MDSE 3250 - All Quizes
The number of SKUs (stock keeping unit) in an assortment plan is the result of multiplying:
number of styles x number of sizes x number of colors
What are buttonholes placed on?
overlaps and underlaps
DTM refers to
"dyed to match"
*If selecting colors for a season are not only about being trend-right, then what else is important when selecting colors for the seasonal palette?*(3)
- A seasonal palette should include both fashion-forward and basic or mass-consumption colors. - Color selection should consider the target market: age, fashion level, life stage, personal coloring and ethnic diversity. - The garment's function and the location where it will be worn should influence color selection.
Interlining may also provide:
- Body - Shape - Reinforcement - Warmth
Criteria for findings and trims includes which of the following:
- Compatability - Similar physical characteristics including weight, fiber content and construction - Appearance retention
When selecting trims, which of the following must be considered
- Compatibility - Price guidelines - Quality (all above)
*Color choices affect which of the following?*
- Cost - Fashion - Durability - Dyeing reproducibility
Sourcing personnel will attend concept and line meetings so that they may:
- Determine what capabilities are needed for the season - Give advice on how best to make the product - To explain what can and cannot be done - Suggest design or construction trade-offs
Costs of goods that may be overlooked by product developers include:
- Fees for agents and factors - Tariffs and occasional quota reservation fees - Logistics
Moving textile production closer to apparel sourcing:
- Has been fueled by lower textile prices in Asia - Encourages full-package programs - Cuts shipping costs
*The attributes of color are:* (3)
- Hue - Value - Chroma
Factor(s) that can fuel an increase in cost of apparel production is (are):
- Increasing competition for available apparel from consumers in countries such as China - Volatility in cost of cotton due to greater demand and crop damage - Increasing wages in developing countries)
An extra layer of fabric used for support in structured garments is called:
- Interfacing in home sewing -Interlining in the apparel manufacturing industry (both)
Four types of Buttonholes:
- Key-hole - Bound - Slot - Straight machine-made
Which of the following information is required to develop a merchandise plan:
- Past season sales - Analysis of current business climate - Stock levels required to support the marketing and sales plans - Trend forecast
Quality assurance is best described by which of the following:
- Process-oriented - Involves planning - Prevention (b,c,d)
The use of a computerized body scanner enables:
- Products made to custom-fit individual consumers - Mass customization in a factory environment - Development of a new sizing standard for the United States
By sourcing, instead of making your own products, control is lost over which of the following?
- Shipping - Quality - Scheduling (all above)
A marker is used to:
- Show the layout of pattern blocks on the fabric - Ensure efficient use of the fabric (A and B)
Four types of Thread:
- Spun - Core-spun - Monofilament - Multifilament
The sourcing mix of a company refers to
- The combination of resources and suppliers used to produce the product lines - different options to meet the changing needs of a global environment
Quality is:
- The physical features of the product - The performance of the product - However the customer defines
The capacity of a factory to produce garments is measured by:
- Throughput volume - Throughput time - Work in progress
The cost of imported goods must include additional fees for:
- Transportation to a distribution center - Tariffs (Both A and B)
Vendor compliance refers to what?
- Vendor meeting or exceeding the standards and specifications detailed in the spec pack - Vendor paying fair wages - Vendor meeting labor requirements
Sourcing requires a cross-functional expertise in production, management and law to overcome barriers of:
- culture - varied resources - distance - a complex system of international trade laws
Infrastructure refers to:
- roads - power supply - water - communications systems
Product Developers must be aware of the many changes happening in:
- tariff structures and trade agreements - global politics and weather - current events
Third-party testing at places like Intertek and Bureau Veritas is necessary because:
- the consumer expects transparency - because most retailers do not own their own labs - to establish the suitability of all components
T or F? Manufacturers usually purchase closures by the gross
?
Which of the following is NOT true about nanoparticles? - Nanoparticles are applied in solution to fibers, yarns, or finished textiles by spraying, dipping, soaking, or printing. - Nanoparticles neither wash out nor do they affect the breathability or hand of the fabric. - Nanoparticles can impart resistance to wrinkles, stains, soil, water, bacteria, and ultraviolet light - A nanoparticle is so small that more than 15 would fit across the diameter of one strand of your hair.
?
Quality Control refers to which process(es)?
A and B (Final Random Inspection and Dupro)
Product developers seek to give business to countries who:
A and B (are stable and welcome foreign investment and adhere to fair labor and wage practices)
Two of the top 10 least expensive nations in which to source garments are:
A and C (Cambodia & Honduras)
Quality assurance may also be described by:
A and C(Conformity to standards and specifications & Inspecting product on the dock)
A flounce is:
A curved or shaped piece of fabric sewn onto a garment
Which of the following is the correct meaning of the term "slow steam policy"?
A general agreement struck in 2007 among shipping companies to reduce fuel costs and greenhouse gas emissions by restricting ocean speed.
List price is:
A manufacturer's suggested retail price for the product
A Unit Production System is
A method of garment factory organization in which an overhead transporter carries a part or section of a garment to each operator's station in sequence.
The assortment plan is a visual guide that evolves as designs are finalized and ensures all of the following except:
production and delivery schedules synch with the line plan.
What is gross?
