MCAT
SNOW DROP
Southern= DNA Northern= RNA O=O Western= Protein
spacing
Spreading out studying to shorter periods for greater encoding of information
Zimbardo
Stanford Prison Experiment... Participants designated as "guards" were given power over participants designated as "prisoners," and over time, the guards began to exhibit progressively more abusive and problematic behavior.
Asters
Star-shaped structures that form around the centrosome during mitosis.
Cseries
(1/C1+1/C2+1/C3)^-1
Midbrain function
(mesencephalon) relay center for visual and auditory information, controls eye and bodily movements (top of brain stem)
Start codon
AUG
life course theory of aging
Aging viewed holistically in terms of social, biological, cultural & psychological contexts
Part of brain responsible for procedural memories
Basal Ganglia
Electric Field equation
E = F/q or E= V/d
Conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
Watts Units
J/s
Resistance Equation
R= p* (L/A)
Rods
Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Rseries
add resistances current is the same but voltage drops
Cones
color vision
George Herbert Mead
founded social interactiSaponalism (micro level) developed social behaviorism
Phosphatase
removes a phosphate group from a molecule
Biologic Theory
suggests important components of personality are inherited or determined in part by our genes
neural plasticity
the ability of the brain to change in response to experience over the lifetime
Rational Choice Theory
the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two
stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond the same way to different stimuli
internal validity
whether the results of the study properly demonstrate a casual relationship between the two variables tested or if some confounding variable came into play.
Leukocytes
white blood cells- clear debris
semantic long term memory (explicit)
words/facts
mechanical efficiency formula
work output/work input x 100
T killer cells
T lymphocytes that destroy pathogens carrying a specific antigen with perforin.
Period equation (SHM)
T= 2π(sqrt(m/k)
sensitive period
(also referred to as a critical period), which identifies a point in early development that can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning in later life
PCR
(polymerase chain reaction) multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA produced
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
1-3 years (toddler)
density of water
1g/cm^3
Nomenclature of ATP
1st phosphate attached to ribose= alpha 2nd phosphate in middle= beta 3rd phosphate on end/ free = gamma
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
65+ years (elderly)
Hawthorne effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
basophil
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
Counterculture
A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture.
amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
Continuity equation
A1V1=A2V2
continuity equation
A1V1=A2V2
ligase
An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment
Cerebrum
Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body
Water Soluble Vitamins
B and C
Cationic exchange chromatography
Binds cations(+) so therefore the resin must be (-)
Cparallel
C1+C2+C3
Front stage self
Component of the dramaturgical approach. What we want ppl to perceive us as
Loop of Henle
Countercurrent multiplication forms a concentration gradient within the loop of Henle that maximizes water reabsorption: descending= water only ascending= Na+ only
Popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.
culture lag
Culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems
C≡C bond stretching values
C≡C bond stretching typically exhibits a frequency range of 2100-2260 cm-1.
nucleosomes
DNA coiled around histones
Transduction in bacteria
DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient via a bacteriophage
Bacterial Transduction
DNA transferred from one bacterium to other via virus
Mesopic vision
Dawn and Dusk light levels
Long term memory
Declarative= (semantic and episodic) Implicit= (procedural and priming)
ternary complex
Enzyme simultaneously bound to two substrates.
Pascal's Law
F1/A1 = F2/A2
Hans Eysenck
General Adaptation syndrome
Blue Light
Highest energy highest frequency shortest wavelength
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
Intrinsic Factor
Intrinsic factor is required for vitamin B12 absorption and released by stomach
dual coding hypothesis
It's easier to remember words associated with images than either one alone.
Watt (units)
J/s (unit of power... work over time
Pascal Units
N/m^2
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Nutritional deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), which results in a loss of memory. Often due to severe alcoholism or eating disorders. Confabulations= making up memories to fill gap.
O-H bond stretching values
O-H bond stretching in a carboxylic acid typically exhibits a frequency range of 2500-3300 cm-1
spreading activation
Occurs when one item brought into working memory triggers an activation of related memory.
DNA Gyrase
Only in prokaryotes... twists prokaryotic DNA into circular supercoils.
Tonotypical mapping
Primary auditory cortex has parts specialized for varying frequencies
BH3 w/ THF
Reduces carboxylic acids to primary (1) alcohols
Spotlight model of attention
Selective attention - takes info from 5 senses, but don't pay attention to everything.
epitope
Small, accessible portion of an antigen that can be recognized.
angle of reflection
The angle at which light rays are reflected, or bounced off, of a surface. always equal to the angle of incidence
juxtaglomerular cells
The cells of the afferent artery at the juxtaglomerular apparatus. They are baroreceptors that secrete renin upon sensing a decrease in blood pressure.
Wave Rule #1
The speed of a wave is determined by the type of wave and the characteristics of the medium, not by the frequency
cultural diffusion
The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
Howard Gardner
Theory of multiple intelligences
Social reproduction
Transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next
social reproduction
Transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next
shadowing task
Two different sounds projected into different ears- asked to repeat one thing in one ear
Oligodendrocytes
Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.
Stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
unidirectional relationship
Variable A influences variable B but not vice versa
photopic vision
Vision at high light levels (DAYTIME)
Kcat
Vmax/[E]t aka Turnover number
Work equation Physics
W= Fd force x distance
Work
W= Fdcos0 W= change PE= change KE W= P x (deltaV)
Projection Bias
When we assume others share the same beliefs we do
Labeling Theory
a behavior is deviant because society has labelled it so
Xenocentrism
a belief that another culture is superior to one's own
Venturi Effect
a constriction in a pipe causes a faster speed and therefore a LOWER pressure (counterintuitive)
dichotomous variable
a variable that has only two values
dramaturgical approach
a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers. front self= how you want ppl to see you back self= who you really are
Parvo Pathway
a visual pathway responsible for color and form
Longitudinal waves
a wave in which the particles move parallel to the path of the wave SOUND waves
centriptal acceleration
ac= v^2/r
centripetal acceleration equation
ac=v^2/r
Histamine in the stomach
activates parietal cells to release HCl
house money effect
after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk because they dont feel it is "their" money
affective processes
all feelings and responses, positive or negative, related to emotion-laden behavior, knowledge, or beliefs
dielectric
always increases capacitance
psychodynamic approach
an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness-motives that can also produce emotional disorders
Kinase
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
kinase
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
retrograde anmesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information no background knowledge
Universal Emotions
anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
Vitamin E
antioxidant
Acidic Amino Acids (Negative Charge)
aspartate D, glutamate E
social cognitive theory
behaviors are learned through modeling others
Hydroquinone
benzene with 2 OH on opposite sides
Vitamin K
blood clotting
anterior cingulate gyrus
brain region involved in the supervisory attentional system that inhibits automatic responses and selects the correct response
Broca's aphasia
can't speak but can listen, write and understand language
Charles Spearman
creator of "g-factor", or general intelligence, concept
Avolition
decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
Postive Reinforcement
desirable stimulus added to increase a behavior
Monocystronic
eukaryotes start coding at 5' end
affective attitude
feelings or emotions one has about a situation
Broadbent's Filter Model
filter everything and then process what is left Sensory register->selective filter->perceptual process-> conscious
ecological model
focus on the context of an individual, including interpersonal factors (relationships with others), social/cultural factors, and community-level factors.
cultural chauvinism
form of extreme patriotism and nationalism and a belief in national superiority and glory. It can be also defined as "an irrational belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people
Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence
hallucinogens
eros drive (life drive)
health, safety, sex, comes with love and cooperation
cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
primary kin
immediate family
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (salivation to bells)
high sexual dimorphism
intense competition for mates
Behaviorist perspective on language
learned through operant conditioning (reinforcement) and imitation
eight intelligences
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist Gardner
Magnification equation
m = hi/ho = -di/do
efferent neurons
motor neurons AWAY from CNS
Myopia
nearsightedness fix with diverging lens
closed system
only energy can be added or released not matter
pH + pOH =
pH + pOH = Kw = 1.0x10^-14 = 14
Nociceptors
pain receptors
vagus nerve
parasympathetic tone nerve of the heart; activation slows heart rate
authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making BEST Parenting Approach
authoriative parenting
parents who use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children
prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language executive decision-making, such as considering risk and making choices, takes place in this area
culture shock
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
Alogia
relative absence of speech
Constitutional isomers
same molecular formula, different connectivity closed vs. open glucose
tertiary kin
secondary kin of our primary kin (sibling's spouse's brother)
Primary Mental Abilities
seven abilities proposed by Thurstone as crucial to intelligence
defense mechanisms: Displacement
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
RNA
single stranded contains uracil instead of thymine ribose rather than deoxyribose makes it less stable than DNA
Positive Sense Virus
single stranded RNA virus, genome can be directly translated to proteins by ribosomes
Pons
sleep and arousal
Constructionalist theory
social constructionism is not binary. Society places meaning on certain objects. For example, our society has given money as a form of an agreed concept of currency. However, a society living in the jungle wouldn't necessarily think of paper money as currency but fire tinder.
Structural Functionalism / Functionalism
society is a living organism with many different parts essential to the functioning of it.
TLC
solid phase= silica (polar) polar things move less= smaller Rf mobile phase= non polar less polar things move more= bigger Rf
Sound travels fastest through
solids, then liquids, then gases
defense mechanisms: Reaction Formation
something too difficult to accept about ourselves, we act the exact opposite
Microtubules
spindle fibers AND scaffold in cell that allow movement proteins to walk along them to transport organelles around cell (Kinesin and Dynein proteins)
Jeffrey Alan Gray
stated that personality is governed by interactions among three brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli
Thomas Theorem
states that if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences.
proximal stimulus
stimulus registered by the sensory receptors
Ethology
study of animal behavior
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
self-serving bias
successes to ourselves but our failures to external factors
Torque
t= Fdsinθ
Ubiquitination
targets a protein for degradation by a proteasome
iron law of oligarchy
tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people and their revolutionary thoughts are abated.
adaptive immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them (T cells)
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Critical Angle
the angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of 90 degrees Theta2= 90 n1sin01=n2sin90
angle of incidence
the angle that an incident line or ray makes with a perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. always equal to the angle of reflection
insecure attachment
the attachment style for a minority of infants; the infant may exhibit insecure attachment through various behaviors, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
Intergenerational mobility
the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
intergenerational mobility
the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
construct validity
the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
principle of aggregation
the idea that an attitude affects a person's aggregate or average behavior, but cannot necessarily predict each isolated act
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
replicative senescence
the loss of the ability of cells to reproduce telomere is too short
Autobiographical memory
the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story
IgG antibodies
the most prevalent in serum; provide naturally acquired passive immunity; neutralize bacterial toxins, participate in complement fixation and enhance phagocytosis only one that can cross placenta
social capital
the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
Anticipation (genetics)
the number of repeats often increases with each generation and the symptoms of the genetic disorder become apparent at an earlier age with each generation.
central executive
the part of working memory that directs attention and processing... combines visiospacial sketch pad and phonological loop
Sensory Interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste Sight (vision sense) helps us balance (vestibular sense)
cultural transmission
the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
primary socialization
the process of learning that begins at birth and occurs in the home and family
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
manifest functions
the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Adjustment/Anchoring heuristic
the rule of thumb that contends that individuals make estimates or choices based on a certain starting point. Stick with what you started with.
Bureaucracy
the rules, structure, and rankings that guide organization
Semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
minimum velocity to keep roller coaster on track through loop
v= sqrt(rg)
linguistic relativity
view that characteristics of language shape our thought processes
Biological Perspective of Personality
what we call personality is due to innate biological differences amongst people
front stage
what we want people to see about us
Aldosterone
"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure. Exchanges Na+ for K+ (lowers potassium in body (Adrenal Cortex)
Cardiac Output
(HR) x (SV)
macula densa cells
(chemoreceptors) - in distal tubule that sense low Na+ in tubule and stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin.
pH estimation shortcut...
(exponent-1) . (10-n) 4x10^-8= (8-1). (10-4) = 7.6
The Gabriel Synthesis Steps
- Phthalimide attacks the diethyl bromomalonate, generating a phthalimidomalonic ester - the phthalimidomalonic ester attacks the alkyl halide, adding an alkyl group to the ester - the product is hydrolized, creating phthalic acid (with two carboxyl groups) and converting the esters into carboxylic acids - one carboxylic acid of the resulting 1.3-dicarbonyl is removed by decarboxylation
Theories of Intelligence
-General intelligence (Spearman) -Primary mental abilities (Thurnstone) -Multiple intelligences (Gardner) -Triarchic (Sternberg)
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
-help patients to recognize thought problems... -anticipate problem situations -self-monitoring -long lasting!!! = GOOD
-log(.01)= -log(1x10^-2) = -log(.1)=-log(1x10^-1) = -log(1)= -log(10)= -log(1x10^1) = -log(100)= -log(1x10^2) =
-log(.01)= -log(1x10^-2) = 2 -log(.1)=-log(1x10^-1) = 1 -log(1)= 0 -log(10)= -log(1x10^1) = -1 -log(100)= -log(1x10^2) = -2
Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)
0-1 years. Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
Ideal Gas Assumptions
1) molecules of an ideal gas do not attract or repel each other 2) molecules of an ideal gas occupy zero volume 3.) Average KE of gas molecules are proportional to temperature in Kelvins
Stages of Demographic Transition
1. Pre-Industrial 2. Transitional 3. Industrial 4. Post-Industrial
Lawrence Kohlberg's 5 stages of Moral Development
1. Pre-conventional.= a. Obedience and Punishment Orientation -do it as long as don't get caught b. Individualism and Exchange.... - recognize different individuals have different views 2. Conventional. a. Good Relationships... -individual is good in order to be seen as being a good person by others b. Maintaining the Social Order -judgments concern obeying the rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt 3. Post-conventional a. Social contract -individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals. b. Universal Principles -People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
1. Produces reduced (NADPH) and glutathione that is required to remove free radicals and oxidative agents from causing cell damage and lysis 2. Creates intermediates needed for Nucleic acid synthesis for DNA and RNA *Does not utilize nor produce ATP!
