med term chapter 8-15
parathyroid gland
4 glands; each of which is about the size of grain of rice, are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
trigeminal neuralgia
A condition characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve; affects the cheek, lips, and gums on the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve.
neurologist
A physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of disease of the nervous system.
myopia
A vision defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina; also known as nearsightedness.
Norepinephrine
Affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress.
AD
Alzheimer's disease
GD
Graves disease
oxytocin
Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.
pia mater
Innermost layer of the meninges
thyroxine
One of the primary hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of other body systems.
psychologist
PhD or PsyD, but is not a medical doctor; evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness
diaphoresis
Profuse, but not necessarily excessive, sweating.
adipose tissue
Tissue that stores fat.
incision
a cut made with a surgical instrument
pustule
a small, circumscribed lesion containing pus; a pimple
photodynamic therapy
a technique used to treat damaged and precancerous skin, as well as various types of cancer
callus
a thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing
hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver
ALD
aldosterone
male urethra
approximately 8 inches long; urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis; transports both urine and semen
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
ejaculatory duct
begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate glands, and empties into the urethra; a reflex action caused by these ducts causes ejaculation
navel
belly button; formed where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus
cerebr/o
cerebrum, brain
CKD
chronic kidney disease
cysto
cystoscopy
dentist
diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
percutaneous dialysis
dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood
EPI, Epi
epinephrine
gastrorrhea
excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach
photophobia
excessive sensitivity to light
sulci
fissures
bridge
fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to the adjacent teeth
FA, FAG
fluorescein angiography
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in intestines
Huntington's disease
genetic disorder classified as a neurodegenerative disease
seminal vesicles
glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells
poliomyelitis
highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis
ghrelin
hormone produced in the GI tract; hunger hormone
antidiuretic hormone
hormone that helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
glucagon
hormone that increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
growth hormone
hormone that regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues
follicle-stimulating hormone
hormone that stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female. In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles (testes)
kerat/o
horny, hard, cornea
HG
hypoglycemia
irid/o
iris, colored part of eye
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
vestibular rehabilitation therapy
is a form of physical therapy designed to treat a wide variety of balance disorders, the majority of which are caused by problems in the inner ear and vestibular nerve
urticaria
itchy wheals caused by an allergic reaction; aka hives
poly-
many
psych/o
mind
myometrium
muscular middle layer of the uterus
keratoconus
occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped, causing blurring and distortion of vision
overactive bladder
occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate
sebum
oily substance that is released through ducts opening into the hair follicles
renal cortex
outer region of the kidney
lap-band adjustable gastric banding
placing an inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter; is reversible
cosmetic surgeon
plastic surgeon who performs operations for aesthetic rather than medical reasons
denture
plate holding one or more replacement teeth
PKD
polycystic kidney disease
hematospermia
presence of blood in the seminal fluid
glial cells
provide support and protection for neurons
midbrain and pons
provides conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain; controls reflexes for head and eye movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli
PERRLA
pupils are equal, round, responsive to light and accomadation
py/o
pus
pyosalpinx
pus in the fallopian tube
RK
radial keratotomy
upper and lower GI series
radiographic studies to examine the digestive system; barium swallow for upper GI and barium enema for lower GI
pelvimetry
radiographic study to measure the dimensions of the pelvis to evaluate its capacity to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal
curettage
removal material from the surface by scrapping
Erythema multiforme
skin disorder resulting from a generalized allergic reaction to an illness, infection, or medication
scabies
skin infection caused by an infestation of itch mites that cause small, itchy bumps and blisters by burrowing into the top layer of human skin to lay their eggs
SLE
slit-lamp examination
meningioma
slow growing and usually benign tumor of the meninges
cervical cancer
slow growing squamous cell cancer
endometrial biopsy
small amount of tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for microscopic examination
vesicle
small blister, containing watery fluid
enter/o
small intestine
malabsorption
small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it
petechiae
small pinpoint hemorrhages less than 2 mm in diameter
diverticulum
small pouch found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon
skin tags
small, flesh colored or light brown polyps that hang from the body by fine stalks
verrucae
small, hard skin lesions caused by the human papilloma virus; warts
short stature
sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone; aka dwarfism
peptic ulcers
sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system caused by the bacterium helicobater pylorior by meds that irritate the mucous membranes
synapse
space between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ
subarachnoid space
space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater; contains csf
epidural space
space between the walls of the vertebral column and the dura mater
registered dietician
specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
gastroeneterologist
specialist in the stomach and intestines
melanocytes
specialized cells that are also found in the basal cell layer; produce and contain a dark brown to black pigment known as melanin
lacteals
specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
maxillofacial surgery
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
oral or maxillofacial surgeon
specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries
stool samples
specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics
gastr/o
stomach, belly
colostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
-pexy
surgical fixation
lensectomy
the general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens
meconium
the greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn
insulin
the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. Its function is to allow glucose to enter cells for energy or to stimulate the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage
infertility
the inability to conceive a child
bowel incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of feces
urinary incontinence
the inability to control the voiding of urine
stress incontinence
the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
monochromatism
the inability to distinguish colors; also known as color blindness
gastrostomy tube
the surgical placement of a feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach
-dipsia
thirst
arteriovenous malformation
(AVM) one of the causes of hemorrhagic strokes; abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain, usually congenital and can rupture suddenly at any age
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) neuroimaging tool to exam the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord
floaters
(vitreous floaters) particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous humor and cast shadows on the retina
cranial nerves
12 pairs; originate from the under surface of the brain
peripheral spinal nerves
31 pairs; sometimes joins with other to form a plexus
permanent dentition
32 teeth designed to last a lifetime; 20 replace primary teeth and 12 erupt at the back of the mouth
paresthesia
A burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body.
lipedema
A chronic abnormal condition, usually in women, that is characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs.
rosacea
A chronic condition of unknown cause, characterized by tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels.
facitious disorder
A condition in which an individual acts as if he/she has a physical or mental illness when he/she is not really sick. Visible symptoms are self inflicted and the motivation is the patients desire to receive attention and sympathy
hyperinsulinism
A condition marked by excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream.
infectious myringitis
A contagious inflammation associated with a middle-ear infection that causes painful blisters on the eardrum.
coma
A deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movement, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech.
chorionic villus sampling
A diagnostic test to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus.
anorexia nervosa
A false perception of body appearance which leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight.
glomerulonephritis
A form of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine.
third degree burn
A full-thickness burns that involve the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers, and possibly also the muscle and bone below
cortisol
A hormone that has an anti-inflammatory action; it also regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body.
epinephrine
A hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear; also known as adrenaline.
calcitonin
A hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues.
steroids
A large family of hormonelike substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure.
second degree burn
A partial-thickness burn involving the epidermis and the dermis.
fluorescein angiography
A photographic study of the blood vessels in the back of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye that acts as a contrast medium.
hemodialysis
A procedure that filters waste products directly from the patient's blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys.
schizophrenia
A psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances.
intravenous pyelography
A radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium to diagnose changes in the urinary tract.
hallucination
A sensory perception (sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of an external stimulation.
necrotizing fasciitis
A severe infection caused by Group A strepbacteria that enters the body through a wound. If untreated, the infected body tissue can be destroyed and the illness may be fatal; also known as flesh-eating bacteria.
wheal
A small bump that itches and can appear as a symptom of an allergic reaction; a welt.
granuloma
A small knotlike swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis.
papule
A small, raised, red lesion, such as an insect bite, that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter.
optometrist
A specialist who holds a Doctor of Optometry degree and provides primary eye care, including diagnosing eye diseases and conditions and measuring the accuracy of vision to determine if corrective lenses are needed.
autism
A subgroup of autistic spectrum disorders. Children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language, with most having very minimal verbal skills and lacking normal social relationships.
mastopexy
A surgical procedure to affix sagging breasts into a more elevated position.