A quantity measure
A tax put on products being imported into a country is:
A tariff
The U.S. Customs and Border Protection require which of the following paperwork for entry into the U.S.:
A, B, C ( Bill of lading, Packing list, & Commercial invoice)
Which organization provides help with wet test methods for evaluating textile products?
AATCC
Which organization focuses on dry test methods for evaluating textile and apparel products?
ASTM International
The color system used for rendering via computer monitor is:
Additive, using red, green, and blue or blue-violet as the primaries
The most derivative approach to design begins with
purchasing actual garments as samples
The important factor(s) in selecting sourcing partners is (are):
All of the above (Cost of labor, materials, and transportation, Ability of resource to meet quality specs and delivery times, & Import duties and tariffs)
The sourcing method(s) used by U.S. firms for securing materials and production is (are):
All of the above (Direct sourcing to domestic or foreign producers, Sourcing agents or trade fairs, Offshore facilities and joint ventures, & Licensing)
Some ways to make printed motifs:
screen printing, heat transfer, digital printing
Which of the following is NOT an example of a method for finding information about potential sources of labor and materials?
searching lists of vendors provided by the US Department of Labor
The role of the technical designer during and after a fit session will NOT include
sewing a new sample
A pricing strategy which includes a price up to 2.5 to 3 times cost is referred to as:
status or prestige pricing
Which of the following is NOT an example of cutting instructions for a contractor?
stitches per inch
Three main belt shapes:
straight, contoured, tie
Hong Kong:
All of the above (Is now officially part of China, Has moved from outward-processing arrangements in mainland China factories to relocation of much of their industry there to take advantage of lower wages, Serves as a regional sourcing hub for orders from around the world, and Is home to TAL Apparel Group, one of the largest apparel producers in the world)
Components of the cost of goods produced includes:
All of the above (Materials, Direct labor, & Overhead)
When checking garment measurements for conformity to written specification guidelines,
All of the above (Measure the garment flat on a table, Measure woven garments with full circumference measurements, and Measure knit garments with half of the circumference)
Raw material standards are:
All of the above (Part of quality assurance, The standards for fabrics and findings and trims, & Used to communicate with suppliers during the planning stages)
QIZ refers to which two of the following:
tariff-free entry into US for apparel made in Jordan & Egypt with a small part of the process provided by Israel
Sizing standards in the United States are recommended by the:
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Define beading.
Any flat lace with eyelets for threading ribbon through it.
Define edging.
Any flat lace with one scalloped edge and one straight edge.
Define galloon lace.
Any flat lace with two scalloped edges.
Define insertion lace.
Any flat lace with two straight edges
Surface design applied directly to garments or garment components is:
Applique, Trapunto, and Embroidery
The seam where a set-in sleeve fits to the bodice is called the:
Armscye
The area with the more highly skilled workforce, adept at working with a variety of fabrics, is:
Asia
The "product development perspective on quality" refers to quality assurance as prevention rather than detection. Choose two of the following pages in a tech pack. Describe the kind of information that is listed. Be specific and explain the range of information that might be listed
Sewing Instructions (seam classification using ASTM or ISO, stitch classification using ASTM or ISO, seam allowance size, stitches per inch, and pressing instructions) Bill of Materials-Textiles (fiber content, construction, color, and location in the garment) Bill of Materials- Trim (material, finish, color, size, location, and quantity) Bill of Materials-Labels and Packaging (description, materials, dimensions, location, and method of attachment)
May involve only one ply of fabric
Edge finish
The first place on a garment to which the eye is drawn refers to which design principle?
Emphasis or Focal Point
Seams, darts, gathers, and pleats are:
Shaping devices to make a garment fit the body
The bill of materials covers:
Fabrics & Findings and trims (Both A and B)
*T or F: Blue and violet are considered warm colors.
False
A free trade zone in an area outside of the USA offers American companies exchanges free labor in exchange for investment in infrastructure costs.
False
A patch pocket is an example of an inside pocket.
False
A short run requires many plies of fabric to be spread before cutting.
False
All online virtual fitting methods require the customer to send in photos of their bodies in their lingerie in order for the programmers to create avatars.
False
Although it is essential for sourcing specialists to have knowledge about the working conditions is the country where they are sourcing, only large firms have resources to gain accurate knowledge for decision making.
False
American apparel products sold in Europe are labeled the same as those sold in the United States
False
An implied warranty is legally binding.
False
Bangladesh is a popular country for production because of its great record on protecting its human resources.
False
Because pressing equipment has become highly automated with computerized settings, standards are easy to establish and achieve.
False
Because trim items constitute such a small percentage of any garment, it is unnecessary to test them as long as the shell fabric passes tests for performance and safety.
False
Body scanning is so expensive that only universities, government agencies and trade groups have been able to use it to create sizing systems.
False
Companies may choose a fit model who projects an aspirational ideal that will appeal to the target market, regardless of the models proportions.
False
Companies refer to the combination of resources and vendors they utilize for distribution of their product line as their sourcing mix.
False
Copyright law generally protects the design of garments.
False
Cost and turnaround time are only factors to consider in choosing sourcing options
False
Croquis sketches are illustrations of garments done as they would lie on a flat surface without a body.
False
Design ease is required to make a garment fit the body.
False
Direct sourcing is done by sourcing agents who provide full-package contracts for other firms.