Low O2 affinity for Hb when...
1. pH decreases 2. increase CO2 3. increase temp
Characteristics of an ideal Bureaucracy
1.) Clear division of labor 2.) Hierarchy of authority 3.) Formal rules and procedures 4.) Impersonality (separate work and leisure) 5.) Employment/promotion based on ability
Monocular Cues
1.) Relative size 2.) Relative Height 3.) Interposition 4.) Shading and contour 5.) Motion parallax 6.) Constancy= the tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance, or lighting
Binocular Cues
1.) retinal disparity/ depth 2.) Convergence of eyes
Why ATP Releases Energy
1.Due to all the negative charges in close proximity, removing the terminal phosphate from ATP actually releases energy 2. free phosphates have more resonance forms and are therefore more stable. 3. Free phosphates are better solvated by water than linked phosphates.
Km (Michaelis-Menten constant)
1/2Vmax; a constant measure of an enzyme's affinity; the higher the affinity... Lower the Km the higher affinity for binding Higher the Km the lower affinity for binding Km cannot be negative!!!!!
PEspring
1/2kx^2
Spring Potential Energy
1/2kx^2
thin lens equation
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
mirror equation
1/f = 1/do + 1/di do= always positive di= positive= same side and real negative= opposite side and virtual concave mirror= f is positive convex mirror= f is negative f=r/2
Thin lense formula
1/f= 1/do + 1/di if di is positive= real if di is negative= virtual
frequency
1/period (T) f= c/λ
Acetyl CoA generates...
10 ATP per molecule
the average molecular weight of an amino acid is 110 Da
110Da
identity vs. role confusion
13-21 years (teens)
A-T
2 H Bonds
benzoquinone
2 carbonyls on a benzene
Monoterpene
2 isoprene units
pKa of carboxylic acid group in amino acid...
2.4 pH above pKa (2.4) = deprotonated pH below pKa (2.4) = protonated
Intimacy vs. Isolation
21-39 years (young adulthood)
G-C
3 H bonds
Hans Eyesneck
3 major dimensions of personality expressed differently in everyone... to identify introversion-extraversion and neuroticism he used factor analysis
Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6 years (young kid)
diterpene
4 isoprene units
Generativity vs. Stagnation
40-65 years (adult)
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-12 years (adolescents)
Working memory
7 plus or minus 2 things it can hold
Prokaryote ribosomes
70S (50S + 30S)
eukaryote ribosomes
80S (60S + 40S)
convergence
A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object
Flashbulb memory
A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.
intermediate filaments
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments
intermediate filaments
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. (skin/keratin)
Leptin
A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.
ABC transporter protein
A large family of membrane transport proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to transfer peptides or small molecules across membranes.
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory and reticular activating system (RAS).
isochoric process
A process in which volume remains constant no work is done b/c delta V is 0
isobaric process
A process that occurs at a constant pressure area of graph= work
general paresis
A psychosis arising from an advanced stage of syphilis, in which the disease attacks brain cells, is called
conversion disorder
A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.
Midbrain
A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.
Trait Theory
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
pareidolia
A vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound) is perceived as significant, e.g., seeing images of animals or faces in clouds, the man in the moon, and hearing non-existent hidden messages on records played in reverse.
Magno pathway
A visual pathway responsible for motion and depth
Transverse waves
A wave in which the particles of the medium move perpendicularly to the direction the wave is traveling
posterior pituitary hormones
ADH and oxytocin
Posterior Pituitary hormones
ADH/Vasopressin and Oxytocin (holds these hormones for hypothalamus)
Hyperreflexia
Abnormally increased reflexes resulting from nervous system damage
Relative Deprivation Theory
Actions of groups that are oppressed/deprived of rights that others in society enjoy. ex. Civil Rights Movements
Helper T cells
Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.
phosphorylase
Adds INORGANIC phosphate onto substrate without using ATP (e.g., glycogen phosphorylase).
Purines
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Strucker Synthesis
Aldehyde + ammonia = imine imine + KCN= alpha amino nitric add water= amino Acid!
Aldose contains an aldehyde group while ketose contains a ketone group
Aldose vs Ketose
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. tells us what is active in brain when!
social constructionist perspective
An approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity.
temporal lobe
An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information... processed emotionally
defense mechanisms: Intellectualization
An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis
Vitamin C
An important substance needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues; promotes the production of collagen in the skins dermal tissues; aids in and promotes the skins healing process.
Zymogen
An inactive precursor of an enzyme, activated by various methods (acid hydrolysis, cleavage by another enzyme, etc.)
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Apathy Social Withdraw Emotional Flattening/Monotone voice Anhedonia= inability to experience pleasure
IgD
Attached to B cells Activates B cells
Rationalization (defense mechanism)
Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justifying unacceptable feelings or behaviors. EX: John tells the rehab nurse, "I drink because its the only way I can deal with my bad marriage and awful job."
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Attempts to change negative thoughts/beliefs (cognitions) & maladaptive behaviors Various techniques (desensitization, self-talk) used to replace destructive thoughts/behaviors with healthy ones The goal of CBT is to replace maladaptive thoughts and behaviors with ones that are healthy and positive.
Attenuation
Attenuation refers to the reduction in strength of a signal
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells, which causes insulin deficiency. insufficient insulin produced
Lymphocytes
B-cell= antibodies T-cells= killer cells
Wernicke's aphasia
Babbling...Patients with Wernicke's aphasia can produce fluent and grammatical speech, though it tends to have no meaning. They also have difficulty comprehending language
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination
Nucleotides
Basic units of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
deviance
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Benedict's reagent test
Benedict's reagent reacts with reducing sugars like glucose that contain hemi-acetals to form a red precipitate, but not with non-reducing sugars that contain acetals, such as glycogen/fructose
Human cells that constantly divide
Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, and hair follicles are all composed of labile cells
osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells (stimulated via PTH increase blood Ca2+)
C-O bond stretching values
C-O bond stretching typically exhibits a frequency range of 1000-1320 cm-1.
Capacitance equation
C= Eo *(A/d)
C=O bond stretching values
C=O bond stretching typically exhibits a frequency range of 1650-1750 cm-1
Henry's Law equation
C=kP
Cardinal trait vs. Central trait vs. Secondary Trait
Cardinal= most dominant and directs most of our actions (selfish versus unselfish) Central= less dominant than cardinal (shy versus outgoing) Secondary= preferences or general attitudes
Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers is considered the founder of the humanistic approach to psychology...known for developing humanistic therapy, which emphasizes an individual's inherent potential for self-fulfillment
McDonaldization
Chains are predicable, calculable, uniform, efficient and automated; however, homogeny of the organization leads to loss of originality/creativity
Q=CV
Charge stored on a capacitor
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
Cofactor for several essential biochemical reactions in humans (production of methionine and folate precursor), deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia, GI symptoms, and neurologic abnormalities
Ganglia
Collections of nerve cell bodies
Back stage self
Component of the dramaturgical approach. When we let our guard down and be our actual self
Schemas
Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.
Solomon Asch
Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to match lines. conformity experiment demonstrated that individuals often conform to a group view, even when the group view differs from a clearly correct answer. Asch used a task in which a participant, along with several of Asch's confederates, were told to judge the relative lengths of drawn lines. The confederates would give a clearly-incorrect opinion regarding which line was shorter or longer, causing the participant (who did not know that the others in the room were "in on it") to conform to this incorrect view in some cases.
brain stem
Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain.
language acquisition theory
Contends that learning and acquisition of language are two distinct processes, with learning being formal and intentional knowledge about a language.
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
Oxidation
Decrease amount of C-H bonds or Increase the amount of C-O bonds.
delirium tremens
Delirium tremens is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol
3/4 stage of sleep
Delta waves, slow waves, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, sleep walking, and bed wetting
Epimer
Diastereomers that differ at only one chiral center.
Total mechanical energy equation
Etotal = KEi + PEi = KEf + PEf - (nc forces)
Past-in-present discrimination
Even if discrimination done in the past is no longer allowed, can still have consequences for people in the present.
primary reinforcers
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs (MUST do to survive)
Lazarus Theory of emotion
Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled. We label the situation, which then leads to emotional and physiological response must appraise physiological response and emotion before we "feel" its effects. label things as good= we feel good label things as bad= we feel bad
Stroop Effect
Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.
Columbus Law
F= k (Q1*Q2)/r^2
Inclined Planes... equation for F due to friction
F= mgcosθ
Force felt by a charge
F= qE ..... a= qE/m
Hooke's Law
F=-kx
Newton's Second Law
F=ma
Force of buoyancy equation
Fb= pVg
centripital force equation
Fc= m*v^2/r
Flow rate
Flow rate= Area x velocity
humanistic therapy
Focuses on removing obstacles that block personal growth and potential by providing an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves.
total internal reflection
For a light ray to totally internally reflect, rather than exit and refract (bend), the light ray must strike the edge of the glass tube at an angle equal or greater than the critical angle. must travel from higher index to lower index (water to air)
Newton's Third Law
For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force
pleasure principle
Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.
mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
amino acid neurotransmitters
Glutamate= excitatory CNS GABA= Inhibitory (brain) Glycine= Inhibitory (spine)
Negative control
Group with no response expected
Secondary Structure
H-bonding between amino and carboxyl parts of AAs
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized Speech Disorganized Behavior
otolithic organs (utricle and saccule)
Help us to detect linear acceleration and head positioning
Part of Brain most associated with long term memory
Hippocampus
electrical conductivity of the skin
How can one measure the degree of sympathetic arousal?
proteolytic cleavage
Hydrolysis of a protein by a proteolytic enzyme, eg. trypsin, chymotrypsin breaks the polypeptide backbone
IR and HNMR values to know
IR: Broad peak at 3300 cm-1 > O-H Carboxylic acids > 3000 cm-1 Sharp peak at 3300 cm-1 > N-H Sharp peak at 1750 cm-1 > C=O NMR: Hydrogens on sp3 carbons > 0 to 3 ppm Hydrogens on sp2 carbons > 4.6 to 6.0 ppm Hydrogens on sp carbons > 2.0 to 3.0 ppm Aldehyde Hydrogens > 9 to 10 ppm Carboxylic acids Hydrogens > 10.5 to 12 ppm Aromatics Hydrogens > 6.0 to 8.5 ppm
Strain Theory
If a person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, they may become frustrated/strained and turn to deviance
practice effects
Improvements in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behavior repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained.
Reduction
Increase amount of C-H bonds or Decrease the amount of C-O bonds.
social proof principle
Individuals evaluate what is correct by listening to or observing others who we view as more experts than us or our peers.
Ksp
Ksp=[C]^c[D]^c The lower the value of Ksp is, the lower the concentrations of the cation and anion in an aqueous solution and the lower the solubility of the compound in water. Higher the Ksp the more soluble the salt and the more free ions in solution.
the information from the right eye is sent to the left hemisphere through the optic tract, not the corpus callosum. After the information is received, then the corpus callosum is used to exchange information back and forth.
Left hemisphere of brain has language center to interpret words.
Solomon Asch
Line Conformity Experiment most people just conformed when the rest of the group (confederates) guessed an obviously wrong answer to the length of a drawn line.
John B. Watson
Little Albert experiment involved the use of classical conditioning and stimulus generalization to cause a healthy young boy to fear furry animals and objects.
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels...by adding it to bone synthesis
Red Light
Lowest energy lowest frequency longest wavelength
"ME" component of self
ME self as doing things so that society views me as normal (studying instead of partying) How does society see "ME"
defense mechanisms: Rationalization
Making excuses for actions or feelings
dosage compensation
Mechanism in which X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females. mechanism for why some identical genetic material can express genes differently and therefore express differing phenotypes despite identical genetic info.
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis I= the homologous pairs are separated, and one member of each pair is pulled to each side of the cell. results in 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes, each chromosome consisting of 2 sister chromatids. Meiosis II = the sister chromatids are split up into two haploid daughter cells.
Meitotic Recombination
Meiotic recombination via chromosomal crossover is a key feature of prophase I
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (but not always).
Milgram
Milgram's electric shock experiment also relates to authority. This experiment indicated that participants were willing to administer painful stimuli to others if instructed to do so by an authority figure. In reality, the "others" in the study were actors who were simply pretending to be shocked.
Monozygotic twins versus Dizygotic
Monozygotic= from same egg and have more similar genes Dizygotic= less similar genes relative to monozygotic
Pascal units
N/m^2
Transformationalist Perspective
National governments are changing, with world order (new world order) forming
Meso Compounds
Optically inactive (achiral) molecule with two chiral centers; have a plane of symmetry between their centers which divides the molecule into halves that are mirror images of each other.
Power
P= Work/time P=IV P= force x velocity
Central Tendency bias
Participants may avoid extreme responses and gravitate toward the mean
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
People understand the world through language and language shapes how we experience the world
Trait perspective of personality
Personality is a result of traits Raymond Cattell= defined all the traits
reaction formation (defense mechanism)
Preventing unacceptable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors. EX: Jane hates nursing. She attended nursing school to please her parents. During career day, she speaks to prospective students about the excellence of nursing as a career.
Gel electrophoresis
Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel - top + bottom
Chemiosmosis
Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP.