Foley catheter
A tube inserted through the urethra to drain urine, often left in place; flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place
connecting neurons
AKA associative neurons; Link afferent and efferent neurons
hypercalcemia
Abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth.
claustrophobia
An abnormal fear of narrow, enclosed spaces
panic attack
An unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as shortness of breath and chest pain.
computed tomography
CT scan; primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen
factitious disorder
Condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.
sensorineural hearing loss
Deafness that develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged.
presbyopia
Decline of near vision that occurs with age as the lens becomes less flexible and the muscles of the ciliary body become weaker.
gonads
Gamete-producing glands, the ovaries in females and testicles in males.
vagus (X)
Heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract, trachea, external ear
thymosin
Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system.
folliculitis
Inflammation of the hair follicles that is especially common on the limbs and in the beard area on men.
onychocryptosis
Ingrown toenail in which the edges of a toenail curve inward and cut into the skin.
diabetic retinopathy
Injury to the eye that occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina of the eye.
pruritus
Itching associated with most forms of dermatitis.
LASIK
Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis; used to treat vision conditions, such as myopia, that are caused by the shape of the cornea
Ps
Psoriasis
Acetylcholine
Released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action.
first degree burn
Superficial burns through only the epidermis.
blepharoplasty
Surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids by removing sagging skin; also known as a lid lift.
regional anesthesia
Temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting an anesthetic solution near the nerves to be blocked.
end stage renal disease
The final stage of chronic kidney disease that is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant.
luteinizing hormone
The hormone that stimulates ovulation in the female and production of the female sex hormone progesterone. In the male, it stimulates the secretion of testosterone.
nephrons
The microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
hyperthyroidism
The overproduction of thyroid hormones, which causes an imbalance of metabolism.
shaken baby syndrome
The results when a child has been violently shaken by someone; can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, and death.
ureters
The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
opthalmoscopy
The visual examination of the fundus (back part) of the eye with an ophthalmoscope; also known as funduscopy.
progesterone
This hormone, whose function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, is released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary.
laser trabeculoplasty
Treatment of open-angle glaucoma in which a laser is used to create an opening in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly.
crown
Visible part of the tooth
Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria
dysentery
a bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
phenobarbital
a barbiturate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant
amobarbital
a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic
diaphragm
a barrier contraceptive that prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg
seborrheic keratosis
a benign skin growth that has a waxy or "pasted on" look
uterine fibroid
a benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus
insulinoma
a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia
prolactinoma
a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin
lipoma
a benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer
papilloma
a benign, superficial wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as in the bladder
fructosamine test
a blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks
hemoglobin A1c testing
a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months
traumatic brain injury
a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain
rectocele
a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy
tract
a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord
Cirrhosis
a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring
Parkinon's Disease
a chronic degenernative central nervous system disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait caused by inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain
eosinophilic esophagitis
a chronic immune system disease in which a type of WBC builds up in the esophagus, usually as a result of an allergy to certain foods
interstitial cystitis
a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder
acne vulgaris
a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum
Epilepsy
a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity
Epilespy
a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity
retinoids
a class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A that are used in skin care and treatment because of their effect on epithelial cell growth
barbituates
a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system
abscess
a closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a bacterial infection; can appear on the skin or within other structures of the body
glomerulus
a cluster of capillaries, surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called the bowman's capsule, and renal tubule
carbuncle
a cluster of connected furuncles (boils)
cranial hematoma
a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
crust
a collection of dried serum and cellular debris; aka scab
norepinephrine
a combination of a hormone and a neurohormone that plays an important role in the "fight or flight response"
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
a common cause of vertigo that occurs when there is a shift in the location of small crystals in the semicircular canals
male pattern baldness
a common hair-loss pattern in men, with the hairline receding from the front to the back until only a horseshoe-shaped area of hair remains in the back and at the temples
depression
a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities
psoriasis
a common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, or buttocks
Tourette syndrome
a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities
preeclampsia
a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle
polycystic ovary syndrome
a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles
diabetes insipidus
a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH
cushing's sundrome
a condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol by the body or by taking corticosteroids to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis; aka hypercortisolism
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes
bipolar disorder
a condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting from highs (manic behavior) and severe lows (depression) that affect a person's attitude, energy, and ability to function
ectopic pregnancy
a condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside the uterus; aka extrauterine pregnancy
nyctalopia
a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night; also known as night blindness
hydrocephalus
a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain
endometriosis
a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity
astigmatism
a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea
prediabetes
a condition in which the food sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
premature ejactulation
a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female
premature menopause
a condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal
anisocoria
a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size
exfoliative dermatitis
a condition in which there is widespread scaling of the skin, often with pruritus, erythroderma, and hair loss
bacterial vaginosis
a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina
hyperesthesia
a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli
hyperhidrosis
a condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body
addisons disease
a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone
gender dysphoria
a condition where a person's gender at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, potentially causing significant amounts of stress
autistic spectrum disorder
a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual
cretinism
a congenital form of hypothyroidism that, if not treated soon after birth, causes arrested physical and mental development
encephalocele
a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull
spermatocele
a cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm
hypothyroidism
a deficiency of thyroid secretion; aka underactive thyroid
orthodontist
a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures
periodontist
a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
intellectual disability
a diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy
voiding cystourethrography
a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra
slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy
a diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye including the cornea, iris, and lens
thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone
macule
a discolored, flat spot, such as a freckle, that is less than 1 cm in diameter
pyromania
a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting
strabismus
a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus
abruptio placentae
a disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
delirium tremens
a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol
delirium tremes
a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol
conn's disease
a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone
conn's syndrome
a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone
cheilosis
a disorder of the lips characterized by crack like sores at the corners of the mouth
graves disease
a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, resulting in hyperthyroidism
prostatism
a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
a disorder that may develop after an event involving actual of threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror with many symptoms
renal transplantation
a donor kidney is transferred to a recipient
delusion
a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary
keratin
a fibrous, water-repellent protein; soft keratin is primarily found in epidermis and hard keratin is found in the hair and nails
port-wine stain
a flat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries, creating a large, reddish-purple discoloration on the face or neck
serous otitis media
a fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis media or can be caused by obstruction of the Eustachian tube
follicle
a fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg)
hydrocele
a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles
refractive disorder
a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina
dermabrasion
a form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper; used to remove acne and chicken pox scars as well as for facial skin rejuvenation
factitious disorder by proxy
a form of child abuse; although seeming very concerned about the child's well-being, the mentally ill parent will falsify an illness in a child by making up, or inducing symptoms, and then seeking medical treatment, even surgery, for the child
sunburn
a form of erythema in which skin cells are damaged by exposure to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight
eczema
a form of persistent or recurring dermatitis that is usually characterized by redness, itching, and dryness, with possible blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding
peyronie's disease
a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection
collagen replacement therapy
a form of soft-tissue augmentation used to soften facial lines or scars or to make lips appear fuller
temporal arteritis
a form of vasculitis that can cause a sudden vision loss, usually in one eye
botox
a formulation of botulinum toxin type A; injections that temporarily block the nerve signals to the injected muscle, reduce moderate to severe frown lines for up to 3-4 months; the same neurotoxin responsible for the form of food poisoning known as botulism
otomycosis
a fungal infection of the external auditory canal; aka swimmers ear
pneumatic retinopexy
a gas bubble is injected into the vitreous cavity to put pressure on the area of repair while it heals
dermatosis
a general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation
albinism
a genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises due to a missing enzyme necessary for the production of melanin
presbycusis
a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages
macular degeneration
a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision, but not in total blindness
vernix
a greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero and can still be present at birth
fissure
a groove or crack-like break in the skin
Alzheimer's disease
a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It is the leading cause of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects memory and reasoning capabilities
glaucoma
a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers
ichthyosis
a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, and scaly skin
diabetes mellitus
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
premenstrual syndrome
a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation
gallstone
a hard deposit that forms in the gallbladder and bile ducts
migraine headache
a headache characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light or sound
certified diabetes educator
a health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease
impetigo
a highly contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
gonorrhea
a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
perforation
a hole through the wall of a structure
needle biopsy
a hollow needle is used to remove a core of tissue for examination
estrogen
a hormone with an important role in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle
varicocele
a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum
hemoccult
a lab test for hidden blood in the stools
hemoccult test