False
Duty is assigned to products only based on the country where the manufacturing is done.
False
FOB price includes shipping.
False
Fiber content of all trims must be identified on the garment label.
False
Financial decisions do not affect the decisions of creative designers.
False
Garment standards originate in the technical design phase of product development.
False
In commercial stitches, the 4-digit number identifies each stitch class with the first number identifying the class and the others identifying the specific stitch within that class.
False
In the United States, Sizing standards are controlled by the government.
False
It is necessary to inspect fabric only once at the mill.
False
Most testing conducted by retailers is required by the government.
False
Most testing is required by the government because retailers wouldn't do it otherwise.
False
Most wholesalers do not rely on costing from previous season (post production costing) because global conditions change so much in a short time that pricing from previous seasons is inaccurate.
False
Off-grain garments hang evenly and appear symmetrical.
False
Once a firm has come to understand and define the true shape and proportion of the customer through body measurements and grade rules, it's job is done. All the technical designers and patternmakers need to do is apply the measurements to create perfectly fitting garments.
False
Once the details and finishes (the "make") have been established in the design spec, the product development team have no choice but to continue to produce the item as designed in order to preserve the brand image, even if it means going over cost.
False
Price is a good indicator of product quality in women's wear.
False
Production costing is the actual cost of a finished garment.
False
Products that are priced to match competitors' pricing is called 'market penetration pricing'.
False
Profit is expected to be 10 percent of the price of apparel products.
False
Retail markup includes the cost of goods.
False
Sourcing decisions today are based on lowest labor costs.
False
Sourcing professionals prefer to work in countries that respect American creativity and innovation and always seek the client company's solutions for problems.
False
Sourcing professionals tend to avoid countries with developed domestic markets and growing export markets because of the competition for workers and materials.
False
Sourcing relies on Product Development to keep them aware of what their decisions mean to the production calendar.
False
Sourcing specialists have an advantage in working in countries with high debt levels because export manufacturers can get suppliers to give them big discounts.
False
Studies show that although many people complain about fit, the truth is that they just don't know how to select the right brand and size.
False
T or F: Textile construction can be designed to keep the body warm, but not cool.
False
T or F: The solvents used to make the inks used in textile printing fluid and quick-drying, such as toluene, are mildly irritating to the skin and eyes, but are considered basically harmless.
False
T or F: Today patterns for weaving, knitting, and printing are developed by painting images on paper with traditional art media, including gouache, watercolor, acrylic, markers, or pastels.
False
T or F: When a brand works with a licensee, the brand provides all services to create and distribute a product, including design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and sales.
False
T or F? Buttons on baby clothes should be small in proportion to the size of the child
False
T or F? Decorative trims are an integral part of the garment structure and its use
False
T or F? Plastic is a good material to use for durable snap closures on blouses
False
The Federal Trade Commission has provided and enforced standards for clothing sizing in the United States since 1948.
False
The Middle East contributes very little to the global textile and apparel trade.
False
The average woman in America is a size 10, so the industry uses that size for samples.
False
The best way to be sure that the price offered by a sourcing specialist for labor in an offshore facility is to get an accurate engineered cost based on production methods utilized in a factory in the USA?
False
The best way to improve factory efficiency regarding materials is to ask the management to install CCTV cameras in the cutting room and materials room and review the tapes.
False
Which of the following information is NOT a mandatory labeling requirement (as listed by the Federal Trade Commission)
Size Designation Is required: - Fiber Content - Country of Origin - Care
Trade shows visited for the purpose of sourcing are organized to promote business-to-business connections. Which of the following entities does NOT promote trade shows
the United Nations
Which of the following in NOT true about the make-to-order manufacturing method?
the lead times are shorter than the make-to-stock manufacturing method is true: - wholesalers wait for retailers orders before placing orders for materials - make-to-order is supported by advances in communications - the wholesaler takes on less risk of cutting too much product
The cost of a material or production service that is quoted by a vendor always includes a percentage that covers additional costs such as shipping, compliance inspection, tariffs, fluctuations in currency and compensation for costs due to poor quality or late deliveries.
False
The country of origin must be listed so that the U.S Customs and Border Protection can stop products at the border that may be carrying infectious diseases.
False
The inseam measurement in men's pants is from waist to hem.
False
The only way a sourcing specialist may be sure that a factory is managed well and uses efficient practices is to conduct their own audits.
False
The only way to guarantee that workers are treated justly and equitably is to source labor from counties with just laws and policies.
False
The percentage of apparel sold in the United States that is imported is currently about 50 percent.
False
The product developer is most involved in the Profit and Loss Statement through gross margin.
False
The pyramid plan of assortment planning has more fashion items than basic items.
False
The term "hardware" refers to a category of tools that are used to accomplish complex sewing operations.
False
Trade agreements set up for the trade of apparel and textiles are negotiated only for the immediate economic benefit of the USA.
False
Uneven grading is not possible in today's manufacturing environment.
False
Vanity sizing, the practice of labeling smaller sizes with larger-size tags.
False
Variable costs stay the same no matter how many units are produced.
False
When a production facility uses the absorption costing method, all of the operating expenses are calculated by a percentage of the average cost of a garment that usually is made in the factory.
False
When creating a grading system, there is one fact that can be relied on: as the front body girth measurement increases from one size to the next, the back girth measurement increases the same amount on every body.
