypothermia in an infant? 1 Give hot milk or hot water to the infant at regular intervals. 2 Place the unclothed, diapered infant in the sun for few hours. 3 Feed the infant formula, which is higher in calories. 4 Put the unclothed, diapered infant on the mother's bare chest
1 When the child is learning or training and going through psychologic changes, the child is going through the sensitive phase of development and growth pattern. Sequential growth patterns are definite growth patterns where the child crawls before standing and stands before walking. Directional development refers to early development and symmetrical growth along with central and peripheral nervous system development. Developmental pace focuses on growth patterns of the child as toddler, preschooler, and adolescent.
Which pattern of growth and development would be seen when a parent is working with a toddler to read the alphabet? 1 Sensitive 2 Sequential 3 Directional 4 Developmental
2 There is a fixed, precise order to development. There are periods of both accelerated and decelerated growth and development. Each child develops at his or her own rate. Physical growth and development proceed at differing rates. Test-Taking Tip: Do not worry if you select the same numbered answer repeatedly, because there usually is no pattern to the answers.
Which statement helps explain the growth and development of children? 1 Development proceeds at a predictable rate. 2 The sequence of developmental milestones is predictable. 3 Rates of growth are consistent among children. 4 At times of rapid growth, there is also acceleration of development
2 The temperament of a child is said to be difficult when the child exhibits frequent episodes of crying, frustration, and tantrums. Such children are irritable and show irregularity in habits. Almost 10 percent of children fall under the category of difficult temperament. A child with an easygoing temperament has predictable habits and a positive attitude towards new stimuli. A slow-to-warm-up child responds with passive resistance to new routines and becomes inactive and moody.
Which statement made by a child's parent supports the nurse's conclusion that the child has a difficult temperament? 1 "My child has predictable habits." 2 "My child often cries and throws tantrums." 3 "My child responds with passive resistance to new routines." 4 "My child becomes inactive and moody with change in routine."