Word association testing
Projective test in which the interviewer says a word and the respondent must mention the first thing that comes to mind
Total pressure (fluids)
Ptotal= Pgauge+Patm Ptotal=pgh+patm
Rf value equation
RF= solute/ solvent front (always less than 1)
defense mechanisms: denial
Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it
triarchic theory of intelligence
Robert Sternberg's theory that describes intelligence as having analytic, creative and practical dimensions
scotopic vision
Rod-mediated vision, which predominates in dim light. (NIGHT)
Stereotype threat
Self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
individualistic society
Society that values personalism and individual accomplishments, which often take precedence over group goals. These societies tend to emphasize ways in which individuals differ from each other.
Partial report technique
Study by Sterling found that iconic memory has a large capacity after asking participants to recall 3 rows of 4 letters based on a different tone for each line.
tertiary deviance
Tertiary deviance is a consequence of secondary deviance; when a person is labeled as a deviant by society for a long time, he tries to normalize or rationalize his behavior by relabeling it non-deviant. It becomes his master status, or a normal and central part of who he is as a person.
Operational span testing
Test to see the general capacity of working memory tasks, patients are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (is 4/2 -1 = 1?) then read a word after such as SNOW, after doing a series of problems and words they are asked to recall the word that followed each operation. -Predicts verbal abilities and reading comprehension even though the subject is solving a math problem. Argues that it implies a general pool of resources that is used in every type of working memory situation
Syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Triesman's Attenuation Model
The early filter doesn't totally filter, it simply attenuates (dials down) irrelevant information
pre-industrial stage (1)
The first stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by conditions that defined most of human history. In pre-industrial societies, both death rates and birth rates are high.
dependency ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
instinctual drift
The tendency for an animal to drift back from a learned operant response to an innate, instinctual response to an object.
Somatic disorders
These symptoms generally lack an identifiable physical cause. Alternatively, the individual may be impaired by irrational fears of developing or having a disease, as in illness anxiety disorder.
Vitamin B1
Thiamine, is a coenzyme in metabolic processes involving amino acids and carbohydrates
Schwann Cells
Type of glial cell in the PNS that forms myelin sheath
U Are Annoying U Are Gross U Go Away
UAA UAG UGA
Michealis-Menten Equation
V0=Vmax [S] / (Km + [S]) conc of substrate must be greater than enzyme in order to be saturating and achieve Vmax! steady state assumption= conc of ES complex doesnt change
motion parallax (relative motion)
When driving things closer to you appear to fly by faster than farther objects... The apparent movement of stable objects as we ourselves move.
transition shock
When individuals experience changes, such as social changes, that necessitate a period of adjustment
culture assimilation
When people immigrate and encounter a new dominant culture
Center of mass equation
Xcm= (m1X1)+(m2X2)+(m3X3).../(m1+m2+m3)...
Recency Bias
Your most recent actions are important--> people place emphasis on your more recent actions/performances
Osteocytes
a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.
Social isolation
a complete/ near complete lack of contact with people and society for members of social spheres; not the same thing as loneliness, which is temporary
steady state assumption
a condition for the application of the Michaelis-Menten model to an enzymatic reaction in which the concentration of the ES complex remains unchanged over the course of the reaction
negative punishment
a desirable stimulus is taken away to decrease a behavior
ordinal variable
a qualitative variable that incorporates an ordered position, or ranking
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
nucleus accumbens
a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction
social stratification
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
Meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
Age stratification theory
a theory which states that members of society are stratified by age, just as they are stratified by race, class, and gender
isothermal process
a thermodynamic process that takes place at constant temperature
PET
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
Parapraxis (Freudian Slip)
accidental leakage of the unconscious mind into observable behaviors
microfilaments
actin in cytoplasm
tertiary prevention
actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyond its early stages
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
holoenzyme
apoenzyme + cofactor
Uncompetitive inhibitor
binds to the enzyme-substrate complex, preventing the complex from releasing products. Can bind their target enzymes only when the substrate is first bound to the enzyme. Parallel Lines.... Vmax= decreased Km= decreased
Nerves
bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs
incentive theory
calls attention to how factors outside of individuals, including community values and other aspects of culture, can motivate behavior
intersectionality
calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual's position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity. Intersectionality can also refer to intersections involving other identity categories such as age, gender, or sexual orientation
fMRI (functional MRI)
can tell us both structure and function of each part of brain by measuring the relative amounts of oxygenated blood versus deoxygenated... more active parts use more blood and are therefore deoxygenated!
Microculture
can't support people throughout their lifespan, refers to groups/organizations only affecting limited period of one's life. Ex. Girl scouts, college sororities, boarding school.
personality disorders
characterized by long-lasting, maladaptive patterns of behavior that can impair cognition, emotion, interpersonal behavior and communication, and/or impulse control.
securely attached
child uses the parent as a safe base to explore, when separated the child may not cry during absence, seek contact when parent returns, decrease crying if present (~60% of U.S. infants)
lipid rafts
cholesterol rich domains in the membrane that increase fluidity
Walter Cannon
coined the term homeostasis and flight or fight response to stress.
Folkways
common rules/manners with no severe punishment for not following them. ex.) holding door for someone
Broca's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly
left hemisphere of brain
controls right side of the body and is logical, contains mathamatics, lauguage, & speech
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II (active)
topoisomerase
corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
CRH
corticotropin releasing hormone from Hypo... stimulates anterior pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ACTH stimulates Adrenal cortex to release cortisol to increase blood glucose
Carl Rogers
created humanistic perspective of the personality
Pyrmidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
intermediate filaments
cytoskeleton
heterochromatin
dark, dense regions of highly packed chromatin... rich in repeats
transitional stage (2)
death rate (infant mortality) lower, birth rates remain high, better health care, population grows fast.
Acetylcholine in heart
decreases heart rate via increased parasympathic vagus tone
Electrolytic Cell
delta G = + = nonspontanous requires energy Ecell= -
SDS-PAGE
denatures the proteins and masks the native charge so that comparison of size is more accurate, but the functional protein cannot be recaptured from the gel Separated solely based on size
Functionalism
each part of society works together to keep society stable and head toward equilibrium Emilee Durkheim
moderating variables
either decreases or increases the strength of an association
law of proximity
elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit
Bond Dissociation Energy (BDE)
energy required to break a bond homolytically Always positive which means energy is required to break bond BNegative means bond association energy and indicates that bond formation releases energy)
Catcehcolamines
epi and Norepi derived from Tyrosine
Frequency equation (SHM)
f= 1/2π(sqrt(k/m)
standing wave frequencies for two fixed ends
f= n*v/2L where n=1,2,3....
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment (someone gets a haircut and you don't notice)
type 2 error
false negative
Which of the following properties of a 2.3 MHz ultrasound wave remains unchanged as it passes into human tissues?
frequency of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propagates
chaperone proteins
help other proteins fold correctly
Michealis Menten Graph shape
hyperbolic
social influence theory
hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role
sensitive period
identifies a point in early development that can have a significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning in later life
interposition
if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
Atrial natriuretic peptide
increases urinary sodium excretion and therefore.... Reduces blood volume (opposite of aldosterone) Lowers blood pressure
Resisitvity
inverse of conductivity R= p x L/A
defense mechanisms: Repression
involuntarily blocking unpleasant feelings and experiences from one's awareness
Vitamin D
is a lipid-soluble molecule primarily involved in calcium metabolism.
anomers
isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure
Newton (unit)
kg*m/s^2
law of continuity (gestalt)
lines are seen as following the smoothest path.
logs
log(10)= ? 10^?= 10 ?=1 log(100)=2 log(10)=1 log(1)=0 log(.1)=-1 log(.01)=-2
hippocampus
long term memory encoding slight function in emotion processing
Parasympathetic
long, then short neuron
proactive interference
lose new info... previous old info blocks encoding of new info
open system
matter and energy can be added or released
Episodic long term memory
memories of events
episodic memory
memories of past events
Procedural long term memory
memories that relate to skills or habits.
Choroid
middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
oxytocin
milk release and increases contractions during labor in a positive feedback
Work function of a metal
minimum amount of energy needed by an electron to escape from a metal surface Energy= Wo + KE hf= Wo + KE
Assimilation
minority groups give up parts of their culture to become part of the majority culture
As temperature increases resistance increases
more things collide making go slower
E=-
negative reducing potential more likely to be oxidized
isolated system
neither matter nor energy can be added or released
SN2 mechanism
nucleophile attacks an unhindered good leaving group and replaces it.
Stanley Milgram
obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
optimal arousal theory
optimal performance requires optimal arousal and that arousal levels that are too high or too low will impede performance.
momentum formula
p=mv
affinal kin
people related through marriage
Priming long term memory
previous memory influences new one
Translation involves the 50s and 30s ribosomes in ____ translation
prokaryote translation
social stratification
refers to the objective hierarchy in a society, and often more specifically addresses the class-based hierarchy.
Normative Culture
refers to values and behaviors that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crime).
prescriptive
refers to what an individual believes should occur.
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
Acrocentric
short arms barely present
adrenal cortex hormones
steroid hormones... 1. cortisol 2. aldosterone
prolactin
stimulates milk production
unconditioned stimulus (US)
stimulus that triggers a naturally occurring unlearned response... (food)
Low pKb
stronger base
collagen
structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue, (joints)
Morphology
structure of words
limbic system
structures in brain that regulate emotion Hippo= Hippocampus H= hypothalamus A= amygdala T= Thalamus
visiospatial sketchpad
temporarily stores and manipulates visual and spatial info
reality principle
tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet
Raymond Cattell
termed fluid intelligence= think on your feet and crystallized intelligence= ability to recall and apply learned knowledge to a new situation
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
drive theory
the belief that behavior is motivated by drives that arise from biological needs that demand satisfaction
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons occurs throughout life but at a slow rate once your born!
Linguistic relativity
the hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
culture transmission
the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Role Exit
the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
Electric Field
the space around a charged object in which another charged object experiences an electric force E= k Q/r^2 E= F/q E= V/d
Tm
the temperature at which 50% of the molecules are denatured or the fraction folded is 0.5
antisense (-) strand
the template strand of DNA
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Constancy
the tendency to perceive certain objects in the same way regardless of changing angle, distance, or lighting
latent functions
the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
Sesquiterpenes
three isoprene units
TRH
thyroid releasing hormone from Hypo... TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)... TSH stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4 to control metabolism.
rRNA
type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes... part of the ribosome itself.
Negative Reinforcement
undesirable stimulus removed to increase a behavior
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Retrovirus
vRNA -> cDNA -> (integrate) -> mRNA.
reciprocal relationship
variable A influence variable B while at the same time Variable B influence Variable A.
Negative sense virus
virus made of RNA that cannot be directly translated and must first be converted to cDNA
Vitamin A
vision
Fat Soluble Vitamins
vitamins A, D, E, and K
fundamental attribution error
we blame others character for what they do wrong not the situation
Primary Bias
we tend to emphasize things that support our already held first impression and downplay things that go against that first impression
Conflict Theory
when two classes fight over power and social resources. Karl Marx Thesis battles antithesis to create synthesis
Power units
work done over time in watts and work can equal energy!! W= PE= -KE....
looking-glass self (Charles Cooley)
you act in a way based on what you believe others think of you already
Delta G equation
ΔG′° = -RTln(Keq)
Hypothalamus hormones
-GnRH= gonadotropin releasing hormone -GHRH= growth hormone releasing hormone -TRH= thyroid releasing hormone -CRH= corticotropin releasing hormone
Wavelengths of Visible Light
400-700 nm
Visible light
400-700 nm ROYGBIV Red= longest wavelength, smallest frequency, least energy Blue/Violet= shortest wavelength, biggest frequency, most energy
Hill coefficient
=1 is noncooperative >1 is cooperative
Recombinant DNA
A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources. Placing human insulin in bacteria capsule so they produce it for us.
missense mutation
A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
episodic buffer
A component of working memory where information in working memory interacts with information in long term memory. I.E. connects
psychoanalytical theory
A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
Subculture
A group of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations that differs in some way from the larger dominant culture can persist throughout someone's life...
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the islets of langerhorns alpa cells to increase blood glucose
Insulin
A hormone produced by the islets of langerhorns beta cells to shuttle glucose into cells and lower blood glucose
Grhelin
A hormone released by an empty stomach to the hypothalamus to stimulate the desire to eat at usual mealtimes.
nonsense mutation
A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
Temporal Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.
Frontal Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
frontal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
nuclear localization signal
A short amino acid sequence that marks a protein to be delivered to the nucleus.
Ascribed Status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
ascribed status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics.
Competitive Inhibitor
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. reversible.... Intersects at Y intercept... Vmax= unchanged Km= Increased
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. Not specific, just takes in whatever is there
Microglia
Act as phagocytes, eating damaged cells and bacteria, act as the brains immune system
life course theory
Aging is a social, psychological, and biological process that begins from the time you are born until you die.
primase
An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.
normative organization
An organization that motivates membership based on morally relevant goals.
Utilitarian organization
An organization where people are paid/rewarded for their efforts
utilitarian organization
An organization where people are paid/rewarded for their efforts
Stress-Diathesis Model
An underlying biological propensity for a diseases/disorder is activated by environmental stressors.
Coordinate Covalent Bonds
Coordinate covalent bonds, unlike covalent bonds, are formed between two atoms when both of the shared electrons are donated by the same atom. Such coordinate bonds are often formed between electron-poor metal ions and molecules called ligands that contain one or more electron-rich atoms with available lone-pair electrons. The coordinately bonded metal and its ligands are called a complex. As originally defined by Alfred Werner, the coordination number of a metal complex refers to the number of coordinate bonds formed between the central metal ion and its nearest neighboring atoms. When all of these nearest neighboring atoms are from separate molecules or ions, the number of ligands will equal the coordination number. However, if two or more of these nearest neighboring atoms are joined to the same coordinating ligand unit, then the number ligands will not equal the coordination number. In both cases, the number of nearest neighboring atoms and coordinate bonds is unchanged, but the number of ligand units is different.