False
Whereas small companies are faced with the restraints of minimum order sizes that are dictated by vendors, large companies can have any quantity they want at any time.
False
What are closures?
Fastenings that make a garment look better; adjust garment's fit
The government requires labels on garments for:
Fiber content and care instructions
Which of the following is NOT true about the standard body size that a company chooses for its size system?
the standard body size must be selected from a set of measurements provided by the Federal Trade Commission
Yarn-dyed fabrics are planned first because:
they are basic products.
The main reason for licensing is:
to establish a global presence and achieve recognition in unfamiliar product lines
Name at least three kinds of discount that wholesalers offer to retailers during price negotiation.
trade discount seasonal discounts quantity discounts promotional discounts introductory allowances invoice payment terms
What is the most common weave used in lining?
twill because of its dimensional stability
The most common types of thread used in manufacturing today are:
Spun and Corespun
Detailed labor costs are based on:
Standard allowed minutes (SAMs) for the operations
Which of the following is the set of body measurements that most closely represent the ideal shape of the target customer for a brand?
Standard body size
*Samples of prints are called ____________; they are prepared and submitted to product developers before final purchase.*
Strike Offs
One of the most common issues with Product Developers and Sourcing not respecting capacity is:
Subcontracting
Quality problems occur most often with contractors dealing with:
Subcontracting work when the contractor has an overload
Most common seam type Booked seam often pressed open
Superimposed seams
Concept boards illustrate the theme for a seasonal line. They generally include:
Tear sheets and sketches of inspirational silhouettes as well as directional colors and fabrics.
Which of the following is NOT a reason that makes a garment twist around the body?
The computer software in which the pattern is made does not balance the patterns from left to right. Are reasons: - The pattern pieces may have been laid into the marker with the warp grain at an angle that is not vertical to the ground. - The textiles may be skewed. - Cut pieces from one size may be mixed with pieces from another size.
The length of a buttonhole is measured by:
The diameter of the button plus its depth
Setting the price is a skill which affects or determines all of the following except:
The factory
When measuring the body which of the following is true?
The measuring tape for a circumference measurement should be parallel to the ground while a length measurement should be perpendicular to the ground.
Examples of closures used in garments include:
zippers, buttons, hooks, and eyes
The name for sundries or notions that is preferred by the apparel industry is:
Findings
Seam class that includes all configurations of butting two pieces together, end to end
Flat seams
Probably the most important reason for product developers to source out production today is:
Flexibility to follow fashion trends
Which of the following would NOT be a common seam used in commodity products?
French seaming for side seams
Which of the following is a reason why functional ease cannot be standardized for every garment?
Functional ease varies depending on the silhouette desired by the designer.
Please list some common guidelines for developing standards for tolerance in finished measurements.
Girth tolerance should not be more than half of the grade. Tolerance on wovens is less than on knits. Tolerance on tiny parts such as collar points should be very small. Tolerance cannot be tighter than the ability of the machine or method to produce. Tolerance should suit the product: a fleece hoody and a bra will not be the same.
The Elements of Fit are:
Grain, set, line, balance, and ease
What type of button holes tend to work better?
Horizontal
If you were a sourcing specialist and your boss asked you to make a list of three countries in which to look for new sources of sewing labor, list three what would you look for to ensure that your company would be working in a country that would support its investment and trade relationship?
Human resources: efficiency, labor relations, public health and safety, education Business climate: financial system, access to capital and markets Technology penetration Innovation Public institutions: government, infrastructure, import/export context, shipping, trade relations
*Assuming the volume of fabric needed remains the same, what will happen to cost if we add more colors?*
Increase
An extra layer of fabric used for support in structured garments is:
Interfacing
The weight and fabrication of the outer fabric are important factors in selecting:
Interfacing, trims, closures
Which of the following garment categories is generally the most complicated type of top?
Jacket
Garments that are line-for-line copies of another firm's product are:
Knockoffs
Seam used to attach patch pockets
Lapped seams
Lighter colors tend to make the figure appear:
Larger
Define tiers.
Layers of ruffles
Button size is measured in:
Lignes
Down time for bobbin winding has to be considered when selecting the:
Lock stitch
Define Battenburg Lace-
Loops of narrow, flexible tape secured into place by threads
The biggest trade show in the United States is:
MAGIC in Las Vegas
What is a self belt?
Made out of the shell of the garment
The biggest trade fair in the US for garments is:
Magic
Traditional grading systems have failed to earn consumer trust. The following is a list of conditions that make today a good time to apply new systems of grading?
Marketing methods are able to explain non-traditional sizing systems to the general public.
The Profit and Loss Statement includes a component about each of the following except:
Markup
In order to monitor compliance, what is done to the fit sample before the fit model tries it on?
Measured
Two types of snaps:
Mechanically attached and sew-in
Materials used to make zipper chains:
Metal, plastic molded, nylon coil
The most common size range used by women in the United States is:
Misses
The difference between NAFTA and CAFTA-DR and many other free trade agreements with the United States is:
NAFTA and CAFTA-DR require that garments made in those nations be constructed of U.S.-made fabric and thread to qualify for tariff reductions
The main difference between CMT and OEM/Package contractors is:
OEM finances the cost of the fabric and findings from the mill.