a lab test for hidden blood in the stools
malnutrition
a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients
bulla
a large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter
ecchymosis
a large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin
dyslexia
a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols
HELLP syndrome
a life-threatening pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count
contact dermatitis
a localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant
spinal cord
a long, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column
persistent depressive disorder
a low-grade chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for 2 or more years; also known as dysthymia
lethargy
a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy
koilonychia
a malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon; aka spoon nail
basal cell carcinoma
a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; this is the most common and least harmful type of skin cancer because it is slow growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body
bolus
a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed
hertz
a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is
anesthetist
a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician
antithyroid drug
a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
antimetic
a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
laproscopic adrenalectomy
a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands
intrauterine device (IUD)
a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy
postpartum depression
a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth
eclampsia
a more serious form of preeclampsia that is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
a more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation
polyp
a mushroom like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane; not all are malignant
cuticle
a narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail just in front of the root, protecting the new keratin cells as they form
ganglion
a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system
plexus
a network of intersecting spinal nerves
restless leg syndrome
a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them; usually most noticeable at night or when trying to rest
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
a newer diagnosis for children who have frequent, severe temper outbursts and are chronically irritable
chalazion
a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland
comedo
a noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle; aka blackhead
abdominal ultrasound
a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves
ketosis
a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking
cicatrix
a normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound
Body Mass Index (BMI)
a number that shows body weight adjusted for height
priapism
a painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is not accompanied by sexual excitement
ovaries
a pair of small, almond-shaped organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus
lunula
a pale half-moon-shaped region at every nail root that is generally most easily seen in the thumbnail
narcissistic personality disorder
a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others
uterus
a pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining filled with a rich supply of blood vessels
endocrinologist
a physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
anesthesiologist
a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery
psychiatrist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness
gynecologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
urologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
neonatologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn
dermatologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
proctologist
a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum and anus
obstetrician
a physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter
neurosurgeon
a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system
plastic surgeon
a physician who specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures
incisional biopsy
a piece, but not all, of the tumor or lesion is removed
chloasma
a pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face; aka melasma or the mask of pregnancy
corneal ulcer
a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury
strangulated hernia
a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply
actinic keratosis
a precancerous skin lesion that occurs on sun-damaged skin
in vitro fertilization
a procedure in which mature ova are removed from the mother to be fertilized
vasovasostomy
a procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male; aka vasectomy reversal
dialysis
a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function
leukorrhea
a profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina
multiple sclerosis
a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath
rentinitis pigmentosa
a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision
leptin
a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite
hordeolum
a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland; aka a stye
retrograde urography
a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) through the urinary tract
cholangiography
a radiographic exam of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium
cystography
a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter
hysterosalpingography
a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes following the instillation of radiopaque material
abdominal computed tomography (CT)
a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen
myelography
a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, resulting in complete paralysis and death; Aka Lou Gehrigs disease
acromegaly
a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Meniere's disease
a rare chronic disorder in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus
wilms tumor
a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children
pheochromocytoma
a rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure
thyroid storm
a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism
tinnitus
a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears
fibroadenoma
a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast
mons pubis
a rounded, fleshy prominence located over the pubic symphysis
apgar score
a scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
plaque
a scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules
seasonal affective disorder
a seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months
testicular self-exam
a self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum
vertigo
a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance, that is often combined with nausea and vomiting
peristalsis
a series of wave like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system
myxedema
a severe form of adult hypothyroidism.
chlamydia
a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis
syphilis
a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum
genital herpes
a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus
testicular torsion
a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle
scleral buckle
a silicone band or sponge used to repair a detached retina
vitiligo
a skin condition resulting from the destruction of the melanocytes due to unknown causes and causing irregular patches of white skin
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day
dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes
anal fissure
a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement
myringotomy
a small surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid, or to create an opening for the placement of ear tubes
nevus
a small, dark skin growth that develops from melanocytes in the skin; aka mole
virtual colonoscopy
a small, flexible tube is inserted into the rectum and an MRI or CT machine is used to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon
capillary hemangioma
a soft, raised, pink, or red vascular birthmark
nodule
a solid, raised skin lesion that is larger than 0.5 cm in diameter and deeper than a papule
oral rehydration therapy
a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration
incubator
a special enclosed crib where the oxygen supply, temperature, and humidity can be closely controlled
colostrum
a specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest
oligospermia
a sperm count of below 20 million/mL
trichomoniasis
a std caused by the parasite trichomonas vaginalis
testosterone
a steroid hormone secreted by the testes and the adrenal cortex that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics
ureterolith
a stone located anywhere along the ureter
nephrolith
a stone located in the kidney
cystolith
a stone located within the urinary bladder
asperger's syndrome
a subgroup of the autism spectrum; usually have normal or above average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication
nutrient
a substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body
seizure
a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time
sleep deprivation
a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks
anastomosis
a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures
lithotomy
a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder
orbitotomy
a surgical incision into the orbit
pyelotomy
a surgical incision into the renal pelvis
urethrotomy
a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
meatotomy
a surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening
fenestration
a surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore lost hearing
radial keratotomy
a surgical procedure to treat myopia
amniocentesis
a surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotoc fluid
tubal ligation
a surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum
electrodesiccation
a surgical technique in which tissue is destroyed using an electric spark
intraocular lens
a surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed
hematoma
a swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues
human growth hormone
a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
exfoliative cytology
a technique in which cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope
placenta
a temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother and fetus without allowing maternal blood and fetal blood to mix
condom
a thin rubber sheath worn on a man's penis during sexual intercourse as a contraceptive or as protection against infection.
laceration
a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound
uremia
a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products are retained in the blood; uremic poisoning
pinealoma
a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin
myelosis
a tumor of the spinal cord; abnormal proliferation of bone marrow tissue
persistent vegetative state
a type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles
noise-induced hearing loss
a type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises such as a gunshot, or to moderately loud noise that continues for long periods of time
malignant melanoma
a type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes
ischemic stroke
a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery
neurogenic bladder
a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
vaginal candidiasis
a vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans; also known as a yeast infection
pineal gland
a very small endocrine glands that is located in the central portion of the brain
concussion
a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function
hyperopia
a vision defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina; also known as farsightedness
impulse
a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons
primipara
a woman who has borne one viable child
multiparous
a woman who has given birth two or more times
nulligravida
a woman who has never been pregnant
nullipara
a woman who has never borne a viable child
primigravida
a woman who is pregnant for the first time
jaundice
a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
amenorrhea
abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more
clubbing
abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips
urethrorrhea
abnormal discharge from the urethra
benign prostatic hyperplasia
abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland
phobia
abnormal fear
brain tumor
abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges
gigantism
abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
vesicovaginal fistula
abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
erythroderma
abnormal redness of the entire skin surface
cyst
abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material
goiter
abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland
diarrhea
abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration
hyperglycemia
abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
intestinal adhesions
abnormally hold together parts of the intestine that normally should be separate
anuria
absence of urine formation by the kidneys
needlestick injury
accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection
dry macular degeneration
accounts for 90% of these cases, is caused by the slow deterioration of the cells of the macula
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little to no alcohol
isoretinoin
accutane; a powerful retinoid taken in pill form for the treatment of severe acne
laser
acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
psychotropic drug
acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior
tetanus
acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria
ARF
acute renal failure
cellulitis
acute, rapidly spreading infection within the connective tissue
intravenous fluids
administered to combat the effects of dehydration
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
administered to patients who cannot, or should not, get their nutrition through eating; administered intravenously
antidepressant
administered to prevent or relieve depression
anticonvulsant
administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy
anxiolytic drug
administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension
antipsychotic drug
administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses
photosensitizing drug
administered topically or by injection. An incubation period is followed by exposure to a specific wavelength of light, administered either externally or endoscopically.
