med term chapter 8-15

parathyroid gland

4 glands; each of which is about the size of grain of rice, are embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

trigeminal neuralgia

A condition characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve; affects the cheek, lips, and gums on the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve.

neurologist

A physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of disease of the nervous system.

myopia

A vision defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina; also known as nearsightedness.

Norepinephrine

Affects alertness and arousal, increasing blood pressure and heart rate, and releasing stores of glucose in response to stress.

AD

Alzheimer's disease

GD

Graves disease

oxytocin

Hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.

pia mater

Innermost layer of the meninges

thyroxine

One of the primary hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of other body systems.

psychologist

PhD or PsyD, but is not a medical doctor; evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness

diaphoresis

Profuse, but not necessarily excessive, sweating.

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat.

incision

a cut made with a surgical instrument

pustule

a small, circumscribed lesion containing pus; a pimple

photodynamic therapy

a technique used to treat damaged and precancerous skin, as well as various types of cancer

callus

a thickening of part of the skin on the hands or feet caused by repeated rubbing

hepatomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the liver

ALD

aldosterone

male urethra

approximately 8 inches long; urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis; transports both urine and semen

BCC

basal cell carcinoma

ejaculatory duct

begins at the vas deferens, passes through the prostate glands, and empties into the urethra; a reflex action caused by these ducts causes ejaculation

navel

belly button; formed where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus

cerebr/o

cerebrum, brain

CKD

chronic kidney disease

cysto

cystoscopy

dentist

diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity

percutaneous dialysis

dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

EPI, Epi

epinephrine

gastrorrhea

excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach

photophobia

excessive sensitivity to light

sulci

fissures

bridge

fixed dental prosthesis used to join one or more artificial teeth to the adjacent teeth

FA, FAG

fluorescein angiography

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in intestines

Huntington's disease

genetic disorder classified as a neurodegenerative disease

seminal vesicles

glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells

poliomyelitis

highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis

ghrelin

hormone produced in the GI tract; hunger hormone

antidiuretic hormone

hormone that helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

glucagon

hormone that increases the amount of glucose in the bloodstream by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen into glucose

growth hormone

hormone that regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

follicle-stimulating hormone

hormone that stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female. In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles (testes)

kerat/o

horny, hard, cornea

HG

hypoglycemia

irid/o

iris, colored part of eye

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

vestibular rehabilitation therapy

is a form of physical therapy designed to treat a wide variety of balance disorders, the majority of which are caused by problems in the inner ear and vestibular nerve

urticaria

itchy wheals caused by an allergic reaction; aka hives

poly-

many

psych/o

mind

myometrium

muscular middle layer of the uterus

keratoconus

occurs when the cornea becomes irregular and cone-shaped, causing blurring and distortion of vision

overactive bladder

occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily even though the bladder is not actually full enough to indicate the need to urinate

sebum

oily substance that is released through ducts opening into the hair follicles

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

lap-band adjustable gastric banding

placing an inflatable band around the exterior of the stomach to restrict the amount of food that can enter; is reversible

cosmetic surgeon

plastic surgeon who performs operations for aesthetic rather than medical reasons

denture

plate holding one or more replacement teeth

PKD

polycystic kidney disease

hematospermia

presence of blood in the seminal fluid

glial cells

provide support and protection for neurons

midbrain and pons

provides conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain; controls reflexes for head and eye movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

PERRLA

pupils are equal, round, responsive to light and accomadation

py/o

pus

pyosalpinx

pus in the fallopian tube

RK

radial keratotomy

upper and lower GI series

radiographic studies to examine the digestive system; barium swallow for upper GI and barium enema for lower GI

pelvimetry

radiographic study to measure the dimensions of the pelvis to evaluate its capacity to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal

curettage

removal material from the surface by scrapping

Erythema multiforme

skin disorder resulting from a generalized allergic reaction to an illness, infection, or medication

scabies

skin infection caused by an infestation of itch mites that cause small, itchy bumps and blisters by burrowing into the top layer of human skin to lay their eggs