Retailers have been trying out online virtual fitting methods. In your opinion are these methods reliable? If so why? If not, why not?
The systems are not very reliable yet. Some of these systems rely on the customers reporting their own measurements. Customers are not experts at taking their own measurements Customers are reluctant to report their body size and shape accurately In some systems customers are asked to report their favorite brands and the size that fits them from that brand. The brands may not have consistent sizing systems and quality assurance. Brands may not have sizing systems that are comparable to the brand being sought The garments being sold have to be very consistent in sizing at point of sale
*What is 'color management'?*
Process of controlling the outcome of a color from initial concept to final production.
Planning for quantity production is done in the:
Production costing or final estimate phase
The most commonly used production method for mass produced garments is the:
Progressive bundle system
Relationship or scale of parts to each other or the whole refers to which design principle:
Proportion
Which of the following is NOT true about recovering losses from poor quality from offshore vendors?
Rebates are the best way to get compensation.
The final cost for a garment for the consumer is the:
Retail Price
A narrow woven fabric trim with finished edges is:
Ribbon.
Grading is:
Scaling of pattern pieces or sizes of garments based on sample size
Grading is
Scaling of pattern pieces to sizes of garments based on sample size
Characteristics of woven interfacing is are:
They are strong and do not stretch. They must be cut on the grain. They tend to be more costly than other types of interfacing.
Support materials include all of the following except:
Thread Includes: - linings - sleeve heads - interlinings
Companies refer to the combination of vendors they utilize for production as their sourcing mix.
True
Coordinated group lines have become more challenging to sell due to the popularity of separates.
True
Cost of goods is the monetary value expended to produce a garment style.
True
Counterfeit goods in the apparel business are typically identified by the misuse of brand identity rather than the design of the product.
True
Detailed construction specifications make it possible for garments to be consistent when more than one supplier is contracted to produce a style.
True
Electronic information sharing by computer has lessened the impact of distance on offshore sourcing.
True
Fabric softener over time may build up and create a safety hazard.
True
Fashion goods tend to be more labor intensive than staple goods.
True
Few factories are located near all of the materials needed to produce garments, so the condition of rails and roads to and from ports and other factories and warehouses is critical to the predictable movement of goods.
True
Firms doing business with the European Union (EU) need to follow ISO standards.
True
Floor-ready product specs include the costs of hangers and hangtags in the cost of goods.
True
Full fashion construction means part of a sweater has been knit to shape.
True
Garment shipping may take as little as 20 days (less if closer) up to 45 days.
True
Girls' sizes are a growth area in retail and are sometimes called tweens.
True
Grade rules are the amount of change in measurements from one size to the next.
True
Gross margin is what is left after the cost of goods is subtracted from net sales.
True
If a fiber is present in the amount of less than 5%, it may only be stated in the fiber content if the fiber has a special function.
True
In developing economies, apparel manufacture and export have a stabilizing influence, as they increase income and attract investment.
True
In general, pattern should be scaled to the wearer.
True
In modular manufacturing systems, operators work in teams on small quantities of product, often conducting multiple tasks at one machine.
True
It is not the form of government, but weak governance and widespread corruption that can cause hidden costs, delays, and general lack of responsibility among managers and workers.
True
It's cheaper to make it right the first time, than to take shortcuts and have to fix it later.
True
Li & Fung and MAST Global Fashion are among the largest sourcing companies in the world, providing private label merchandise for many U.S. retailers.
True
Licensing allows you to put your name on products produced and sold by others.
True
Men's furnishings include items of clothing such as shirts, ties, underwear,and accessories.
True
Menswear sizing tends to be more consistent than women's wear.
True
Most apparel manufacturers in the U.S. today are actual product development or brand managers who develop ideas, select materials, and decide who will make it, how much volume to make and when, etc.
True
Most testing failures in textiles and/or garments is due to poor crocking and poor dimenstional stability.
True
Offshore contractors in developing countries are trying to be more vertical in their operations.
True
Offshore sourcing has a stabilizing influence on many developing countries.
True
One way to find information about trims that is needed when completing the BOM in the out the tech pack is by reading the sample cards and packets supplied by vendors.
True
Part of the solution to rebuilding trust with customers about fit will rely on a brand's ability to communicate clearly about what a size designation means.
True
Precosting is an estimate of what it costs to produce one garment.
True
Product quality must be measured by whether the product is functional and durable.
True
Production scheduling depends heavily on the turn time required to produce the garments.
True
Random checks by QA (quality assurance) inspectors (in-process inspection) help reveal unexpected problems early in the process where change can be implemented quickly.
True
Separates lines often include a limited number of styles developed in a wide array of colors.
True
Smaller companies are often excluded from selling to big box stores because they cannot comply with packaging requirements.
True
Sourcing agents are a good option for those who are unfamiliar with a new product or sourcing in a new country.
True
Sourcing is the process of securing materials and production capacity beyond the firm that orignates a garment design
True
Sourcing professionals look for countries with can provide consistent access to high-speed Internet connections and consistent energy supplies
True
Specification packs are information developed by technical designers to ensure garments are manufactured to a firm's standards.
True
T or F: Early commitment to an exclusive textile or trim will often require a minimum order, so bigger companies have the competitive advantage over smaller ones.