Dependent Stressor
Depressed person would be expected to experience a greater number of stressful events that he or she influences
Inclined Planes...equation for F due to gravity
F//= mgsinθ
Anterior Pituitary hormones
FSH, LH, TSH, STH, ACTH, and prolactin
anterior pituitary hormones
FSH, LH, TSH, STH, ACTH, and prolactin
agents of socialization
Family, School, Peers, Workplace, Government, Religion, Media/Technology
microfilaments
Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton (actin filaments)
Pressure
Force/unit area
Erick Erickson
Founder of psychosocial developmental model.
diaphragms action
Inspiration= Diaphragm contracts Exhalation= Diaphragm relaxes Diaphragm contracts and flattens, the thoracic cavity expands. This causes the parietal pleura to expand, causing a pressure gradient that in turn causes the pulmonary pleura and the lungs to expand. When the lungs expand, the pressure within them decreases. The decreased pressure compared to the external environment causes air to rush into the respiratory tract. Exhalation can be either passive or active. In passive exhalation, the simple relaxation of the diaphragm is enough to cause the lungs to contract, increasing the pressure and expelling air. However, the muscles between the ribs (internal intercostal muscles) and abdominal muscles can be used to force air out more intensely and quickly. This frequently occurs during exercise, but increased reliance on active exhalation even at rest can be a sign of respiratory disease.
pareital lobe
Lobe located at the top and back of the brain; contains the centers of touch; area processes from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, and body position.
Medical Model/ Medicalization
Medicalization is what allows cultures to decide what is to be treated as a medical condition. Over time, new patterns of behavior or physical symptoms can be defined and treated as medical conditions, and thus become the subject of medical study, diagnosis, prevention, or treatment. For example, fibromyalgia was unrecognized as a disease for a long time. Women were written off as complaining of pain that was not there. Once recognized, women suffering from this condition could adopt the "sick role" in society. The sick role has is a set of norms of expected behavior from sick people. The sick person: does not have to fulfill his or her normal roles; should seek medical attention, do as the doctor says, and try to get well; is not held accountable for her or his illness.
Gray Matter
Neuron somas.... Inside of spinal cord Outside of brain
Nativist theory of language development
Noam Chomsky. Language is an innate biological instinct, and everyone has a neural cognitive system allowing for learning of syntax and grammar. language is not learned as are other skills/behaviors but is learned via an innate process hardwired in the brain, would suggest that only language exposure during a critical (time sensitive) period early in life results in fluency.
cofactor
Non-protein helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.
Inelastic collision
Objects stick together, momentum is conserved, but some kinetic energy is lost
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. (bottom of brainstem)
Gauge pressure equation
Pgauge= pgh
Astrocytes
Provide structural support of entire CNS by acting as the scaffold stabilize homeostasis by up taking or releasing ions into interstitial fluid release lactate if neurons dont have glucose for energy help form blood brain barrier clear out neurotransmitters between synapses
death instinct
Psychoanalytic concept--> drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to die or to hurt oneself/others
Bernoulli's Equation
P₁+ 1/2ρv₁² + ρgy₁= P₂+ 1/2ρv₂²+ ρgy₂, pressure of open containers are atmosphere velocity at top is 0 compared to a hole Importantly, this equation indicates that when height is constant (as in a horizontal pipe system), an increase in velocity corresponds to a decrease in pressure, and vice versa
Encoding methods
Rote Rehearsal Chunking Mnemonics Imagery Pegword Method of loci Acronym Self-Referencing Spacing
Piaget stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor 0-2 - (Permanence-things dont fail to exist when not in sight) Pre-operational 2-7 - (Egocentric, objects can be represented by words or pictures =symbolism) Concrete operations 7-11 (Conservation of volume) Formal operations 11+ (Abstract reasoning and morality)
deutch and deutch's late selection theory
Sensory register->perceptual process->selective filter-> conscious we process everything and then filter it
General Adaptation Syndrome
Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion human body responds to all stress the same!
incongruence
The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience.
Pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. (Master gland
Recombination
The farther apart the genes the more likely they will recombine! the closer the genes are physically the more likely they will stay together and NOT recombine
Quaternary Structure
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
Assumptions of Michaelis-Menten Equation
The free ligand approximation states that substrate concentration [S] is constant during the reaction. This approximation is only true during the initial phase of the reaction, before a significant amount of substrate is converted to product. Substrate can also be depleted when it binds the enzyme to form the enzyme-substrate complex (ES). To ensure that ES formation does not significantly impact [S], the total concentration of enzyme in solution should be much smaller than any substrate concentration tested (Number III). The steady state assumption states that the concentration of ES remains constant over the course of the reaction, allowing the rate of product formation to remain constant. Once [S] becomes significantly depleted, ES levels decrease and the reaction slows. The irreversibility assumption states that the reaction proceeds only in the forward direction, and product does not get converted back to substrate. Once enough product accumulates, the reverse reaction occurs at non-negligible levels and further slows the net rate of product formation only measure initial reaction rate for each substrate concentration
isoelectric point
The pH value at which the amino acid exists as a zwitterion (electrically neutral) pKa 1 + pKa 2/ 2
grey matter
The portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons rather than axons. Unmyelinated. grey matter = outside for CNS, inside for PNS
2nd law of thermodynamics
The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases.
Bureacratization
The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly governed by laws and policies
parallel processing
The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Right Versus Left Ventricles
The right ventricle and left ventricle produce unequal systolic pressures, but have equal ejection fractions
Bohr Effect
The tendency of certain factors to stablize the hemoglobin in the tense conformation, thus reducing its affinity for oxygen and enhancing the relase of oxygen to the tissues. The factors include increased PCO2, increase temperature, increased bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), and decreased pH. Note that the Bohr effect shifts the oxy-hemolobin saturation curve to the right.
The ovarian cycle begins with the follicular phase, followed by ovulation, which is in turn followed by the luteal phase. One ovum is released every menstrual cycle. A follicle matures in the follicular phase and releases the egg at ovulation. Then, in the luteal phase, the follicle is transformed into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone, helping to maintain the uterine lining. The corpus luteum decays towards the end of this period, and another cycle begi
The uterine cycle begins with menstruation, which overlaps with the first part of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. During menstruation, the uterine lining built up in the previous cycle is shed. Once menstruation is complete, the uterine endometrium is built up again during the proliferative phase. Then, the secretory phase overlaps with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. During the secretory phase, the uterine endometrium continues to build up and undergoes various changes to make it more receptive for implantation, under the influence of the progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum.
disengagement theory
The view that aging makes a person's social sphere increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity.
defense mechanisms: Suppression
The voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one's awareness
work-energy theorem
The work done on an object equals the change in kinetic energy of the object
microtubules
Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.
Exogenous cues (attention)
Things in our environment that we don't have to tell ourselves to try to find, things like bright colors, loud noises
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
This approach focuses on coping mechanisms and methods of changing unhealthy or unproductive behaviors and cognitions. CBT is used for eating disorders, drug addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and many other conditions
Michaelis-Menten Equation
V = (Vmax * [S])/(Km + [S])
Velocity around a circle
V= 2pi(r)/T where 2pi(r) is the circumference
World Systems Theory
Views world as a unit.... social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.
Work
W=Fdcosθ W=PdeltaV
Equation for Work with regards to charge and PE and KE
W=PE=-KE= q(Vf-Vi)
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Way of detecting antigens/antibodies in the blood (Especially used for HIV detection!) well is coated with antibodies specific for a certain antigen. A sample id added to the well and if any of the antigens are present they will bind to the antibodies.Any unbound proteins are washed away and a detection enzyme solution is added to visualize the linked antibody/antigen complex
resource model of attention
We have a limited pool of resources on which to draw when performing tasks. Practicing a task diminishes task resource demand
How AAMC thinks of role strain vs role conflict... BE CAREFUL
When I saw this question, I immediately thought of the other question. I remembered how AAMC interpreted "role strain" as to be the answer as long as it does not explicitly say the opposite. What's important is that on the actual exam, you realize how AAMC thinks and do it that way
Wave Rule #2
When a wave passes into another medium, its speed changes, but its frequency does not
Functional fixedness
a cognitive bias restricting the way one thinks of an object's uses to only typical or traditional uses. If someone needs a hammer but doesn't have one, functional fixedness would prevent the person from considering a paperweight or shoe to hammer in the nail. The IAT does not measure functional fixedness.
motivational interviewing
a collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change goal orientated
Concentration cell
a galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same components, but at different concentrations E=0
imprinted gene
a gene of which only the mother's or the father's copy is expressed, but not both in the normal Mendelian sense
general intelligence
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
general intelligence (g factor)
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
absolute poverty
a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below
Dependency Theory
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
a model of persuasion maintaining that there are two different routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route
stimulus motive
a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival.
E1 reaction
a multistep elimination where the leaving group is lost in a slow ionization then a proton is lost in a second step. Zaitsev orientation is generally preferred.
reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal Reticular Activating System
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory to think through a problem
person-centered therapy
a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens
culture lag
a period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions
Angiotensinogen
a plasma protein produced by the liver... inactive form of angiotensin
Ethnography
a qualitative method for the scientific study of human social phenomena. Using observation and interviews, ethnographies study people in their natural environments (within their own communities) and provide descriptive information about the cultures, behaviors, norms, and values in a given geographic location
Covert Behavior
a response that is internal or hidden from view
gender schema
a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave
basal ganglia
a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
basal ganglia
a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements, cognition, and emotion
Bottleneck Effect
a situation where a population becomes very small due to an environmental stress and loses much of its genetic diversity
primary group
a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships
Achieved Status
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Adiabatic process
a thermodynamic process during which no energy is transferred to or from the system as heat, only by work.
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
exchange theory
addresses decision making via cost-benefit analyses
Aldosterone
adrenal cortex causes Na+/K+ pump to work harder... aka Na+ reabsorbed into blood and therefore water increasing BP, but K+ is shoved back into tubule resulting in body loss of K+.
Modernization Theory
all countries follow similar path of development from traditional to modern society. With some help traditional countries can develop similarly to how today's developed countries did.
Glycogen
alpha 1-4 linear and alpha 1-6 branching
Electric Potential Energy
amount of work to move a particle W= PE = -KE= qΔV PEe= qΔV
Korsakoff's syndrome
an alcohol related disorder marked by extreme confusion, memory impairment, confabulations. due to low thiamine (B1)
unconditioned response (UR)
an automatic physiological unlearned, response to an unconditioned stimulus (salivation)
Long-term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Positive Controls
are known to have a certain effect and can therefore be used to assess whether the experimental methodology was sound.
Cochrane review
are systematic reviews of primary research in human health care and health policy and are currently the highest standard in evidence-based health care. They investigate the effects of interventions for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation
Northern Blot
are used to identify RNA sequences radioactive DNA probe binding to sample RNA to separate RNA.
Trauma and stress-related disorders
arise in response to a highly stressful or traumatic life event. The most common example is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which often manifests in people who experienced warfare, sexual assault, or serious injury. PTSD can cause symptoms such as nightmares, flashbacks, and a propensity to avoid stimuli associated with the event.
Bernoulli's Principle
as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases (causes Venturi effect)
door-in-the-face technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment
door-in-the-face technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment that is then accepted
foot-in-the-door technique
asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
surface traits
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person
Limbic system
associated with emotions and drives amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, septal area, and hypothalamus
ultimate attribution error
assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
kinesthesia
awareness of positioning of body parts and body movement
insecurely attached
babies are less likely to explore the environment, even when their mother is present and indifferent when the mother leaves
Polycystronic
bacteria can start coding anywhere on DNA
Edwin Sutherland
differential association theory
role playing
dramaturgical approach... we act how we think we should and this eventually becomes who we actually are!
internal validity
extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study
external validity
extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings
frequency of spring
f = (1 / 2 π)(√k / m)
Binary Fission
how bacteria reproduce asexually
Place Theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
Basic Amino Acids (Positive Charge)
lysine K, arginine R, histidine H
Magnification equation
m = hi/ho = -di/do m=+=upright---(since di is - for virtual, m=+) m=-=inverted--(since di is + for real, m=-)
conservation of momentum equation
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
Monocytes
macrophages in blood
Kinesin
motor proteins in anterograde transport moves stuff from nucleus out to distal/far parts of axon
Dynein
motor proteins in retrograde transport moves stuff from distal/far places back to nucleus
intragenerational mobility
movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career
mechanical advantage formula
output force/input force when output>input... MA>1
trait approach to personality
people have consistent characteristics in their behavior
Leydig cells
produce testosterone
endoderm layers
responsible for the interior linings of the body, including the linings of the gastrointestinal system, pulmonary system (lungs), the pancreas and part of the liver, the urinary bladder and part of the urethra, and the lungs.
Aneuploidy
results from having too many or too few copies of a given chromosome. This results from nondisjunction in anaphase during cell division. Having only one copy of a chromosome is known as monosomy, and having three copies is known as trisomy.
rote rehearsal
retaining information in memory simply by repeating it over and over
defense mechanisms: Regression
retreating in response to stress to an earlier level of development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning
Regression (defense mechanism)
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
cytokines
small proteins that signal cells to move to certain area in the body where the particle (e.g. a virus) is found
positive punishment
the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring
Social behaviorism
the mind and the self emerge through the process of communication with others
ethnocentrism
the mindset of an individual who believes that his or her own culture and way of life are superior to those of others
source traits
the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
Thermodynamic Control
the most stable product is formed. Even if another product is formed more quickly the more stable product will win it over equilibrium!
xenocentrism
the opposite of ethnocentrism and occurs when the individual values other cultures above his or her own
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.