adren/o
adrenal gland
postpartum
after childbirth
contraceptive
agent that prevents conception
AC
air conduction
stones
aka calculus; abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located
dermis
aka corium; thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis; contains connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and nerve fibers
electroconvulsive therapy
aka electroshock therapy; a procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses
tonic-clonic seizure
aka grand mal seizure; involves the entire body, body becomes rigid and uncontrolled jerking
transient ischemic attack
aka mini stroke; temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain
pigmented birthmarks
aka moles; cafe-au-lait spots and other irregularities in skin color
somatic nerve fibers
aka motor nerve fibers; convey info that controls the body's voluntary muscular movements
efferent neurons
aka motor neurons; carry impulses away from brain and spinal cord toward the muscles and glands
dissociative identity disorder
aka multiple personality disorder; a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual
absence seizure
aka petit mal seizure; a brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode
radiculitis
aka pinched nerve; inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb
afferent neurons
aka sensory neurons; emerge from sensory organs and skin to carry the impulses toward the brain and spinal cord
somnambulism
aka sleepwalking; the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening
lumbar puncture
aka spinal tap; process of obtaining a sample of csf by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid; changes can indicate an injury, infection or disease
cryosurgery
also called freezing, is the destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells, such as warts or tumors, through the application of extreme cold by using liquid nitrogen
erythema pernio
also known as chilblains, is a purple-red inflammation that occurs when the small blood vessels below the skin are damaged, usually due to exposure to cold and damp weather. When warmth restores full circulation, the affected areas begin to itch; however, they usually heal without treatment.
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
genital warts
an STD caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV); highly contagious
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
scotoma
an abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision; aka blind spot
leukoplakia
an abnormal white precancerous lesion that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek
aldosteronism
an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone
hypoglycemia
an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood
keloid
an abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision
impacted cerumen
an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal
delirium
an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations
cholangitis
an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant, fever and jaundice
paronychia
an acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail
renal colic
an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passing of a kidney stone
wet macular degeneration
an advanced form of dry AMD. New blood vessels growing beneath the retina leak blood and fluid, damaging the retinal cells. These small hemorrhages usually result in rapid and severe vision loss.
hiatal hernia
an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm
obsessive-compulsive disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions
hashimoto's disease
an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
scleroderma
an autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened
alopecia areata
an autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body
reflexes
an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body
bulimua nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics or other medications
cochlear implant
an electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve
azotemia
an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract
cover test
an examination of how the two eyes work together and is used to assess binocular vision. one eye at a time is covered while the patient focuses on an object across the room.
obesity
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body
hypermenorrhea
an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days
acrophobia
an excessive fear of heights
Salmonellasis
an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces; salmonella
dacryoadenitis
an inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
stomatitis
an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth
iritis
an inflammation of the uveal tract affecting primarily structures in the front of the eye
seborrheic dermatitis
an inflammation sometimes resulting from seborrhea that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp
celiac disease
an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to food containing gluten
abrasion
an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away
coup
an injury occurring within the skill near point of impact
burn
an injury to body tissues caused by heat, electricity, sun, chemical or radiation
contusion
an injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin and is characterized by discoloration and pain
corneal abrasion
an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea
endoscope
an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures
heat rash
an intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells; aka prickly heat
liver transplant
an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer
carotid ultrasonography
an ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke
alopecia totalis
an uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp
hypomenorrhea
an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period
otosclerosis
ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear resulting in a conductive hearing loss
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
proct/o
anus and rectum
an/o
anus, ring
mycosis
any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus
pyoderma
any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo
occlusion
any contact between the chewing surface of the upper and lower teeth
malocclusion
any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
nephropathy
any disease of the kidney
stomatomycosis
any disease of the mouth due to fungus
neuropathy
any disease or damage to nerves
ametropia
any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina
gonadotropin
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
pelvic inflammatory disease
any inflammation of the female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy
trismus
any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer
keratosis
any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin
stimulus
anything that excites (activates) a nerve and causes an impulse
adnexa
appendages or accessory structures of an organ; in the eye, these are outside the eyeball
female urethra
approximately 1.5 inches long; urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina; conveys only urine
ocular prosthesis
artificial eye, may be fitted to wear over a malformed eye or to replace an eyeball that is either congenitally missing or has been surgically removed
ALD
assistive listening device
AS
astigmatism
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
dysplastic nevi
atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer
systemic lupus erythematosus
autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk; also attacks the connective tissue in other body systems, especially in the joints
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
primary dentition
baby teeth; erupt during early childhood and normally lost in late childhood then replaced with permanent teeth
Vesicoureter reflux
backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder
halitosis
bad breath; an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders
psychoanalysis
based on the idea of mental disorders having underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into ones feelings and patterns of behavior
glucose
basic form of energy used by the body; aka blood sugar
menarche
beginning of the menstrual function at puberty
bladder retaining
behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. The goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results from urge incontinence.
thalamus
below cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body
hypothalamus
below thalamus and 7 major functions
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia
subdural space
between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane
chol/e
bile, gall
gut mircoflora
billions of normal bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system
cleft lip
birth defect with a deep groove of the lp running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development
melan/o
black, dark
subconjunctival hemorrhage
bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera; usually caused by an injury; creates a red area over the white of the eye
otorrhagia
bleeding from the ear
urethrorrhagia
bleeding from the urethra
hemianopia
blindness in one-half of the visual field
herpes labialis
blister like sores on the lips and adjacent tissues caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1
sunscreen
blocks out the harmful ultraviolet B rays is sometimes measured in terms of the strength of the sun protection factor
strangulating obstruction
blood flow to a segment of the intestine is blocked
glomerular filtration rate
blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
blood test to screen for prostate cancer
somat/o
body
BMI
body mass index
corpus
body of the uterus
encephal/o
brain
acoustic neuroma
brain tumor that develops adjacent to the cranial nerve running from the brain to the inner ear
bariatrics
branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases
terminal end fibers
branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse
-lysis
breakdown, destruction, separation
mast/o
breast
contu/o
bruise
fundus
bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes
caus/o
burn, burning
thyroid gland
butterfly shape; lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage
prostate cancer
cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged and older
testicular cancer
cancer that begins in the testicles. It is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34 years. This cancer is highly treatable when diagnosed early.