True
T or F: Even though the retailer may not directly pay for sample yardage, the retailer still pays through the cost of the garment.
True
T or F: Fabrication is the process of selecting fabrics for garments in a seasonal line.
True
T or F: In general, bottom weight fabrics are 6oz./sq.yd. and over.
True
T or F: Polyester consumes twice the energy needed to make the same amount of fiber, but it uses much less energy throughout the life cycle of the finished fabric/garment.
True
T or F: Print patterns should be scaled to the wearer's body.
True
T or F: Sample yardage is the fabric needed for design exploration.
True
T or F: The focus of many product developers has shifted from marketing organic or sustainable fibers to improvement in the supply chain (reducing chemicals, water and electricity usage).
True
T or F: Turnaround time is longer for textiles that are made to the developer's specification. Buying off-the-card reduces the turnaround time, but also reduces exclusivity.
True
T or F: Weight has become a focus of research as competitive athletes such as bicyclists and swimmers seek to shed every ounce of weight that might impede their performance.
True
T or F? All materials used in garments, beyond the shell fabrics, are classified as findings and trims.
True
T or F? Bodies are recurring styles that have already been perfected in styling and fit.
True
T or F? Buttonholes are placed on the right side of most women's garments when looking directly at the garment
True
T or F? Buttonholes are subjected to more vertical stress during wear than horizontal stress
True
T or F? Computer applications help reduce the number of samples needed in the product development process.
True
T or F? Findings may be functional or decorative or both.
True
T or F? For neatness, buttons are sewn flat onto the surface of the garment
True
T or F? Licensing is a contract to pay for use of a name or logo on a product.
True
T or F? Logistics is the complex tracking and moving of products on a global basis to their final destination.
True
T or F? Manufacturers will seek to minimize the number of sizes to keep inventories down, yet satisfy as many customers as possible.
True
T or F? One potential problem of fused interfacing is strike-through
True
T or F? Paper labels are the most inexpensive kind of labels; they are made of nonwoven webs.
True
T or F? Premade belts used by manufacturers tend to be of lower quality than those sold separately
True
T or F? Shoulder pads and sleeve headers are shaping devices used in tailored garments
True
T or F? Support materials restrict the drape of some parts of the garment while leaving the original drape in other parts
True
T or F? The keyhole buttonhole is used on coats to provide room for the shank of the button
True
T or F? The most common type of interfacing in use today is nonwoven fiberweb
True
T or F? The selection of lining is often left to the manufacturer who is given a set of minimum
True
T or F? Thread that is color-matched to the fabric is considered a sign of quality
True
T or F? Trims are decorative materials or surface treatments that embellish a garment
True
T or F? Trims are used to enhance the desirability of a garment style.
True
The P&L allows comparison of the productivity of one season with another and one business with another business.
True
The advent of three-dimensional printing of garments may completely circumvent the need for patternmaking and weaving.
True
The biggest consumer complaint about apparel products is fit.
True
The bulk of apparel products today are modifications of previous styles.
True
The industry encourages the use of height and weight charts on infants' wear rather than age.
True
The most common seam type used in women's wear is the SSa type.
True
The production cost is finalized when the tech pack and cost sheet information is confirmed.
True
The profit and loss statement always contains the same basic components.
True
The purpose of including a page header with general information about a style is to allow translators and engineers to pull out sections for translation, analysis, and planning without losing the context of the whole product.
True
The pyramid assortment plan atnicipates that the bulk of seasonal sales will come from repeat, basic merchandise.
True
The revolutionary way of thinking behind cluster sizing is that the Intervals between sizes may need to be irregular and unpredictable.
True
The rise is the measurement from the crotch to the waist in men's pants.
True
The texture of a fabric affects how we preceive color.
True
Third-party providers such as Bureau Veritas and Intertek may be helpful in establishing transparency to vendor compliance and quality.
True
Thread is sold using a system called Tex: the larger the number, the coarser the thread.
True
Tolerance is the allowable amount of variance from the stated measurement. It is usually stated next to a measurement as +/- and a fraction of an inch.
True
Using a company's trademark is voluntary and considered a good marketing tool, but using someone else's trademark is illegal.
True
When a company chooses to obtain its products by direct sourcing, they give up the oversight and support of an agent but gain flexibility in the choice of factories and save cost.
True
When a garment does not have enough ease over bust or seat, the panels of fabric will swing out at the hem at the front or back and the garment will be unbalanced.
True
When a merchandiser reduces the number of color offerings for a style in order to increase units in each color to save money, they may be risking loss of sales by limiting variety.
True
When a production facility uses the direct costing method, all of the operating expenses are added up and added to the price as a fixed amount. Their only variable costs are the materials and direct labor.
True
When a wholesaler needs to cut costs, they may find that asking other partners in the supply chain to conduct fabric testing may be cheaper than doing it themselves.
True
When product developers are pressured to meet a wholesale price target, the choice to reduce materials costs may backfire and result in quality issues that affect sales at retail and damage brand image.
True
Written materials such as a standards manual or tech pack become a part of the contractual agreement between the vendor and the firm ordering the garments.
True
T or F: All colors, whether solids, yarn-dyes or prints, must be included in the seasonal color palette so they may be matched to a standard.