Gordon Allport
trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary
Affinity Chromatography
using tags that bind to resins that other things do not and so wash out... then elute the thing of interest off resin
Retroviruses
utilize reverse transcriptase to synthesize a complementary DNA copy from a genome composed of RNA
actor-observer bias
we blame the situation when we do things wrong not our character
Anomie
when individuals are not provided with a firm guideline in relation to norms and values and there is minimal moral guidance and social ethic. the notion that there is a breakdown between individuals and cultural norms
the door-in-the-face effect.
when individuals reject a large demand placed on them, they will be more likely to comply with a smaller subsequent demand deny big ---> Accept small
conjuction fallacy
when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event
Homotropic regulation
when the substrate of an enzyme also regulates its activity (Ex: O2 is a homotropic allosteric modulatorof Hb)
Role conflict
when there is a conflict in societies expectations for multiple statuses held by the same person (be a better husband or advance my career?)
secondary prevention
when there is an established risk factor present or when a disease/problem behavior has already begun to develop
Emile Durkheim
-Father of sociology, pioneer of modern social research and established the field as separate and distinct from psychology and politics -Major proponent of functionalism -Argued that modern society was more complex than primitive societies because they were all similar, shared a common language. Even when people were dissimilar, they relied on each other to make society function. Believed that crime is present in every society; it cannot, and should not, be eliminated. According to Durkheim, regardless of how much sociologists learn, crime will not disappear . Durkheim viewed crime as being a normal part of society, although he viewed crime as basically normal, Durkheim acknowledged that some forms of crime can be abnormal
pKa of amino group in amino acid
9.5 pH below pKa (9.5) = protonated pH above pKa (9.5)= deprotonated
cDNA library
A cDNA library includes only the coding regions (mRNA); therefore, it can be easily expressed in prokaryotes via their transcriptional machinery. However, expression of an entire genome in prokaryotes is hard for a number of reasons, including the fact that there is no splicing mechanism in prokaryotes to remove the non-coding regions.
secretin
A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer. Keep pH ok
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
A law that if two systems are separately found to be in thermal equilibrium with a third system, the first two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, all three systems are at the same temperature. Also known as thermodynamic equilibrium.
Hill coefficient
A measure of cooperative interaction between protein subunits Hill= 1 = not cooperative Hill>1= cooperative
Frank-Starling Mechanism
A mechanism by which the stroke volume of the heart is increased by increasing the venous return of the heart (thus stretching the ventricular muscle). THE HEART PUMPS WHAT IT GETS
method of loci
A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations walking through a palace....
silent mutation
A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.
permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior but lots of warmth and love
permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.
antisocial disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Occipital Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
occipital lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
Parietal Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.
demograpgic transition model
A simplified representation of a common demographic shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time
intrinsic factor
A substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
noncompetitive inhibitor
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site (allosteric), changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. A characteristic of noncompetitive inhibitors is that they bind the enzyme AND the enzyme-substrate complex with the same affinity (allosterically) Intersects at X intercept.... Vmax= decreased Km= unchanged
epimers
A subtype of diastereomers that differ in absolute configuration at exactly one chiral carbon
Anomer
A sugar diastereomer differing only in the position of the hydroxyl at the anomeric carbon
Operational span testing
A task in which subjects are asked to perform a simple mathematical verification (e.g., 4/2 +1 = 3) and then read a word, with a recall test following some number of those verify/read pairs. The maximum number of words that can be recalled is the "operation span".
fMRI
A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.
RT-PCR
A technique in which RNA is first converted to cDNA by the use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, then the cDNA is amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. gives us information about the amount of RNA expressed
social desirability bias
A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself.
Cognitive Theory
A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
incentive theory
A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli. suggests that organisms are motivated to act in order to obtain external rewards. For example, a student might spend many hours studying for an exam not because she is interested in the material (an internal factor), but because she wants to get a good grade (an external reward).
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells. Substance must have (immune cells) ¥ Often happens when the cell is trying to destroy something, like a virus or an infected cell ¥ Very specific process that depends on the cell being able to bind by engulfing surface receptors
helicase
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
humanistic theory
An explanation of behavior that emphasizes the entirety of life rather than individual components of behavior and focuses on human dignity, individual choice, and self-worth
Newton's First Law
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Doppler Effect
An observed change in the frequency of a wave when the source or observer is moving fd= fs (v +/- vd / v +/- vs) if detectors is moving toward source the top is + to increase fd. if detector is moving away from source the top - to increase fd. if source is moving toward detector the bottom - to increase fd. if source is moving away from detector the bottom is + to lower fd.
coercive organization
An organization by which its members do not have a choice
REM stage of sleep
Beta waves, appears awake physiologically, dreams, sleep paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders, increased heart rate, rapid breathing
Geometric Isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms. cis vs. trans
Systems Theory
Concepts dealing with systems such as families represent systems theory.
Conflict theory
Conflict theory views societies in a framework of class conflicts and views the domination of one group by another group as an integral aspect of social order But cannot explain the stability seen in society!! Thesis, Antithesis ----> synthesis and so on Karl Marx!
Gestalt principles
Describe the top-down processing that organizes sensory information into distinct forms. Six principles: nearness, similarity, common region, closure, continuity, and figure & ground. suggests that individuals are more likely to perceive holistically rather than in a bottom-up, serial fashion
Theory of Differential Association
Deviance is a learned behavior that results from continuous exposure to others whom violate norms and laws
Gastrin
Digestive hormone that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice from the stomach
cultural imperialism
Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy that encourages cultural assimilation of neighboring foreign peoples or by economic or technological superiority.
Energy photon
E= hf = hc/lambda = Wo + KE
Energy
E= hf = hc/λ c=λf
Electric field
E=F/q E= V/d
Energy of a photon equation
E=hf or E= hc/lambda where h= 6.626x10^-34
Iron Rule of Oligarchy
Even the most democratic of organizations become more bureaucratic over time until they're governed by a select few
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
F needed w/ out machine / F needed w/ machine
fictive kin
Family-like relationships that are not based on blood or marriage but on close friendship ties.
Torque Equation
Fdsin0
Force of Friction (Ff)
Ff= Uk(N) Ff= Uk (mg)
Current equation
I = Q/t
Self Serving Bias
I attribute the good things that happen to me because of something intrinsic about me, while the bad things that happen to me occur because of external circumstances
"I" component of self
I self is potentially doing things that differ from societal norms (not dressing for work)
If Q < Ksp, then no precipitate will form; if Q = Ksp, then the solution is saturated; and if Q > Ksp, then a precipitate will form.
If Q > Ksp, the solution is supersaturated, ion concentrations are greater than equilibrium concentrations, reaction will proceed in reverse to reach equilibrium, precipitation will occur. • If Q < Ksp, the solution is unsaturated, ion concentrations are less than equilibrium concentrations, reaction will proceed forward to reach equilibrium, more solid will dissolve. • If Q = Ksp, the solution is saturated, the solution is at equilibrium, ion concentrations are equilibrium concentrations, no more solid will dissolve or precipitate.
fixed-interval schedule
If a fixed-interval schedule is utilized, the child should demonstrate an increasing rate of response as the reward nears, meaning that he is likely to slack off initially, but as he gets closer to the designated time that the reward should be delivered, he will work harder and faster
distal stimulus
In perception, it is the actual object or event out there in the world, as opposed to its perceived image.
proximal stimulus
In perception, it is the information our sensory receptors receive about the object.
declarative memory
It refers to memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events.
secondary kin
Just outside immediate family (e.g. sibling's spouse)
catalytic efficiency
Kcat/Km
Standing-Wave Wavelengths for Two Fixed Ends
Lambda= 2L/n where n=1,2,3,.....
Learning theory of language development
Language is a form of behavior and is learned through operant conditioning--> continuing interaction with environmental reinforcement
Human cells that do not divide (4)
Neurons, red blood cells (RBCs), and skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are permanent cells and do not divide
continuity approach to aging
Older adults attempt to maintain the habits & behaviors from their youth
disengagement theory of aging
Older adults withdraw from social relationships/society as society withdraws from them
Side-effect discrimination
One institution can unintentionally influence another institution negatively.
Coercive organizations
Organizations where members do not have a choice in joining (ex. prisons, military)
constancy
Our perception of object doesn't change even if the image cast on the retina is different. Different types of constancy include size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy. closer objects appear bigger than farther objects even if they are the same size...and even if an object changes angles or shadows we know that it retains its original shape... think of rotating rectangular prism in space...
Power
P= work/time= Fd/t= v/t
Power of a lens
P=1/f (where f is in meters)
Absolute Pressure of a Fluid
P=P₀+ρgh, where P₀ is pressure at the surface, h is depth of the point measured.
PE capacitor
PEc= 1/2QV
synapsis
Pairing of homologous chromosomes (Prophase)
impression management
the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen... have multiple personalities
Gambler's Fallacy
the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently or decrease odds if it continues to happen however each event is independent of the next!
Glycogen Synthase
the bond that is formed by glycogen synthase is the main chain linkage of glycogen, which is an α-1,4-glycosidic bond. A different enzyme adds the alpha 1,6 branching glucoses....
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
institutional memory
the collective memory of the individuals in an organization about its history, situations the organization has confronted, and what was necessary to deal with them. Long-term employees are valuable as they provide institutional memory for an organization, which means that the organization does not have to figure out what to do from scratch whenever an issue similar to one in the past comes up
Groupthink
the concept that individuals are less likely to raise controversial alternatives in a group due to pressures to conform
Mitochondria
the energy powerhouses of the cell, are organelles where the citric acid cycle, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and oxidative phosphorylation take place
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
post-industrial stage (4)
the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly
Saponification
the hydrolysis of ester bonds with a strong base. Triacylglycerols contain three fatty acids bonded to a molecule of glycerol through ester linkages. Saponification of a triacylglycerol with a strong base, such as NaOH, releases free fatty acids (as sodium salts) and a molecule of glycerol.
the just-world hypothesis
the idea that life is fair (or that the world is a just place) such that when people suffer tragedy or unfortunate circumstances, it is because of some failure on their part.
cultural relativism
the idea that no one culture is better than another. All cultures judged by its own standards.
Multiple Intelligences
the idea that there are different types of intelligence that are independent of one another Gardner
absolute poverty
the inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities, including clean drinking water, food, safe housing, and reliable access to healthcare
Intersectionality
the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
When performing experiments to measure the kcat of an enzyme, the substrate concentration should be:
the kcat is used to describe the rate-limiting step of catalysis under saturating conditions of substrate.
Corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Symbolic interactionism
the mind and self emerge through the process of communication or use of symbols
Interactionist Theory
the notion that biological factors and environmental influences interact to determine the course of language development wanting to communicate motivates ppl to learn language. (Vygotsky)
Brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions Midbrain Pons Medulla
Estimating pI
the pI can straightforwardly be captured as the average of the two pKa values. For triprotic amino acids (i.e., those that have an acidic or basic side chain), the pI can be obtained by averaging the two acidic pKa values for acidic amino acids or the two basic pKa values for basic amino acids.
superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
phonological loop
the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
Psychoanalytical Perspective
the perspective that stresses the influences of unconscious forces on human behavior
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Weber's Law
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum ratio (rather than a constant amount)
Medicalization
the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such Which of the following constructs can be defined and evaluated within the constructs of culture? Health Illness Patient sick role
McDonaldization
the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world Efficiency Calculability Predictability Uniformity Control
role exit
the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
Kinetic Control
the product that forms quickest (lowest Ea) will be the one that forms not necessarily the most stable in the long run
person-situation controversy
the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors
Coding Strand
the strand of DNA that is not used for transcription and is identical in sequence to mRNA, except it contains uracil instead of thymine
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Social Epidemiology
the study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population
kinesthetic system
the system that is focused on balance and an individual's sense of his body in the world
Social Control
the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society describes the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Social Loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Normative influence
the tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group
self serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
framing bias
the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them
attribution bias
the tendency to attribute one's own negative behavior to external causes and one's positive actions to internal states
Attribution theory
the tendency to attribute others' actions to internal causes (personality traits), while attributing one's own behavior to external factors
actor/observer bias
the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities
Halo Effect
the tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic we observe first in them
Cognitive dissonance
the tendency to filter out or alter information that conflicts with what a person wants to believe
negativity bias
the tendency to focus or remember the negative aspects of experiences
self-verification
the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
Anchoring
the tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind
reciprocal determinism
the theory set forth by Albert Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment
nativist approach to language
the theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development
Activation-synthesis model
the theory that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
social learning theory
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
industrial stage (3)
the third stage of the demographic transition model, characterized by falling birth rates that close the gap with falling death rates and reduce the rate of population growth (stable population
1st law or thermodynamics
the total energy of the universe is constant W=PdeltaV or E=Q-W
Assortative mating
the type of mating that occurs when an organism selects a mating partner that resembles itself
Spatial inequality
the unequal distribution of wealth or resources in a geographic area, so that some places are richer than others
Behavior Theory
the view that all human behavior is learned through a process of social reinforcement (rewards and punishment) skinner= operant conditioning pavlov= classical conditioning
Humanistic approach to personality
theories that emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning
nativist theory of language
theory credited to Noam Chomsky that posits the existence of an innate capacity for language, referred to as the language acquisition device
Activity Theory
theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby
Cannon-Bard Theory
theory of emotion that postulates that arousal and emotion occur simultaneously and independently
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
theory of emotion which theorizes that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following the event
Edward Thorndike
theory of social intelligence
1st stage of sleep
theta waves, light sleep (can awake easily)
2nd stage of sleep
theta waves, sleep spindles (sudden bursts of oscillatory brain activity), K complexes
afferent neurons
to the CNS (sensory neurons)
cross tolerance
tolerance for a substance one has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it
Average Velocity
total displacement / time
Elastic collision
total momentum and total kinetic energy are conserved
tRNA
transfer RNA translates the genetic code by carrying amino acids form the cell cytoplasm to the ribosome
Bacterial Conjugation
transfer of plasmid DNA via a sex pilus
Phosphorylase
transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from inorganic phosphate
Cytochrome C
transfers one electron
Methods of problem solving
trial and error- Series of potential solutions attempted until desired results achieved Time-consuming, unsystematic algorithm-Precise logical or mathematical rule yielding exact results Accurate, systematic, time-consuming heuristics-Strategy or shortcut yielding approximate results Fast, potentially error-prone insight- Solution occurs in an "A-ha!" moment, typically after a mental break from the problem Valuable, occurs infrequently
Amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. FEAR
relative deprevation theory
upsurge in prejudice/discrimination when people are deprived of something they feel entitled to (they blame other things).