autonomic nerve fibers
carry instructions to the organs and glands and from the autonomic nervous system
lactiferous ducts
carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple
descending nerve tracts
carry nerve impulses away from the brain
ascending nerve tracts
carry nerve impulses toward the brain
CAT
cataract
cath
catheterization
vascular dementia
caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain
hypoparathyroidism
caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone
vascular birthmarks
caused by blood vessels close to the skin's surface
cushing's syndrome
caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
paralytic ileus
caused by stopping of the normal peristalsis of this area of the intestine
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth
E. coli
caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH; often a result of cancer or its treatent
diabetic coma
caused by very high blood glucose
insulin shock
caused by very low blood glucose
local anesthesia
causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area
caut
cauterization
dental caries
cavity; infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
cervic/o
cervix
oppositional defiant disorder
characterized by a child or adolescent's persistent angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior directed toward authority figures, which disrupts daily activities
panic disorder
characterized by a fear of panic attacks
hypocalcemia
characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
generalized anxiety disorder
characterized by chronic, excessive worrying
binge eating disorder
characterized by episodes of eating large quantities of food, accompanied by a sense of loss of control and feelings of guilt or shame afterward
rhinophyma
characterized by hyperplasia of the tissues of the nose and is associated with advanced rosacea
borderline personality disorder
characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm, as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships
somatic symptom disorder
characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease
conversion disorder
characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause
female pattern baldness
characterized by the hair thinning in the front and on the sides of the scalp and sometimes on the crown
malingering
characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms
psychotic disorder
characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning
hoarding disorder
characterized by the over accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living
snellen chart
chart used for testing visual acuity; contains letters of varying sizes and is shown from a distance of 20 ft; avg person who can read at this distance is said to have 20/20 vision
hormones
chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
Antioxidants
chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals
mastication
chewing, breaks down food into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed
alcoholism
chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal
Crohn's disease
chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however it is must often found in the ileum and in the colon
ulcerative colitis
chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine causes ulcers and irritation
personality disorder
chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work
diverticulosis
chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon
epididymis
coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle
colorectal carcinoma
colon cancer; 1st manifests itself in polyps in the colon
col/o, colon/o
colon, large intestine
COL
colonoscopy
gastritis
common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
decibel
commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of sound
perforating ulcer
complication of a peptic ulcer where the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall
cerebral palsy
condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum
galactorrhea
condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
condition in which type 1 diabetes in adults; it shares many of the characteristics of type 2 diabetes, however autoimmune antibodies are present
pregnancy
condition of having a developing baby in the uterus
cachexia
condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDs
anisoscoria
condition of unequal pupil size
morbid obesity
condition of weighing two or more times the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40
acanthosis nigricans
condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches
Barret's disease
condition where the epithelial cells in the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure
-ism
condition, state of
epispadias
congenital abnormality affecting the opening of the urethral opening
hypospadias
congenital abnormality in the placement of the urethral opening
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both testes
CI
conjunctivitis
vulva
consists of the labia, clitoris, Bartholin's glands, and vaginal orifice
kidneys
constantly filter the blood to remove waste
overflow incontinence
continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely
occipital lobe
controls eyesight
frontal lobe
controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior
autonomic nervous system
controls the involuntary actions of the body; maintain homeostasis
right hemisphere
controls the left side of the body
left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body
temporal lobe
controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information
aldosterone
corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
mononeuropathy
damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome
cerebrovascular accident
damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted; also known as a stroke
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes
areola
dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple
dB
decibel
altered levels of consciousness
decrease in consciousness due to injury, disease, or substances such as medication, drugs, or alcohol
vaginal atrophy
decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes
proton pump inhibitors
decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach
Rh factor
defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells
dental calculus
dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth
sedative
depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep
hypnotic
depresses the cns and usually produces sleep
malignant brain tumor
destroys brain tissue
cholesteatoma
destructive epidermal cyst in the middle ear made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol; aka pearly tumor
functional MRI
detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task
cryptochidism
developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum
DI
diabetes insipidus
DM
diabetes mellitus
urinary hesitancy
difficulty in starting a urinary stream
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
-pepsia
digest, digestion
DRE
digital rectal examination
mydriasis
dilation of the pupil
amblyopia
dimness of vision of the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye
colonoscopy
direct visual exam of the inner surface of the entire colon
colposcopy
direct visual exam of the tissues of the cervix and vagina
otorrhea
discharge from the ear
age spots
discoloration caused by sun exposure; aka solar lentigines or liver spots
kleptomania
disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value
peripheral neuropathy
disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord
learning disabilities
disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts
cerebral hemispheres
divides cerebrum into halves that connect at the corpus callosum
benign brain tumor
does not invade the brain tissue; however, because this growth is surrounded by rigid bone, as the tumor enlarges, it can damage the brain tissue by placing pressure against the tissues and by increasing the intracranial pressure
refraction test
done to determine an eye's refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed
ptosis
drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis
xer/o
dry
xerophthalmia
drying of the eye surfaces, including conjunctiva; aka dry eye
infestation
dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue
ot/o
ear, hearing
gingivitis
earliest stage of peridontal disease and inflammation affects only the gums
-phagia
eating, swallowing
Ecz, Ez
eczema
ov/o
egg, ovum
EEG
electroencephalography
hearing aids
electronic devices that are worn to correct a hearing loss
gyri
elevated folds
EM, em
emmetropia
ESRD
end-stage renal disease
orchiopexy
endoscopic surgery to move an undescended testicle into its normal position in the scrotum
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
esophag/o
esophagus
stricture
esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties
defecation
evacuation or emptying of the large intestine
hirsutism
excessive bodily and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern
agoraphobia
excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur; someone suffering from this might not even be able to leave home
social anxiety disorder
excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing him- or herself in front of others
edema
excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues
polyphagia
excessive hunger
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
excessive urination
drug abuse
excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals
xeroderma
excessively dry skin; aka xerosis
pap smear
exfoliative biopsy of cervix
fallopian tubes
extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near but not attached to an ovary
spermatic cord
extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle
analog hearing aid
external electronic device that uses a microphone to detect and amplify sounds
urethral meatus
external opening of the urethra
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
hyperemesis
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration
acr/o
extremities, top, extreme point
optic (II)
eye
opt/o
eye, vision
opthalm/o
eye, vision
blephar/o
eyelid
trigeminal (V)
face sensation, chewing
cleft palate
failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus
salping/o
fallopian tube
nail root
fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin
FBS
fasting blood sugar
lip/o
fat, lipid
pancreas
feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and endocrine systems
esthet/o
feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception
ova
female reproductive cells; egg
antepartum
final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor
fimbriae
finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
onych/o
fingernail or toenail
unguis
fingernail or toenail; the keratin plate protecting the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe
scales
flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells
dehydration
fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance
exudate
fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound
behavioral therapy
focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
cognitive behavioral therapy
focuses on changing thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions and actions
epithelial tissues
form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
identical twins
formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to form two embryos
skin
forms the protective outer layer covering the external surfaces of the entire body
squamous epithelial tissue
forms the upper layer of the epidermis; consists of flat, scaly cells that are continuously shed
apocrine sweat glands
found at hair follicles
mast cells
found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine
nocturia
frequent urination at night
FA
fructosamine test
onychomycosis
fungal infection of the nail
tinea
fungal infection of the skin, hair or nails; aka ringworm
myc/o
fungus
renal pelvis
funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
G, glc
glaucoma
glomerul/o
glomerulus
glyc/o
glucose, sugar
collagen
glue; a tough flexible fibrous protein material found in the skin and also in the bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
gonad/o
gonad, sex glands
aphthous ulcers
gray-white pits with red border that appear in the soft tissues lining the mouth; aka canker sores or mouth ulcers
nephrotic syndrome
group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine
impulse control disorders
group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences
pil/i, pil/o
hair
hirsut/o
hairy, rough
constipation
having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week; stool is usually hard, dry, small in size and difficult to eliminate
-tropic
having an affinity for