True (even white)
In general, the weave structure that wears the best as a lining fabric is:
Twill weave
Which of the following is NOT an example of decorative trimming
Understitching Decorative Trimming: - Hemstitching - Fagoting - Understitching
Which of the following is NOT true about activity based costing?
activity based costing is based on the number of activities that are needed to produce a product
Do you think that standardization of body measurements is a solution for inconsistency of fit from one brand to the next? Justify your answer.
"It may be impossible, given the great diversity of the population of the U.S., to create one uniform sizing standard." some reasons include: the population of the United States is composed of people from all over the world with different body structures intermarriage exacerbates the diversity lifestyle changes effect body shape increase of obesity has added body shapes ISO was unable to create a global standard
When the utilization of a textile for a particular style is poor, what can a product developer suggest to improve it?
ask the patternmaker to change the grain lines
The retail pricing strategy that respects the consumer's perception that a product is priced fairly is called
at-market pricing
Five methods of zipper application:
center, invisible, fly-front, exposed, and flat
Creating a fabric story involves:
chosing textiles for the season or a group
Thread is selected based on:
color, size, strength, elasticity
Which of the following is NOT a reliable source of information about the dimensional stability of textiles?
consumer ratings
Which of the following is NOT be a required test for children's clothing?
copper content of parts
Which of the following is NOT a reason for companies to conduct laboratory tests their fabrics and materials?
ensure sales volume at retail what is: - verify performance of the product during use - verify performance of the product during laundering - ensure compliance of the product with safety and health regulations
Describe Smocking:
fabric pulled into a smaller area by making tiny parallel tucks
Which of the following is NOT true about fixed costs?
fixed costs increase in inverse proportion to the number of units produced Is true: - fixed costs include direct labor of workers who make the product - fixed costs include operating expenses such as rent and equipment - fixed costs include professional fees for lawyers and consultants
An example of mass customization is:
hemming pants ordered on a website to the customer's specification
Which of the following is NOT a result of the successful integration of technology and skill in a factory
higher education levels among workers
*If an olive green twill fabric matches the standard under Daylight, but does not match--may even change colors--when viewed under a different light source, what is this called?*
illuminant metamerism
Double welt pockets are:
inside pockets + slash pockets
Which of the following is NOT true about a profit and loss (income) statement?
it is a production reporting tool true: - used to track past performance of income and expenses - it can be used to compare data from one time period to another - it can be a summary report or expanded and itemized
A risk to be aware of when sourcing overseas and especially in China is:
lack of respect for intellectual property
Which of the following is NOT a discount offered by wholesalers to retailers to negotiate a price that benefits both parties.
loyalty discount
Which of the following positions would be part of a merchandising team for a private label product developer, but NOT for a wholesale product developer?
merchant/buyers
Seam allowances in manufactured apparel are usually:
1/4 inch on curves 1/2 inch on straight seams
What is the typical quantity of a gross purchase?
12 dozen
A coordinated group line usually consists of:
15 to 30 pieces
Stitch type with the least amount of stretch Most often used to topstitch collars and cuffs
301
The written specification for a commonly used booked seam that can be pressed open after it is sewn is:
301 SSa
Most business estimate the cost of goods figure as _________ of the total net sales.
40-60 percent
Preferred stitch for attaching elastic
401
Stitch used to hem a T-shirt
406
Fabric represents how much of the cost of the garment?
50-80%
Stitch used to simultaneously sew and finish a seam
516
*When approving color, why do many product developers prefer to use the digital evaluation method instead of visual evaluation?* a - They can see and touch the colors on the bulk production fabric. b - It's less expensive and saves time. c - It's more accurate and reliable. d - B and C e - All of the above
B and C: b - It's less expensive and saves time. c - It's more accurate and reliable.
Often, retailers do not pay for sample yardage; the manufacturer is required to make all purchases of the fabric. Why?
Because when the manufacturer owns the fabric, they are more careful about using the fabric wisely.
The sizing of a garment is established based on the __________ measurements.
Body
*Limits on color assortments are suggested on the type of product line as follows:* a - Basics and separate item lines can be offered in a wider range of colors. b - Coordinated group lines tend to feature 3 to 5 colors. c - Correct! Both a and b are true. d - Neither a nor b is true.
Both a and b are true. a - Basics and separate item lines can be offered in a wider range of colors. b - Coordinated group lines tend to feature 3 to 5 colors. c - Correct! Both a and b are true.
Once a product developer purchases a print fabric design, the copyright: a- Is purchased with the print and the design can be modified b- Is registered with the Department of Commerce c- Is automatic to original design work when it is first in tangible form d- Both a and c
Both a and c: a- Is purchased with the print and the design can be modified c- Is automatic to original design work when it is first in tangible form
When a piece of fabric encloses the edge of another, it is a:
Bound seam
*Most people make a decision about a product within 90 seconds of their first interaction based on _________ alone.*
Color
*Of all the product development process, which part has the longest turnaround time?*
Color
*Which one of the answers below is the most important reason to use color standards?* - Color standards provide dye recipes in most cases which give the manufacturers a place to start when creating dyes. - Color standards shared with all partners in the supply chain allow all components of a garment to be matched to the same standard, thus allowing all materials to match. - Color standards allow global collaboration, thus saving time.
Color standards shared with all partners in the supply chain allow all components of a garment to be matched to the same standard, thus allowing all materials to match.