Intellectualization Defense Mechanism
use of excessive reasoning or logic to deal with situations rather than feeling their emotions.
pegword technique
use of familiar words or names as cues to recall items that have been associated with them
Intercostal Muscles
used in active exhalation to force a much air out as possible
CAT Scan
uses X-ray technology to provide images of brain structures
Social Cognitive Perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. observational learning!
behaviorist perspective
we observe others do things and when we do them we are conditioned by praise or punishment to continue them focuses on the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior
cholesterol in membrane
wedged into the bilayer, helps keep it liquid at lower temperatures and together at higher temperatures; important for the integrity and fluidity of the membrane increases fluidity at low temps decreases fluidity at high temps
Apparent weight of submerged object (Pascal's Principle)
weight out of water - buoyant force
looking-glass self
what you believe about yourself is how you think others perceive you
Role Strain
when a single status results in conflicting expectations. (as a student should I study for the MCAT or do my HW)
Actor Observer Bias
when bad things happen to me it is because of external circumstances, while if something bad happens to someone else it is because of something intrinsically about them
Fundamental Attribution error
when bad things happen to people it is because of something intrinsically wrong about them, not due to external circumstances
culture lag
when culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems. Common in societies because material culture changes rapidly, while non-material culture tends to resists change
Medicalization
when human conditions previously considered normal get defined as medical conditions and are subject to studies, diagnosis, and treatment fibromilagia= used to be just women complaining, now it is recognized as a disease and these women can now take on the "sick role"
Poiseuille's Law
Q= pi(r)^4 (change P) / 8nL flow is very dependent on radius!!
volume flow rate equation
Q=Av Q= flow rate A= cross sectional area v= velocity
Resistance equation
R= kp (l/A) k= dielectric constant (>1) p= resistivity l= length A= cross sectional area
activity approach to aging
Remaining physically & socially active improves quality of life for older adults
Philip Zombardo
Researched cognitive dissonance & social influence. Did Stanford prison experiment which demonstrated how institutional forces can impact behavior.
Liver Functions
Responsible for: The metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs. Enzyme activation. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and (therefore oncotic blood pressure) and clotting factors. Blood detoxification and purification. Bile production and secretion. No digestive enzymes secreted from Liver!!!!*** Synthesis of plasma proteins: Osmotic pressure within capillaries is due to the presence of plasma proteins that cannot easily cross the capillary membrane. Oncotic pressure causes a "pulling force" inside capillaries, which balances the pushing force of hydrostatic pressure, helping keep fluid in the vasculature. The majority of plasma proteins such as albumin are synthesized in the liver. Therefore, cirrhosis is expected to impact the production of plasma proteins, which in turn would affect oncotic pressure in the capillaries
Where carb and Fat digestion begin??
Salivary amylase and lingual lipase are released along with the saliva, and therefore the digestion of carbohydrates and lipids starts in the mouth
psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, meaning that sufferers experience at least one of the following symptoms: delusions, disorganized thoughts, disorganized behavior, hallucinations, catatonia, and negative symptoms.
Specific gravity
Specific gravity is a dimensionless constant, defined as ρ/ρwater. If a substance has a specific gravity greater than 1, it will sink in water. If the substance has a specific gravity less than or equal to 1, it will float, and the percentage of the object that will be submerged will equal its specific gravity × 100.
Thyroid hormones
T3 and T4 Iodine-containing hormones that control the body's metabolic rate
Period of a Pendulumn
T= (2pi) sqrt(L/g) independent of mass... only depends on length of string...
Template Strand
The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript.
Prophase I
The chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. crossing-over occurs. meiotic recombination occurs and spindle starts to form.
Demographic Transition Model
The demographic transition model refers to the transition of a society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. This transition typically occurs in predictable stages: Stage 1: In pre-industrial societies, birth and death rates are both high and population growth is slow. Stage 2: As society industrializes, death rates drop as food/medicine availability and sanitation increase. Stage 3: As society urbanizes, birth rates decline as access to contraception increases. Stage 4: In developed societies, birth and death rates are both low and population growth is slow. Stage 5: Hypothetically, for developed societies with very low birth rates, population may decline.
nucleolus
The nucleolus is the nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotes. It also contains the genes for pre-ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), which serves as the foundation for nucleolar structure. The nucleolus disassembles at the beginning of mitosis, its components disperse in various parts of the cell, and reassembly occurs during telophase and early G1 phase.
Hayflick limit
The number of times a human cell is capable of dividing into two new cells. The limit for most human cells is approximately 50 divisions, an indication that the life span is limited by our genetic program.
Penetrance
The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that actually displays the phenotype associated with the genotype.
Hyperglobalist perspective
The perspective that globalization is driven by legitimate forces, that national boundaries/specific nation states are becoming less important, and the world is becoming one unit.
Stages of Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
Trust vs. Mistrust.... 0-2 years, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt... 2-4 years, Initiative vs. Guilt....4-6 years, Industry vs. Inferiority... 6-12 years, Identity vs. Role Confusion.... 12-22 years, Intimacy vs. Isolation... 22-34 years, Generativity vs. Stagnation... 34-60 years, Integrity vs. Despair.... 60+ years
Work= Pressure x change in Volume
W=P(deltaV)
Hill coefficient
What value is a measure of the degree of cooperativity? if Hill coefficient is above 1= cooperative enzyme binding if Hill coefficient is 1 or lower= uncooperative enzyme binding
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
E2 reaction
a concerted elimination reaction involving a transition state where the base is abstracting a proton at the same time that the leaving group is leaving. The anti-coplanar transition state is generally preferred. Zaitsev orientation is usually preferred unless the base or the leaving group is unusually bulky.
common ion effect
a decrease in the solubility of an ionic compound caused by the addition of a common ion (Ksp is not affected... only the molar solubility!)
Capacitor
a device used to store an electric charge Q=CV C=1/2kEo(A/d) ---> k= dielectric and always greater than 1.... always increases capacitance! PE= 1/2CV^2 or PE= 1/2(Q^2/C)
Diathesis-stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event.
false memory
a distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur
Ideal Gases
a hypothetical gas whose molecules occupy negligible space and have no interactions, and that consequently obeys the gas laws exactly. High temps and low pressures= ideal gas At STP, each mole of gas evolved occupies 22.4 L of volume.
secondary group
a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
GABA
a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
recovered memory
a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness
Symbolic interactionism
a micro-level theory in which interactions with objects and others changes our views of our everyday observations meanings we assign to things are based on our interactions with the objects themselves and the opinions of the objects we observe others have. ex.) sitting under the tree with ants example from KA.
symbolic interactionism
a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions. describes how individuals interact with others and respond to them based on their own interpretations of the interactions examines small scale (or micro level) social interactions, focusing attention on how shared meaning is established among individuals or small groups humans ascribe meaning to things and act toward those things based on their ascribed meaning.
centriole
a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
a model of the body's stress response that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Working Memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory Visual-spacial sketch pad= processes visual/spacial info Phonological loop= processes verbal info Central executive= connects visialspacial sketch pad and phonological loop into an episodic buffer that connects it to long term memory
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Gestalt Psychology
a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts
continuous variable
a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable
Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
CT scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body
achieved status
a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
dissociation theory
a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of the rest of consciousness (hypnosis)
power analysis
a statistical method to determine the acceptable sample size that will best detect the true effect of the independent variable
factor analysis
a statistical procedure to categorize out personality traits.
master status
a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life
meritocracy
a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement
MRI
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
Southern Blot
a technique used to identify specific DNA sequences radioactive RNA probe binding to sample DNA to separate DNA.
repertory grid test
a test designed to reveal the respondent's way of construing the world according to the personal construct theory. This test is often used to determine an idiographic (the effort to understand the meaning of contingent, unique, and often subjective phenomena) measure of personality.
continuity theory
a theory focusing on how people adjust to retirement by continuing aspects of their earlier lives (try to keep things the same)
activation-synthesis theory
a theory of dreaming; this theory proposes that the brain tries to make sense of random brain activity that occurs during sleep by synthesizing the activity with stored memories
structural strain theory
a theory that interprets deviance as originating in the tensions that exist in society between cultural goals and the means people have to achieve those goals
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
a three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered Alarm Phase Resistance Phase Exhaustion Phase
Bacterial Transformation
ability of bacteria to alter their genetic makeup by uptaking foreign DNA from another bacterial cell and incorporating it into their own
cocktail party effect
ability to attend to only one voice among many particularly when you hear your own name
Awake stage of sleep
able to perceive, process, access, and express info
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly (15-30seconds), such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten lasts about 20 secs
Rparallel
add inverses and then take inverse voltage is the same but current drops
Carboxylation
addition of carboxylic acid groups, usually to serve as calcium-binding sites
enantiomers
all stereo centers differ non-superimposable mirror images
IgE
allergic reactions and parasitic worms
directed attention
allows attention to be focused sustainably on a single task.
long-term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Normative organization
an organization having a voluntary membership and that pursues goals; examples are the religion and Mothers against drunk driving
Postive punishment
an undesirable stimulus is added to decrease a behavior
low sexual dimorphism
animals from species with low sexual dimorphism typically form pair bonds and mate for life... low competition for mates
Galvanic Cells
anode= negative= oxidation cathode= positive= reduction e- flow is from anode to cathode (current!) anions travel to anode to balance oxidation cations travel to cathode to balance reduction e.g. energy supplied by battery, redox reaction gives off energy ΔG= "-" = spontaneous! Ecell= +
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
any (repeated) periodic motion (back and forth) with a restoring force proportional to displacement.
Phosphatides
any of a class of compounds that are fatty acid esters of glycerol phosphate with a nitrogen base linked to the phosphate group. Phosphatidyl choline!!
confounding variables
are external variables affecting both the independent and dependent variable
Mores
are informal norms that carry major importance for society and, if broken, can result in severe social sanctions. For example, imagine a young woman who is unmarried but decides to live with her boyfriend. Her parents are very religious and belong to a community in which only married couples are supposed to live together. In the parents' eyes, the daughter has broken a more, and the parents will levy sanctions accordingly.
Folkways
are informal norms that have less significance attached to them but that still influence everyday behavior. Breaking a folkway usually brings with it less severe consequences than breaking a more. For example, if someone is at a fancy steak dinner and begins eating with their hands, he or she is breaking a folkway.
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
efferent neurons
away from CNS (motor neurons)
consanguineal kin
biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives
osteoblast
bone-forming cell (stimulated by calcitrol and lower blood Ca2+)
two identical gurneys are placed side-by-side on a ramp with their wheels locked to eliminate spinning. Gurney 1 has a dummy placed on it to give it a total mass of 200 kg, while Gurney 2 is loaded with a dummy that makes it only 50 kg overall. If the ramp has a coefficient of friction of μs, which gurney is more likely to slide down the ramp?
both are equally likely to slide....the increase in the static friction of the heavier one is offset by the fact that gravity acts more on it....mass is irrelevant
mRNA
carries genetic info to the ribosome, where it can be translated into a protein
Endosomes
carry and sort material brought into the cell
adrenal medulla hormones
catecholamines... 1. epinephrine 2. norepinephrine
luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes testosterone synthesis
Secretin
causes pancreas to release bicarbonate HCO3 to neutralize acid that makes it into duodenum
CCK
causes... 1.) pancreas to release enzymes 2.) gallbladder BILE release 3.) lowers gastric motility
Angiotensin II
causes... vasoconstriction (increase BP) aldosterone secretion (increase BP) GFR increase Pituitary release of ADH (increase BP)
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes (diploid 2n)
Glial Cells
cells in the CNS that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Mood disorders
characterized by the persistent, abnormal elevation and/or lowering of one's mood, which refers to a sustained, internal state of feeling or emotion. These conditions include bipolar disorders, which are marked by swings between extreme moods. These moods may include depression (a state of persistent sadness and lack of energy) and mania (a high-energy state marked by poor judgment, lack of sleep, and euphoria). Another mood disorder is major depressive disorder, which is characterized by at least one major depressive episode (a period of depression lasting at least two weeks).
psychoanalytic perspective
childhood experiences shape who the individual becomes as an adult. Abuse or neglect can lead to a damaged ego, which can result in the individual becoming more likely to commit crime
Sherif's Robber's Cave Experiment
children were grouped into different camps and, through manipulation, were encouraged to have negative attitudes towards each other. However, after given a task in which they had to collaborate, they began to view each other more favorably.
Taboo
completely forbidden behavior and violation incurs strong social and possibly legal consequences. ex.) incest or cannabalism
Wernicke's aphasia
condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language
confabulation
confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened
method of loci (memory palace)
consists of associating items you want to remember with physical locations
Inhalation (diaphragm)
contracts and flattens
right side of brain
controls emotional expression, spatial perception, recognition of faces, patterns, melodies, and emotions it processes information globally and cannot influence speech
Medulla
controls heartbeat and breathing, and is the point of nerve crossing over.