cephalagia
headache, pain in the head
-cusis
hearing
pyrosis
heartburn; burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into esophagus
sweat glands
help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat; tiny coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces; aka sudoriferous glands
hair
helps control the loss of body heat; rod-like structures composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin
infertility specialist
helps infertile couples by diagnosing and treating problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy
cystocele
hernia of the urinary bladder through the vaginal wall; aka prolapsed bladder
-cele
hernia, tumor, swelling
food allergy
immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food
amylase
in saliva to start chemical breakdown of food
sensory nerve endings
in the dermis are the sensory receptors for stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure
erectile dysfunction
inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; impotence
renal failure
inability of the kidneys to perform their functions
urinary retention
inability to completely empty the bladder
incontinence
inability to control bladder and/or bowels
lactose intolerance
inability to digest dairy products due to absence of the enzyme lactase
I & D
incision and drainage; irrigation and debridement
choledocholithotomy
incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones
metabolism
includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients
manic behavior
includes an abnormally elevated mood state, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgment, and inappropriate social behavior
diuresis
increased output of urine
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation; secreted from anterior pituitary
premature infant
infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation
sexually transmitted diseases
infections caused by either bacteria or a virus that affects both males and females
pediculosis
infestation with lice
salpingitis
inflammation of a fallopian tube
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function
oophoritis
inflammation of an ovary
testitis
inflammation of one or both testicles
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal glands
onychia
inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail; aka onychitis
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
mastitis
inflammation of the breast
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually caused by an infection or allergy; aka pink eye
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
otitis
inflammation of the ear
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid bone
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
endocervicitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix
gastroeneteritis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach and intestines
guillian-barre syndrome
inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis; aka infectious polyneuritis
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate gland
sciatica
inflammation of the sciatic nerve
scleritis
inflammation of the sclera
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow
thymitis
inflammation of the thymus gland
peridontal disease
inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
uveitis
inflammation of the uvea causing swelling and irritation
vaginits
inflammation of the vagina
vulvitis
inflammation of the vulva
diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon
Diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
melatonin
influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle; released from pineal gland
oligomenorrhea
infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods
IH
inguinal hernia
polycystic kidney disease
inherited kidney disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys leading eventually to kidney failure
contrecoup
injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
inner ear
endometrium
inner lining of the uterus
renal medulla
inner portion of the kidney and it contains most of the urine collecting tubules
intermittent catheter
inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
nasogatric intubation
insertion of a feeding tube though the nose into the stomach
urinary catheterization
insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to produce a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate, or to place meds into the bladder
otoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the ear canal
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance disorder; insulin is being produced, but the body does not use it effectively
cluster headache
intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion
Braxton Hicks contractions
intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses
ICP
intracranial pressure
artificial insemination
introduction of semen into the vagina by artificial means
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
bruxism
involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress
vaginismus
involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina that make intercourse impossible
nystagmus
involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball
endometrial cancer
involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus
binaural testing
involves both ears
monaural testing
involves one ear
general anesthesia
involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection
nail bed
joins the nail body to the underlying connective tissue, nourishes the nail
nephr/o
kidney
xerostomia
lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands; aka dry mouth
furuncles
large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands; boils
cerebrum
largest and upper most part of the brain; responsible for thought, judgment, memory, emotion and controls motor and sensory functions
LADA
latent autoimmune diabetes
phak/o
lens of eye
LEP, LPT
leptin
LOC
level of consciousness or loss of consciousness
prostate gland
lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra
hepat/o
liver
probiotics
living microorganisms sometimes described as "good" bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria
medulla oblongata
located at the lowest part of the brain stem and is connected to spinal cord; controls basic survival functions
subcutaneous layer
located just below the layers of the skin and connects the skin to the surface muscles
bulbourethral glands
located just below the prostate gland
thymus
located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity; posterior to the sternum and superior to the heart
adrenal glands
located on top of each kidney; aka suprarenals
LP
lumbar puncture
MD
macular degeneration
breasts
made up of fat, connective tissue, and the mammary glands
cerebral cortex
made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures
integumentary system
made up of the skin and its related structures, performs important functions in maintaining the health of the body
dental plaque
major cause of dental caries and peridontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth
gastric bypass surgery
makes the stomach smaller, usually by stapling a section to create a small pouch, and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine
sperm
male gamete; whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement
penis
male sex organ that transports sperm into the female vagina
kiolonychia
malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon; aka spoon nail
skin cancer
malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes, including repeated severe sunburns or long term exposure to the sun
MM
malignant melanoma
breast cancer
malignant tumor of the breast
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis; can quickly spread to other body systems
breast reduction
mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts
breast augmentation
mammoplasty performed to increase breast size
anabolic steroids
man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones
catatonic behavior
marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture
edentulous
means without teeth
acoustic reflectometry
measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum, a way to test how much fluid is in the middle ear to diagnose otitis media
home blood glucose monitoring
measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood, and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day
fasting blood sugar test
measures the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours
thyroid scan
measures thyroid function, is a form of nuclear medicine
duiretics
medication administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt
antiemetic
medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting
anesthetic
medication used to induce anesthesia
laxatives
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements
mening/o
membranes, meninges
anxiety disorders
mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation
men/o
mestruation, menses
hand, foot and mouth disease
mild viral infection common in children under 5 years of age; characterized by sores in the mouth and throat and a rash on the hands and feet
erythema infectiosum
mildly contagious viral infection that is common in childhood; produces a red, lace-like rash on the child's face that looks as if the child has been slapped
mammary glands
milk producing glands that develop during puberty
electrolytes
mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, normally found in the blood
mammary glands
modified sweat glands that produce milk
thyroid carcinoma
most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the US
androgenic alopecia
most common type of hair loss; referring to androgens, the hormones involved in the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics
oral glucose tolerance test
most commonly performed to diagnose gestational diabetes; after fasting at least 8 hours, the patient drinks a liquid containing a high concentration of sugar, and the blood glucose level is tested after 1 hour and gain after 2 hours
polyneuropathy
multiple peripheral nerves are damaged. Diabetes is a common cause of polyneuropathy, along with trauma, vitamin deficiencies, and alcoholism.
MS
multiple sclerosis
oculomotor (III, IV, VI)
muscles of the eye
facial (VII)
muscles of the face
gastroparesis
muscles of the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally
phimosis
narrowing of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis
urethrostenosis
narrowing of the urethra
NG tube
nasogastric tube
dentition
natural arrangement of teeth in upper and lower jaws
endorphins
naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain
NF
necrotizing fasciitis
cervical radiculopathy
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region
lumbar radiculopathy
nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk
neur/i, neur/o
nerve, nerve tissue
deep brain stimulation
neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors and Parkinson's disease; a device to stimulate the brain with mild electrical signals is implanted in the brain and is connected to a stimulator implanted near the collar bone
antacids
neutralize the acids in the stomach
neonate
newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth
prebiotics
nondigestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on
Cologaurd
noninvasive stool test using DNA testing along with screening for hidden blood to determine the potential presence of colorectal cancer
menopause
normal termination of the menstrual function in a woman during middle age
olfactory (I)
nose
parenteral
not in or through the digestive system
topical anesthesia
numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid, ointment, or spray
OCD
obsessive compulsive disorder
gastric ulcers
occur in the stomach
duodenal ulcers
occur in the upper part of the small intestine
hemorrhoids
occur when a cluster of veins, muscles and tissues slip near or through the anal opening
age-related macular degeneration
occurs most frequently in older people and is the leading cause of legal blindness in those older than age 60
hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed
conception
occurs when a sperm penetrates and fertilizes the descending ovum
diabetic retinopathy
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball
ischemia colitis
occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely derived of blood
conductive hearing loss
occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear
breech presentation
occurs when the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head
epidermoid cyst
often referred to as a sebaceous cyst is a closed sac that is found just under the skin. These cysts contain yellow, fatty material and are usually found on the face, neck, or trunk.