Collars, cuffs, and pockets are all garment details; they are also considered to be:
Component parts
Collections of photos, sketches, and swatches to explore design direction are called:
Concept board
If a garment fails testing, it is most likely due to:
Crocking and Dimensional Stability (a + b)
Which of the following was NOT about the Size USA study completed in 2004?
Data was collected from more than 10,000 participants, mostly from the mid-West.
The focus of European contributions to the apparel business is on:
Design concepts and high-value goods
To create a garment style, body measurements are supplemented by:
Design ease & Functional ease
Which of the following is NOT a cause of drag lines?
Design is inappropriate for the customer.
Name three methods that factories use for calculating operating expenses.
Direct Costing Absorption Costing Activity-Based Costing
Wages for cutters, machine operators, and production overhead are part of ____________.
Direct labor
The most frequently used business model by product developers today for direct sourcing of their garment production is:
Original equipment manufacturing (OEM) or package contractors
Precosting is based on the:
Original sketch for a garment sample
What is underlining?
Outershell and lining are layered together before garment is constructed.
Joint ventures are:
Ownership of a facility shared with a business based in another country
A term used for a range of braids and cords used for trim on garments is:
Passementerie
Please list three methods used for deriving patterns in mass customization.
Patterns derived from measurements Patterns derived from adjustments to a base style Patterns derived from alteration to a base size pattern
A good recommendation for large print pattern usage is:
Placement of large motifs should be carefully planned
Diagonal wrinkles in a garment are:
Pointing to areas where the garment is too snug
What is the difference between toddler and children's size categories?
Toddler sizes allow extra room for diapers
Which one of the following is NOT a common guideline for developing standards for tolerance in finished measurements.
Tolerance on wovens is more than on knits. is a tolerance: - Girth tolerance should not be more than half of the grade. - Tolerance on tiny parts such as collar points should be very small. - Tolerance cannot be tighter than the ability of the machine or method to produce. - Tolerance should suit the product: a fleece hoody and a bra will not be the same
Wicking is the ability of fabrics to:
Transfer moisture away from the surface of the body
*T or F: A designer may develop a color concept on the computer in a color they love, only to find that the color cannot be achieved on the fabric they have selected.*
True
*T or F: A shade is a color mixed with black.*
True
*T or F: Black, white, and gray are achromatic colors.*
True
*T or F: Humans are capable of distinguishing about 10 million variations of color.*
True
*T or F: The first step in color management is the selection of a seasonal color palette.*
True
*T or F: The same dye color may appear different when applied to different fabrics.*
True
A common guideline for determining tolerance is that the girth tolerance should not be more than half of the grade.
True
A company's sourcing strategy is determined by its strategic plan and marketing strategy
True
A gross margin after markdowns around 50% is considered respectable.
True
A line consists of the collection of garments offered for sale by a firm at a given time.
True
A major key to sourcing decisions today is the timing of delivery dates for products.
True
A sizing study done in the 1980s found older women's measurements about the same as others except for location on the body
True
A stitch length of 10 to 12 stitches per inch (SPI) is considered average for light- to medium-weight wovens.
True
A trademark is any word, name, symbol, device or combination thereof that is adopted and used by a manufacturer or merchant to identify goods and distinguish them from those manufactured and sold by others.
True
Although Mexican wages are higher than in most Asian countries, the cost of shipping by truck rather than vessel and the greatly reduced lead times can make the total price more competitive.
True
Any claims made on any labeling on a product implies a warranty whether stated or not.
True
Apparel production is labor intensive, so wholesalers, in order to compete, continue to seek sources of production from facilities in those parts of the world where wages are the lowest
True
Avatars used in three-dimensional patternmaking can be based on body scans of a house fit model.
True
Average garment lead time is 45 to 60 days.
True
Because the stitches on looper machines "give," they are most suitable for knitted fabric.
True
Because transportation costs are less than 10 percent of the cost of goods, moving a product closer to home to save shipping costs may not outweigh other costs such as labor.
True
CMT is more common in countries where technical skills are less well developed or where trade agreements demand that fabric is sent from the United States.
True
China is the largest national exporter of apparel in the world and home to significant production capacity.
True
Collections typically begin with many idea sketches that are edited to achieve the final line offered to retailers.
True
When juggling costing variables, costing professionals may make one decision that impacts another. List at least three variables and mention how saving costs in that area may impact another. Example: Expensive materials can be substituted by cheaper ones, but the cheaper materials may bring risk to the quality of the product.
Utilization can be increased by offering fewer sizes or smaller sizes thereby risking losing customers by reducing dramatic proportions in the style such as sweeping hem width at the risk of losing novelty and appeal Materials costs may be reduced by reducing color offerings or consolidating several styles into one, thereby increasing units for bulk orders, but novelty and variety will be lost. Duty may be less on some fiber contents than on others, but the fiber may not appeal to the target customer. Shipping costs may be reduced when the wholesaler lets the vendor pay for shipping services, but they also lose control over the process. Labor costs may be reduced by reducing details on the product, but novelty and uniqueness will be reduced.
Softening the fabric, dyeing a garment, or adding a finish may be accomplished at which of the following stages?
Wet processing
A small collection delivered more frequently during the season is known as:
a capsule collection