Skeptical perspective
critical of globalization, considers it as being regionalized instead of globalized. Third world countries aren't being integrated into global economy with same benefits as first world countries. Current economy is not leading towards global capitalism. Transnational corporations still tied to their home countries and national borders remain important
High Culture
cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
specific gravity
density object/ density water
Floating Object submerged volume...
density object/density liquid= ratio of object SUBMERGED
In operant conditioning studies, the subject's motivational state is most typically operationally defined by
depriving the subject of some desirable stimulus item for a period of time
functionalist perspective.
describes society as a complex system with components that have social functions that work together to promote social stability. The theory of functionalism has been criticized for emphasizing stability too much while neglecting conflict, and a functionalist would be unlikely to make an assertion about society with an emphasis on inequality The sociological paradigm of functionalism makes a distinction between manifest, or intended, and latent, or unintended, functions of social activities. From the functionalist perspective, almost all social actions have both manifest functions and latent functions, both of which are connected to overall social stability.
descriptive
descriptive refers to what one perceives as actually occurring.
flashbulb memories
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
Southern blotting
detect DNA
Northern Blotting
detect RNA
low frequency sounds
detected primarily by hair cells at the apex (tip) of cochlear duct
high frequency sounds
detected primarily by hair cells at the base (start) of cochlear duct
Western Blotting
detects proteins
Edman degradation
determines the amino acid sequence in an isolated protein pulls off amino acids one by one in a stepwise process
construct validity
determines whether a tool is measuring what it is intended to measure.
Aaron Beck
developed the Beck Depression Inventory (more commonly referred to as the BDI), the survey most often used in depression diagnosis and management
George Herbert Mead
developed the idea of social behaviorism, which led to the foundation of symbolic interactionism "I" component= do what I want to do (party instead of study) "Me" component= do what society wants me to do (study instead of party)
George Herbert Mead
developed the idea of social behaviorism, which led to the foundation of symbolic interactionism ME versus I
Mary Ainsworth
developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment
primary deviance
deviance from a norm that is considered "acceptable" by society and does not result in any aggressive reactions that could cause ostracism
differential association theory
deviance is learned behavior resulting form interactions between individuals and their communities individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to it, while individuals who don't commit crimes have not been exposed to this type of behavior.
labeling theory
deviance is the result of societies response to a person rather than something inherent about the persons actions
Enantiomers
differ at all chiral centers in absolute configuration... same chemical and physical properties (mirror images only difference is the way the bend light
Diastereomers
differ at least one but not all centers in absolute configuration.... (non-mirror images)
diffusion of responsibility
diffusion of responsibility is the psychological phenomenon whereby members of a group lose a sense of personal responsibility for their actions (or failure to act) because responsibility is presumably shared
Transformation
direct uptake of genetic material from the environment and is not mediated by viruses
Psychophysical discrimination testing
directly assess our perception of stimuli in relation to their true physical properties
defense mechanisms: projection
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Mixed Inhibitor
do not bind to active site and will either bind to enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex Intersects somewhere in middle of graph... Vmax= decreased Km= varies
implicit memory
does not require conscious thought, but rather allows people to perform tasks by rote (e.g., driving a car or typing on a keyboard without looking at the keys
Core Nation
dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials. They are strong in military power and not dependent on any one state or country.
core nation
dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials. They are strong in military power and not dependent on any one state or country.
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
Translation involves the 60s and 40s ribosomes in __ translation
eukaryotic translation
sick role
expectation in society that allows you to take a break from responsibilities. But if you don't get better or return, you're viewed as deviant and harmful to society
Social learning theory
explains how individuals learn socially by watching others
activation-synthesis hypothesis
explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods
in-attentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Type 1 error
false positive
Hypermopia/ Presbyopia
farsightedness, fix with converging lens
insecure attachement
fear of losing parent or guardian, become more clingy and continue to be distressed after return of the parent
Leptin
feeling of fullness/satiety
culture shock
feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, or even fear when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices. Ex. Moving countries, move social environments, or travels to another type of life (urban to rural).
Demographic transition theory
first a drop in the death rate then a drop in the birth rate. addresses changes in the birth rate and the death rate that are associated with economic development (specifically, related to industrialization). The typical pattern begins with a drop in the death rate, leading to population growth, followed by a drop in the birth rate, leading to population stabilization (USA)
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
first addresses maladaptive behaviors through behavior therapy to systematically modify a person's behavior. This is followed by sessions designed to foster cognitive change, through self-assessments.
IgM
first antibody produced pentamer effective against microorganisms and agglutinating antigens
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes uses ABC model... determine the antecedents and consequences of the behavior.
psychodynamic models
focuses on internal aspects of an individual's psyche, and is associated with psychoanalytic theories of personality. Such theories are based upon the idea that our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories both determine our personalities and motivate our choices and actions
foot-in-the-door effect
foot-in-the-door effect states that, when individuals comply with a small demand first, they are more likely to comply with a greater demand later accept small ----> accept big
chromatin
fully packed DNA composed of closely stacked nucleosomes
mesoderm layers
generates many of the structures present within the body, including the muscles, connective tissue (including blood, bone, and cartilage), the gonads, the kidneys, and the adrenal cortex
GNRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone from Hypo... GNRH stimulates Anterior Pituitary to release Growth hormone (GH)... GH stimulates bones and muscles to grow
GnRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone from hypo... stimulates anterior Pituitary to release LH/FSH... LH/FSH stimulate testes/ovaries to release testosterone and estradiol.
reference group
group that an individual compares himself or herself to for self-evaluation
Universal emotions
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger
Negative controls
have no known effect
Harlow's experiment
he felt that attachment had to be influenced by more than just food. He put monkeys in cages and gave them a soft support structure to lean on in place of their mothers. He had one wire mom and a cloth one in a cage. In a few cages the wire mom gave the food and in some the cloth mom gave the food. In both situations even if the wire mom gave the food the monkey still chose to be with the cloth mother because she was softer and more comfortable.
Low DNA methylation High DNA acytelation
high transcription rate= euchromatin
Brain structures involved in memory
hippocampus, cerebellum, amygdala
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hold onto water via aquaporins in the kidney released from anterior pituitary
progesterone
hormone produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary and the placenta of pregnant women regulates the condition of the endometrium.
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow when O2 is low EPO is high to make more RBCs when O2 is high EPO is low to make less RBcs
Renin
hormone secreted by the kidney; causes angiotensinogen to convert to inactive angiotensin I
somatostatin
hormone that inhibits release of growth hormone and insulin inhibits gastric processes as well
Nondeclaritive memory
houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional responses
The Thomas theorem
how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality "A child's perception of ghosts being real will keep him up at night, despite the fact that ghosts do not exist"
Humanistic Perspective
humans are seen as inherently good and having free will, rather than their behavior being determined by their early childhood relationships created by Carl Rogers
dual-coding effect
humans process and represent verbal and non-verbal information in separate, related systems
Grehlin
hunger arousing hormone
extensor plantar response
if you take a hard object and scrape along bottom of foot, normal response is flexor - toes will come down on the object. But with extensor, toes extend up.
belief perseverance bias
ignoring or rationalizing info that does not match your belief.
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
impaired secretion of insulin by pancreatic β cells, resulting in hyperglycemia insulin resistant= cells cannot recognize insulin when it is there either.
Priming uses which type of memory
implicit memory... you do something without thinking about it because your primed= procedural memory!!
Similarity Bias
implies we will not befriend people different from us
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others if practiced worse performance on simple task if not well known in the presence of others
actualizing tendency
in Roger's theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response (bells) works best when presented before the unconditioned stimulus
Phenome
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Parathyroid
in the neck; controls the calcium levels in your body, and normals the bone growth Parathyroid Hormone= increase Ca Calcitonin= lowers Ca
availability heuristic
in which individuals pay attention to more extreme cases, which they then use to generalize events as occurring at greater rates than they actually are ex. Hearing about a particularly violent crime in the newspaper and concluding that there is greater crime overall The availability heuristic refers to the overvaluing of information that is readily available.
semi-peripheral nations
in-between nations, not powerful enough to dictate policy but acting as a major source of raw materials and an expanding middle class marketplace
Anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
relative poverty
inability to meet the average standard of living within a society
Anomia
inability to name objects
abasia
inability to walk due to lack of muscular coordination
Agraphia
inability to write
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
hypertonia
increased muscle tone
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels...by breaking down bone.
Kinship of Affinity
individuals are related by choice, such as through marriage, rather than through blood
avoidant attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations use background knowledge to influence perception.
suicide inhibitors
inhibitors which participate in an intermediate step of a catalytic reaction and become converted to a more effective inhibitor bind IRREVERSIBLY
Pancreas hormones
insulin from Beta cells glucagon from alpha cells
parietal lobe
integrates multiple inputs of sensory information, from spatial sense and navigation (proprioception) to temperature (thermoreceptors) and touch (mechanoreceptors)
hereditary genius
intelligence is a biological capacity and is inherited Galton
Francis Galton
intelligence is due all to genetics/heredity interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement
Raymond Cattell
intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing: 16 Personality Factors (16PF personality test)
Assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Diasteromers are
invert at least one but not all stereo centers! non-superimposable non-mirror images
cross-sectional designs
investigate a population at a single point in time, looking for predictive relationships among variables A limitation of cross-sectional designs is that they can show correlations, but not causation, because looking at changes over time is necessary to assess whether a cause-and-effect relationship is present.
Cross-sectional studies
investigate a population at a single point in time, looking for predictive relationships among variables. A limitation of cross-sectional designs is that they can show correlations, but not causation, because looking at changes over time is necessary to assess whether a cause-and-effect relationship is present
Anxiety disorders
involve a state of excessive apprehension, worry, or panic. This state of heightened physical arousal can be unpleasant and inhibit regular functioning. While most people feel anxiety occasionally, those with anxiety disorders experience it persistently, and it adversely impacts their lives.
Dissociative disorders
involve the disruption or breakdown of perception, identity, memory, or awareness. Individuals with these conditions feel disconnected from reality. Often, this dissociation serves to provide an unintentional escape from reality or barrier against stress from a life event.
Deindividuation
involves a loss of identity and self-awareness, which is associated with the loss of one's sense of responsibility
executive attention
involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
Korsakoff syndrome
is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine). Korsakoff syndrome most commonly occurs due to alcohol abuse
positive control group
is a control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment but that is exposed to some other treatment that is known to produce the expected effect
negative control group
is a control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment or to any other treatment that is expected to have an effect.
reaction formation
is a defensive process in which anxiety-inducing impulses are minimized by displaying outwardly the exact opposite thought, feeling, or tendency.
Place theory
is a theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane
semantic memory
is associated with facts, concepts, and other information about the external world
BF Skinner
is best known for his work in operant conditioning, where he used a device called a "Skinner box" to study the effects of rewa
Gordon Allport
is known for his studies of personality, where he outlined a form of trait theory that included three basic types of traits: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits. Cardinal traits are those around which people organize their entire lives. In contrast, central traits are defining characteristics of a person that can be easily inferred from that person's behavior. Finally, secondary traits are those that only occur sometimes, particularly when a person is in a certain social situation.
cultural capital
is the accumulation of knowledge, behaviors, and skills that one can tap into to demonstrate one's cultural competence, and thus one's social status or standing in society
parallel processing
is the brain's ability to process several different components of a stimulus simultaneously. For visual stimuli, the brain processes information about color, shape/form, motion, and distance (depth) separately but at the same time, so perception is seamlessly integrated.
joint attention
is the focusing of attention on an object by two separate individuals.
transference
is the inappropriate transferring of feelings about one relationship to another. The classic example is a patient transferring childhood feelings about a parent onto their therapist
Diffusion
is the spread of an invention or discovery or ideas from one place to another. Spread of ideas such as Capitalism, democracy and religious beliefs have brought change in human relationships around the world
Beuracracy
it has a formal hierarchical structure; it is managed via a set of defined, specific rules and regulations; it is organized by functional specialty, with different workers performing different, specialized tasks; it has a unified mission that is either "up-focused," that is, to serve shareholders, a board, or some other entity that empowers it, or "in-focused", that is, to serve itself through maximizing profit or maximizing market share; it is purposefully impersonal; and employment is based on technical qualifications, either advanced degrees or training.
similarity principle
items that are similar are grouped together
Representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information If a girl next to me is loud and egocentric I will instantly think she is a blundering feminist.
secondary kin
just outside immediate family (sibling's spouse)
Joule (unit)
kg*m^2/s^2
Joule units
kgm^2/s^2 and Nm
neutrophils
kill bacteria
Eosinophils
kill parasites
acquisence bias
know what the researcher is interested in or the aim of the study, participants may select certain responses to please the researcher
Howard Becker
labeling theory
interactionist perspective of language
language acquisition is the result of both biological (eg, normal brain development) and environmental/social factors, particularly the interaction that occurs between children and their caregivers.
Linguistic Determinism/ Linguistic Relativity
language determines the way we think
secondary reinforcers
learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers (Not necessary to survive)
obserational learning/social learning/vicarious learning
learning through watching and imitating others.
SN1 mechanism
leaving group leaves and forms a carbocation that needs to be stabilized
Hemisphere for language
left hemisphere
periphery nations
less economically developed with weak governments and institutions
periphery nations
less economically developed with weak governments and institutions (can be exploited by the core nations)
euchromatin
light, less dense regions of chromatin looser packing makes DNA more accessible and therefore euchromatin has a higher transcription rate and gene activity.
C. Robert Cloninger
linked personality to brain systems involved with reward, motivation, and punishment; proposed that personality is linked to the level of activity of certain neurotransmitters
Informative influence
look to the group for guidance when you don't know what to do. Assume the group is always correct
retroactive interference
lose old info... new info kicks out old info
high DNA methylation low DNA acytelation
low transcription rate= heterochromatin
Glycine neurotransmitter
major inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord
stressor categories
major life events daily hassles catastrophes ambient stressors= pollution, noise, etc...