presby/o
old age
pituitary adenoma
one of two types of slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland that may or may not cause excess hormone secretion
nerve
one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body
ulcer
open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges
eccrine sweat glands
open onto the skin and are most numerous in the palms of the hands, soles of the feet and forehead
pressure sore
open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an are of skin; decubitus ulcer or bedsore
radioactive iodine treatment
oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
synthetic thyroid hormones
oral medication administered to replace lost thyroid function
clitoris
organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra
ovarian cancer
originates within the cells of the ovaries. These cancer cells can break away from the ovary and spread (metastasize) to other tissues and organs within the abdomen or travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
epidermis
outermost layer of the skin, is made up of several specialized epithelial tissues
urinary bladder
oval, hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body
ovari/o
ovary
seborrhea
overactivity of the sebaceous glands that results in the production of an excessive amount of sebum
hyperparathyroidism
overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes hypercalcemia
dysmenorrhea
pain caused by uterine cramps during mentrual periods
cystalgia
pain in the bladder
mastalgia
pain in the breast; aka mastodynia
otalgia
pain in the ear
dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion
dyspareunia
painful intercourse
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
vulvodynia
painful syndrome of unknown cause
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
prostate gland
part of the male reproductive system and surrounds the urethra
intestinal obstruction
partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction
deafness
partial or complete inability to hear
amnesia
partial or total loss of memory
pancreatic islets
parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
lesion
pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury
antisocial personality disorder
pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
pituitary gland
pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and posterior lobes; these hang from a stalk-like structure located below the hypothalamus; aka hypophysis
urethral catheterization
peformed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder
Kegel exercises
pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
first trimester screening
performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves an ultrasound and fingerstick blood test
digital rectal examination
performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum
endovaginal ultrasound
performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding
bariatric surgery
performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested
visual field testing
perimetry, performed to determine losses in peripheral vision
causalgia
persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve
renal
pertaining to the kidney
cutaneous
pertaining to the skin
PDT
photodynamic therapy
nephrologist
physician who studies and treats diseases of the kidney
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
mydriatic drops
placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light
nasogastric intubation
placement of a feeding tube through the nose into the stomach
enema
placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity
free edge
portion of the nail not attached to the nail bed, extends beyond the tip of the finger
PTSD
post traumatic stress disorder
drug overdose
potentially fatal, accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal
reyes syndrome
potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion
lipocytes
predominant in the subcutaneous layer where they manufacture and store large quantities of fat; aka fat cells
-gravida
pregnant
sympathetic nerves
prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles
hematochezia
presence of bright red blood in the stool
cholelithiasis
presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
comorbidity
presence of more than 1 disease or health condition in an individual at a given time
-lithiasis
presence of stones
nephrolithiasis
presence of stones in the kidney
photopsia
presence of what appears to be flashes of light
barotrauma
pressure-related ear condition
irrigation and debridement
procedure, pressurized fluid is used to clean out wound debris
spermatogenesis
process of sperm formation
axon
process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell
bartholin's glands
produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts
neurohormones
produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream
cerebrospinal fluid
produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum
purulent
producing or containing pus
dental prophylaxis
professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
cirrhosis
progressive degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring
nails
protect the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger
myelin sheath
protective covering made up of glial cells
inguinal hernia
protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin
KUB (kidneys, ureters, and bladder) radiography
radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium
urtic/o
rash, hives
sensory nerve fibers
receive external stimuli, such as how something feels and transmits this info to the brain where it is interpreted
parietal lobe
receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles
rect/o
rectum, straight
erythema
redness of the skin due to capillary dilation
root canal
refers both to the pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth
transgender
refers to a person whose gender identity does not match their gender at birth
exanthem
refers to a widespread rash, usually in children
epidural anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine
spinal anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space
lactogenic hormone
regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues; aka prolactin; secreted from anterior pituitary
histamine
released in response to allergens, causes the signs of an allergic response, including itching and increased mucus secretion
heparin
released in response to an injury, is an anticoagulant
seritonin
released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger and pleasure recognition
dopamine
released within the brain; an excess is associated with schizophrenia, mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders like parkinsons
indwelling catheter
remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need
ablation
removal of a body part or the destruction of its function
conization
removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix
hypophysectomy
removal of abnormal granular tissue; performed through the nasal passages
enucleation
removal of the eyeball, leaving the eye muscles intact
pyel/o
renal pelvis, bowl of kidney
dermatoplasty
replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue taken from a donor site on the patients body
gamete
reproductive cell
arachnoid membrane
resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges
gluten intolerance
response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing intestinal tissue damage
fraternal twins
result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells
retin/o
retina, net
RD
retinal detachment
foreskin
retractable double layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis; aka prepuce
parasympathetic nerves
return the body to normal after a response to stress
radicul/o
root or nerve root
scrotum
sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles
hair follicles
sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers; the shape determines whether the hair is straight or curly
oliguria
scanty urination
scler/o
sclera, white of eye, hard
SCD
scleroderma
seb/o
sebum
cerebellum
second largest part of the brain; located at the back of the head, below the posterior portion of the cerebrum
crin/o
secrete
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum (oil) that lubricates the skin and discourages the growth of bacteria on the skin; located in the dermis and are closely associated with hair follicles
perspiration
secreted by sweat glands and is made up of 99% water plus some salt and metabolic waste products; sweat
corpus luteum
secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle
Sz
seizure
-esthesia
sensation, feeling
glans penis
sensitive region located at the tip of the penis
pruritus vulvae
severe itching of the external female genitalia
androgens
sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
coitus
sexual intercourse; the male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm into the female's vagina
concuss/o
shaken together, violently agitated
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
seminiferous tubules
site of sperm production
receptors
sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation; send stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation
cutane/o
skin
derm/o, dermat/o
skin
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
SCC
squamous cell carcinoma
brain stem
stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord; made up of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata
accesory (XI)
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
corticosteroids
steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex; secreted from anterior pituitary
thyroid-stimulating hormone
stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland; secreted from anterior pituitary
endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
stomach is sutured to make it into a small tube reducing its capacity
lith/o
stone, calculus
esotropia
strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes; aka cross-eyes
exotropia
strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other; also known as walleye
-ectasis
stretching, dilation, enlargement
peridontium
structures that surround, support and are attached to the teeth
SC, subq
subcutaneous
topical steroids
such as hydrocortisone and other more potent variations are used in the treatment of various skin disorders and diseases
mood stabilizing drugs
such as lithium, are used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders
acute renal failure
sudden onset and is characterized by uremia
trichomycosis axillaris
superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands, such as the armpits
nephropyosis
suppuration of the kidney
tympanoplasty
surgical correction of a damaged middle ear, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function
neurotomy
surgical division or dissection of a nerve
nephroplexy
surgical fixation of a floating kidney
colpopexy
surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to surrounding structure
colotomy
surgical incision into the colon
thalamotomy
surgical incision into the thalamus
episiotomy
surgical incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery and prevent laceration of the tissues
ostomy
surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface
salpingectomy
surgical removal of a fallopian tube
salpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary
lobectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication
colectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the colon
pancreatectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
gingivectomy
surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue
liposuction
surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction
lipectomy
surgical removal of fat from beneath the skin to improve physical appearance
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids
lobectomy
surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
oophorectomy
surgical removal of one or both ovaries
orchidectomy
surgical removal of one or both testicles; aka orchiectomy
pinealectomy
surgical removal of pineal gland
circumcision
surgical removal of the foreskin
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gall bladder
prostatectomy
surgical removal of the prostate gland
thymectomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus
neuroplasty
surgical repair of a nerve or nerves
palatoplasty
surgical repair of cleft palate/lip
mammoplasty
surgical repair of the breast
colporrhaphy
surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina
cystorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder
neurorrhaphy
surgical suturing together the ends of a severed nerve
deglutition
swallowing
hidr/o
sweat
papilledema
swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk; aka choked disk
blepharitis
swelling of the eyelid, often at the location of the eyelash hair follicles
periorbital edema
swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes
cortisone
synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands
meninges
system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
glossopharyngeal (IX)
taste and swallowing
colporrhexis
tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall
mohs surgery
technique used to treat various types of skin cancer; individual layers of cancerous tissue are removed and examined under a microscope one at a time until a margin that is clear of all cancerous tissue has been achieved
postoperative ileus
temporary impairment of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery
Bell's Palsy
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face
test/i
testicle, testis
orchid/o
testicles
anhidrosis
the abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat
placenta previa
the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus
anesthesia
the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic agent
anovulation
the absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected
azoospermia
the absence of sperm in the semen
eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
tretinoin
the active ingredient in Retin-A and Renova, which are used to treat sun-damaged skin, acne, and wrinkles
substance abuse
the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs
intracranial pressure
the amount of pressure inside the skull
dental implant
the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw
purpura
the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin
fluorescein staining
the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye via eye drops or a strip applicator
neurons
the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other
stillbirth
the birth of a fetus that died before, or during, the delivery
anteflexion
the body of the uterus is bent forward
catabolism
the breaking down of body cells and substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide
syncope
the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain; aka fainting
cerebral contusion
the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull
anabolism
the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients
uterine prolapse
the condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina
hypogonadism
the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
gynecomastia
the condition of excessive mammary development int the male
hypergonadism
the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
meningocele
the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column
miosis
the contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light, but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs
andropause
the decrease of male hormone testosterone
cesarean section
the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls
cauterization
the destruction of tissue by burning
hydronephrosis
the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine
hysteroscopy
the direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes
ureterorrhagia
the discharge of blood from the ureter
hydroureter
the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
ureterectasis
the distention of a ureter
precocious puberty
the early onset of the changes of puberty, usually before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys
sigmoidoscopy
the endoscopic exam of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon and possibly a portion of the descending colon
excisional biopsy
the entire tumor or lesion and a margin of surrounding tissue are removed
gastroduodenostomy
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum
ectropion
the eversion of the edge of an eyelid
urinalysis
the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
hyperpituitarism
the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
aerophagia
the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach
vaginal orifice
the exterior opening of the vagina
quickening
the first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother
otopyorrhea
the flow of pus from the ear
amniotic cavity
the fluid-filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac
gestational diabetes mellitus
the form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies
nephrolysis
the freeing of a kidney from adhesions
infundibulum
the funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary
amniotic sac
the innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus
abortion
the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable
entropion
the inversion of the edge of an eyelid
amniotic fluid
the liquid that protects the fetus and makes possible its floating movements
vas deferens
the long, narrow continuations of each epididymis; aka ductus deferens
anorexia
the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease
aphasia
the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word; caused by brain damage associated with stroke
cataract
the loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity
cervix
the lower, narrow portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina
basal layer
the lowest layer of the epidermis. It is here that new cells are produced and then pushed upward. When these cells reach the surface, they die and become filled with keratin.