Low frequency waves
make it all the way to the apex of the cochlea
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes
makes enzymes/proteins that will eventually be secreted
Smooth ER
makes proteins that stay in cell
Density
mass/volume
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
state dependency effect
memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
reconstructive memory
memory that has been simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on an individual's experiences and attitudes
defense mechanisms
mental processes that protect individuals from strong or stressful emotions and situations
Absolute threshold of sensation
minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Cognitive behavioral model
model of depression suggests that a person's thoughts and behaviors can cause depression
elaboration likelihood model
model of persuasion that explains when people will be more influenced by the logic of an argument or by more superficial characteristics such as the appearance of the speaker or the length of the speech.
pineal gland
modulates sleep through melatonin productions
Superego
moral conscious that preaches morality and only "right doing" that directly counters the Id.
Retriveal Cues
more likely to remember something is similar to the state or context or environment you had when you were encoding the memory from your working memory to your long term memory. Priming= rabbits, rabbits, rabbits--(hair or hare?) Context= environment where you encoded at State= mood, emotions, you had when encoding
Intragenerational mobility
movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of one generation
IgA
mucosal immunity...protects mucosal surfaces
frameshift mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
fcentripital
mv^2/r
white matter
myelinated axons
White Matter
myelinated axons... Inside of brain Outside of spine
Snell's Law
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2 if n1>n2... then θ1<θ2 if n1<n2... then θ1>θ2
malleus, incus, stapes (MIS)
name the 3 ossicles of the ear
semiperiphery countries
nations ranking in between core and periphery countries, with some attributes of the core countries but with less of a central role in the global economy
Erik Erikson
neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
feature detectors.
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
Granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
retrograde amnesia
new memories kick out old memories new----kicks out---->old
conduction zone
no gas exchange
Telocentric
no short arms and centromere is at top with two long arms extending below it.
Epidermis
no veins
Mores
norms based on moral beliefs/values with social backlash if not followed. ex.) telling the truth for politicians
secondary deviance
not considered acceptable by society and often results in the individual being excluded from a group
cultural relativism
not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
socioeconomic status (SES)
occupation, income, and education.
sublimation (defense mechanism)
occurs when a person channels unacceptable urges, like a craving to smoke, into something more acceptable, like helping others to quit.
divided attention
occurs when an individual must perform two tasks which require attention, simultaneously.
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people capable of thinking about the message focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts Creates lasting change that resists fading and counterattacks
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and logic of the persuader
amalgamation
occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new unique group
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness creates temporary change of opinion that is susceptible to fading and counterattacks
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness, status, or expertise
Stereotype boost/lift
occurs when positive stereotypes about social groups cause improved performance. For example, Asians reminded of the stereotype "Asians are good at math" before completing a math test tend to outperform Asians who are not first reminded of this stereotype.
Independent Stressor
occurs without the person's influence (ex. death of a loved one)
anterograde amnesia
old memories block formation of new memories old---blocks---->new
mimetic organization
ones that just attempt to copy another organization
sensory memory
only lasts for a short period, allowing the individual to remember impressions of sensory information after the stimulus has been removed
high frequency waves
only make it to the base of the cochlea were they are attenuated
operant extinction
operant behavior no longer produces reinforcing consequences, the behavior gradually stops occurring.
opponent-process theory
opponent-process theory concerns color vision and states that, due to opponent neurons, human beings cannot see combinations of certain colors
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
fundamental attribution error
other people's faults is due to something intrinsic about them, not because of their situation.
gender identity
our sense of being male or female
Proprioception
our sense of body position/balace
serial position affect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
back stage
our true selves when our guards are down
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p+q=1 p2 = homozygous dominant 2pq= heterozygotes q2= homozygous recessive p= frequency of dominant allele q= frequency of recessive allele
Social Constructionism
people actively shape their reality through social agreements on social constructs that are concepts/practices that everyone in society agrees to treat a certain way ex. Money!! = nothing inherently valuable about it besides the value we place upon it.
social constructionism
people actively shape their reality through social interactions, it is something constructed not inherent. Social Construct= something that is not inherently apparent in nature and only exists so long as society deems it (value of money!)
Yerkes-Dodson law
people perform best when moderately aroused. Too little arousal= start sleeping too much arousal= cant focus U-shaped curve.
Weberian Stratification/ 3 component theory of stratification
people separated based on 1. power 2. prestige 3. class
devil effect/reverse halo effect
perceive people with an overall negative impression or if one attribute is very negative (ex: a kid that often acts up in class and is considered a "bad kid" that can never do right)
Behaviorist perspective
personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person's environment. Deterministic approach uses classical and operant conditioning
Hans Eysenck
personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes (biology), used introversion/extroversion
Hans Eysenck
personality theorist; asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion
Disassortative mating
phenotypically different individuals preferentially mate; produces excess of heterozygotes
Phosphofructokinase-1
phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate pyruvate directly inhibits... ATP non-competitively inhibits...
James-Lange theory
physiological response causes emotion
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
physiological response then appraisal, then emotion.
Alfred Binet
pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help-not applicable in the U.S. because it was too culture-bound (French)
Albert Bandura
pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others by modeling them; Studies: famously conducted his "Bobo doll" experiments, which showed that children can display observational learning for aggressive behavior when they watch adults exhibit such behavior.
nucleus accumbent
pleasure center
Positive control
positive controls are treatments that are known to have a certain effect and can therefore be used to assess whether the experimental methodology was sound.
E=+
positive reducing potential more likely to be reduced
place theory
posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane.
referent power
power deriving from one's personal attraction to wanting to be in a flashy group/ fit in
prejudice
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
transtheoretical change model
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintainence.
hnRNA
precursor/ immature form of mRNA that must be spliced and capped. (Only in eukaryotes since prokaryotes don't process their mRNA)
ectoderm layers
primarily gives rise to the nervous system Neurons/Spine/Brian, and epidermis (skin), as well as related structures like hair, nails, and sweat glands, and the linings of the mouth, anus, and nostrils.
Ependymal cells
produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells
produce cerebrospinal fluid
Learning Perspective of language
proposes that language is acquired through conditioning and modeling when parents praise children for words they randomly say or mimic they are reinforcing the learning of language.
signal sequence domain
protein domains required for proteins that are directed toward secretory pathways
apoenzyme
protein portion of an enzyme w/ out cofactor
clathrin
protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for phagocytosis
histone
proteins that form octamers and DNA wraps around to then condense into a chromosome. basic (+) so they can attract the negative phosphate groups on DNA....
Antibodies
proteins that function in the immune system to recognize foreign particles known as antigens. Specifically, antibodies mark foreign antigens for destruction (eg, phagocytosis) by other immune cells. Each antibody contains a variable region that binds to a specific chemical structure within an antigen, known as an epitope. Typically, the epitope is a sequence of amino acids within a protein or peptide. Antibodies bind their epitopes through noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attractions.
mediating variables
provides a causal link between two variables that show a statistical correlational relationship this is the actual cause of the relationship and therefore the dependent variable you are looking at is only correlation, NOT causation
fixed-ratio schedule
provides reinforcement (in this case, a highly desirable reward) after a set number of instances of the behavior (in this case, after five completed homework assignments). If a fixed-ratio schedule is utilized, the child should demonstrate a fairly high rate of response, meaning that he is likely to consistently complete his five homework assignments in anticipation of his reward
Freud
psychoanalysis id, ego, superego psychosexual stages of devolopment oral anal Phalic - Edipus complex stage Latent Genital
projection
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Sodium Potassium Pump
pumps 3 Na+ out pumps 2 K+ in restores voltage of - inside + outside via ATP
Microtubules
radiate from centromere attach to kinetochore
Electromagnetic spectrum
radio waves, microwaves, infared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, xrays, and gamma rays
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
Clonus
rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch
Pregnanz (simplicity)
reality is organized/ reduce to the simplest form by our mind.
self-actualization
realizing his or her human potential.
defense mechanisms: Sublimation
rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive
NaBH4
reduces ketones and aldehydes to alcohols
Social Cognitive Theory
referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world
ecological validity
refers to how findings from an experimental setting can be generalized to the environmental considerations in the real world
false consciousness
refers to internalizing oppressive narratives regarding unjust social structures (in this case, the idea that educational success is purely a property of personal intelligence rather than being affected by social structures
Cultural capital
refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.
primary prevention
refers to prevention of a disease or problem behavior before any signs, symptoms, or risk behaviors have developed.
Regression to the mean
refers to responses becoming less extreme when participants are assessed again, instead of becoming less moderate or average.
the optimism bias
refers to the belief that bad things only happen to other people, not to oneself
the halo effect
refers to the belief that people have inherently good or bad natures
low-effort syndrome/coping
refers to the coping responses of minority groups in an attempt to fit into the dominant culture. For example, minority students at school may learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe they are being discriminated against by the dominant culture.
external validity
refers to whether the results of the study can be generalized to other situations and people.
socioeconomic gradient in health
reflects that those with the lowest status are less healthy than those in the middle, who are less healthy than those at the top
Oedipal Complex/Electra Complex
relates to how a boy perceives his relationship with his mother. Specifically, an individual with such a complex will desire or actually attempt to supplant his father, becoming his mother's primary focus of love and intimacy.
Exhalation (diaphragm)
relaxes and lifts
reproductive memory
remembering something exactly (not generally how we process things)
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future first thing to lose with aging
phosphatase
removes phosphate
shadowing (psychology)
repeat what you hear or see immediately. As soon as they hear a number in the attended ear, they say it. This is a standard definition of shadowing in psychology.
endogenous cues (attention)
require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it. E.g. a mouse arrow
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period
nucleus accumbens
reward center
formal and informal sanctions
rewards and punishments to reinforce organizations vs unwritten, personal relations (avoidance/gossip)
selective attention
s the ability to maintain attention while being presented with masking or interfering stimuli.
Lenses
same as mirrors except that when di is positive (real) the image is on the opposite side of lense and when di is negative (virtual) the image is on the same side of the lease as the object,
sense (+) strand
same sequence as mRNA coding strand
Parietal cells
secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
parietal cells
secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
beta cells
secrete insulin
Goblet Cells
secrete mucus
Chief Cells
secrete pepsinogen
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
Somatostatin (SS)
secreted by the pancreas, and inhibits release of Growth hormone and many digestive processes (CCK inhibitor, insulin and glucagon inhibiter)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the egg cell (ovum)
gastrin
secreted from G-cells, stimulates acid and pepsin secretion.
Cholecysrokinin (CCK)
secreted in response to fats in the duodenum. causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, stimulates gallbladder contraction for release of bile, and decreases gastric motility. Increases Satiety
pineal gland
secretes melatonin
Thantos drive (death drive)
self/other destructive (fear, anger, hate)
Encoding
sensory info to memory
afferent neurons
sensory neurons TO the CNS
SDS-PAGE
separates proteins based on their mass alone... imparts an equal negative charge to all proteins by coating in sodium mitigates shape by unraveling protein folding negative charge on the top wells....positive charge on the bottom
electrophoresis
separating things by size or charge smaller things migrate faster because they dont get caught in the pores. Opposite end is negative so positive things migrate fastest.
Primary Structure
sequence of amino acids
amino acids that can be phosphorylated
serine, threonine, tyrosine phosphorylation has to happen with any amino acid that has a hydroxyl group in it's side chain because more often than not, phosphorylation happens in an esterification type reaction. So, Serine/Threonine, Tyrosine (but sometimes histidine can)
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
Metacentric
short (p) and long (q) arms of chromosome are equally spaced on centromere.
Submetacentric
short arms (p) get smaller and long arms grow(q)
Sympathetic
short, then long neuron
thin-layer chromatography
silica is highly polar and will slow down polar molecules and let non polar molecules run up... so non-polar molecules will have higher Rf value polar molecules will have lower Rf values farther a molecule moves up the higher the Rf value....
radioimmunoassay (RIA)
similar to ELISA but use radio labeled antibodies instead of enzyme linked antibodies
respiratory zone
site of gas exchange
serotoli cells
site of spermatogenesis
pons
sleep and arousal (middle of brainstem)
secondary socialization
socialization outside the family after childhood
humoral immunity
specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids The humoral immune response is characterized by the presence of specific molecules known as antibodies or immunoglobulins.
Microtubules
spindle fibers in cell division
High Ka Low pKa
stronger acid
basal ganglia
structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
social cognitive theory
suggests that behaviors are learned through observing others and modeling their actions
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain tells us what is active in brain when!
self-reference effect
tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves
Role Strain
tension among the roles connected to a single status
Phonology
the actual sound of the word
Impression Management
the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
angle of refraction
the angle between the refracted ray and the normal
decibels
The way I think of decibels is the number before the zero (i.e. 2 in 20) is how many "zeroes" there are to measure intensity. For example, 20 decibels = 2 zeros = 100 (10^2). 30 decibels = 3 zeroes = 1000 (10^3). And so on. So if you are doing a ratio of 20 dB to 40 dB, it would be 10^2/10^4. 10 decibels= 10^1= 10 20 decibels= 10^2= 100 30 decibels= 10^3= 1000
Electric Potential
The work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from infinity to that point in the field. V= k Q/r
Signal sequence
The sequence within a protein that directs the protein to a particular organelle.
Bohr effect
The tendency of certain factors to stablize the hemoglobin in the tense conformation, thus reducing its affinity for oxygen and enhancing the relase of oxygen to the tissues. The factors include increased PCO2, increase temperature, increased bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), and decreased pH. Note that the Bohr effect shifts the oxy-hemolobin saturation curve to the right.
affect heuristic
The tendency to make decisions based on one's emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively.
trichromatic theory of color vision
The theory that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths
Tertiary Structure
The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain. (includes disulfide bonding)