vasectomy
the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed
audiological evaluation
the measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness; aka speech audiometry
cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
open angle glaucoma
the most common form of glaucoma, where the trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing a buildup of pressure; aka chronic glaucoma
vagina
the muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body
emmetropia
the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina
menstruation
the normal, periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from the uterus
sleep hyperhidrosis
the occurrence of excessive hyperhidrosis during sleep; also known as night sweats
polymenorrhea
the occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal
closed angle glaucoma
the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork; aka acute glaucoma
pores
the openings on the surface of the skin that act as the ducts of sweat glands
tonometry
the part of a routine eye exam in which intraocular pressure is measured
ileus
the partial or complete blockage of the small intestine, large intestine or both caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis
alopecia
the partial or complete loss of hair, most commonly on the scalp; aka baldness
tarsorrhaphy
the partial, or complete, suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids
melena
the passage of black, tarry and foul smelling stools that is caused by the presence of digested blood
flatulence
the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum
diplopia
the perception of two images of a single object; aka double vision
gestation
the period of development of the child in the mother's uterus; lasts approximately 280 days
melanin
the pigment that determines the color of the skin, which depends on the type and amount of this pigment that is present; also produces spots of color such as freckles and age spots
suprapubic catheterization
the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
nephrostomy
the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
lochia
the postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4-6 weeks after childbirth
hyperproteinuria
the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine
hypoproteinemia
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
steatorrhea
the presence of excess fat in the stool
cervical dysplasia
the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix
fibrocystic breast disease
the presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts
absorption
the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body
digestion
the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use
puberty
the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing
-graphy
the process of producing a picture or record
Electroencephalography
the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp
electroencephalography
the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp
hidrosis
the production and excretion of sweat
galactorrhea
the production of breast milk in a women who is not breastfeeding
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
the progressive loss of renal function over months or years
nephroptosis
the prolapse of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands; aka floating kidney
insomnia
the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep
post-polio syndrome
the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it
ovulation
the release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of one of the ovaries that happens on approximately the 13th or 14th day of a woman's menstrual cycle
varicocelectomy
the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele
biopsy
the removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis
debridement
the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing
transurethral prostatectomy
the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope
vitrectomy
the removal of the vitreous fluid of the posterior chamber of the eye and its replacement with a clear solution
regurgitation
the return of swallowed food into the mouth
uterine involution
the return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery
dendrites
the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body
borborygmus
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine
Lewy body dementia
the second most common type of dementia, occurs when abnormal proteins interfere with cell function in the brain
innervation
the supply of nerves to a specific body part
ileostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall
proctopexy
the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ
cystopexy
the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystoplexy
the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
diverticulectomy
the surgical removal of a diverticulum
percutaneous nephrolithotomy
the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back
iridectomy
the surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris
ureterectomy
the surgical removal of a ureter
labyrinthectomy
the surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth of the inner ear
hepatectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the liver
cystectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
rhytidectomy
the surgical removal of excess skin and fat from the face to eliminate wrinkles; aka facelift
mastoidectomy
the surgical removal of mastoid cells
parathyroidectomy
the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands
ileectomy
the surgical removal of the ileum
stapedectomy
the surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device known as a piston that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear
castration
the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
urethroplasty
the surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
otoplasty
the surgical repair, restoration, or alteration of the pinna of the ear
corneal transplant
the surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor; aka keratoplasty
ureterorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of a ureter
episiorrhaphy
the surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy
intussusception
the telescope of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part
sperm count
the testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm
puerperium
the time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery
alopecia universalis
the total loss of hair on all parts of the body
perimetrium
the tough, membranous outer layer of the uterus
perimenopause
the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all
umbilical cord
the tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to the developing child
testicles
the two small, egg-shaped glands that produce the sperm
diopter
the unit of measurement of a lens' refractive power
gastroesophageal reflux disease
the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus
genitourinary tract
the urinary and reproductive system referred to as one unit
bladder ultrasound
the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination
capsule endoscopy
the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows
tympanometry
the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear
audiometry
the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity
fetal monitoring
the use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor
hypnotherapy
the use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions
photocoagulation
the use of lasers to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels
hormone replacement therapy
the use of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause
phacoemulsification
the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract
echoencephalography
the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes
echoenchephalography
the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes
anoscopy
the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum
cystoscopy
the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
hematemesis
the vomiting of blood
dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
chorion
thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo; contributes to the formation of the placenta
dia-
through, between, apart, complete
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
arrector pili
tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect
ear tubes
tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections
gangrene
tissue death that is associated with a loss of normal circulation
granulation tissue
tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound
-tripsy
to crush
-para
to give birth
hypoglossal (XII)
tongue movement
TPN
total parenteral nutrition
social worker
trained therapist, usually with a master's degree
TIA
transient ischemic attack
nail body
translucent, closely molded to the surface of the underlying tissues
assertive listening device
transmits, processes, or amplifies sound and can be used with or without a hearing aid
Salmonellosis
transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products
human immunodeficiency virus
transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
ureteroscopy
treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter
sclerotherapy
treatment of spider veins by injecting a saline sclerosing solution into the vein
retinopexy
treatment to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment
urethra
tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body
trop/o
turn, change
volvulus
twisting of the intestine upon itself, causing an obstruction
myring/o
tympanic membrane or eardrum
tympan/o
tympanic membrane, eardrum
gamma knife surgery
type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision; the surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy diseased tissue while preserving the healthy tissue around the tumor
oral thrush
type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus candida albicans grows out of control
UC
ulcerative colitis
neurogenerative disease
umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
unknown cause with symptoms that include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied with diarrhea
stupor
unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
nausea
urge to vomit
cyst/o
urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid
nocturnal enuresis
urinary incontinence during sleep
UTI
urinary tract infection
-uria
urination, urine
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
weber and rinne test
use a tuning fork to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses
ileal conduit
use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen
chemabrasion
use of chemicals to remove the outer layer of skin to treat acne scarring, fine wrinkling and keratoses
electrolysis
use of electric current to destroy hair follicles in order to produce the relatively permanent removal of undesired hair
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
use of high energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel to break up kidney stones into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine
cellulite
used to describe deposits of dimpled fat around the buttocks and thighs
random blood glucose test
uses a blood drop sample to measure the current blood glucose level without fasting and can be used to diagnose diabetes
digital hearing aid
uses a computer chip to convert the incoming sound into a code that can be filtered before being amplified
laser iridotomy
uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye. This procedure is performed to treat closed-angle glaucoma by creating an opening that allows the aqueous humor to flow between the anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior segment of the eye.
transcranial magnetic stimulation
uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain
radioactive iodine uptake test
uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function
acute otitis media
usually associated with an upper respiratory infection and is most commonly seen in young children
urinary tract infection
usually begins in the bladder; can affect all parts of urinary system
metrorrhagia
uterine bleeding between menstrual periods; spotting
hyster/o
uterus
electromyography
utilizes electrodes taped to the skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to the muscles
colp/o
vagina
vagin/o
vagina
labia majora and minora
vaginal lips that protect the external genitalia and the urethral meatus
-opia
vision condition
VA
visual acuity
VF
visual field
-emesis
vomiting
emesis
vomiting; reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth
erosion
wearing away of a surface, such as the epidermis of the skin or the outer layer of mucous membrane
urethral orifice
where urine is expelled into bladder
dilation
widening of the pupil
gynec/o
woman, female
stimulant
works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness
parathyroid hormone
works with calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland; regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues
rhytid/o
wrinkle