SLE

slit-lamp examination

meningioma

slow growing and usually benign tumor of the meninges

cervical cancer

slow growing squamous cell cancer

endometrial biopsy

small amount of tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for microscopic examination

vesicle

small blister, containing watery fluid

enter/o

small intestine

malabsorption

small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from food that passes through it

petechiae

small pinpoint hemorrhages less than 2 mm in diameter

diverticulum

small pouch found in the lining or wall of a tubular organ such as the colon

skin tags

small, flesh colored or light brown polyps that hang from the body by fine stalks

verrucae

small, hard skin lesions caused by the human papilloma virus; warts

short stature

sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone; aka dwarfism

peptic ulcers

sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system caused by the bacterium helicobater pylorior by meds that irritate the mucous membranes

synapse

space between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ

subarachnoid space

space between arachnoid membrane and pia mater; contains csf

epidural space

space between the walls of the vertebral column and the dura mater

registered dietician

specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake

gastroeneterologist

specialist in the stomach and intestines

melanocytes

specialized cells that are also found in the basal cell layer; produce and contain a dark brown to black pigment known as melanin

lacteals

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream

maxillofacial surgery

specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

oral or maxillofacial surgeon

specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries

stool samples

specimens of feces that are examined for content and characteristics

gastr/o

stomach, belly

colostomy

surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

-pexy

surgical fixation

lensectomy

the general term used to describe the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens

meconium

the greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn

insulin

the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. Its function is to allow glucose to enter cells for energy or to stimulate the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage

infertility

the inability to conceive a child

bowel incontinence

the inability to control the excretion of feces

urinary incontinence

the inability to control the voiding of urine

stress incontinence

the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

monochromatism

the inability to distinguish colors; also known as color blindness

gastrostomy tube

the surgical placement of a feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach

-dipsia

thirst

arteriovenous malformation

(AVM) one of the causes of hemorrhagic strokes; abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain, usually congenital and can rupture suddenly at any age

magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI) neuroimaging tool to exam the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord

floaters

(vitreous floaters) particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous humor and cast shadows on the retina

cranial nerves

12 pairs; originate from the under surface of the brain

peripheral spinal nerves

31 pairs; sometimes joins with other to form a plexus

permanent dentition

32 teeth designed to last a lifetime; 20 replace primary teeth and 12 erupt at the back of the mouth

paresthesia

A burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body.

lipedema

A chronic abnormal condition, usually in women, that is characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs.

rosacea

A chronic condition of unknown cause, characterized by tiny red pimples and broken blood vessels.

facitious disorder

A condition in which an individual acts as if he/she has a physical or mental illness when he/she is not really sick. Visible symptoms are self inflicted and the motivation is the patients desire to receive attention and sympathy

hyperinsulinism

A condition marked by excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream.

infectious myringitis

A contagious inflammation associated with a middle-ear infection that causes painful blisters on the eardrum.

coma

A deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movement, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech.

chorionic villus sampling

A diagnostic test to search for genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus.

anorexia nervosa

A false perception of body appearance which leads to an intense fear of gaining weight and inability to maintain a healthy body weight.

glomerulonephritis

A form of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine.

third degree burn

A full-thickness burns that involve the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers, and possibly also the muscle and bone below

cortisol

A hormone that has an anti-inflammatory action; it also regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body.

epinephrine

A hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear; also known as adrenaline.

calcitonin

A hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues.

steroids

A large family of hormonelike substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure.

second degree burn

A partial-thickness burn involving the epidermis and the dermis.

fluorescein angiography

A photographic study of the blood vessels in the back of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye that acts as a contrast medium.

hemodialysis

A procedure that filters waste products directly from the patient's blood to replace the function of damaged kidneys.

schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances.

intravenous pyelography

A radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium to diagnose changes in the urinary tract.

hallucination

A sensory perception (sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of an external stimulation.

necrotizing fasciitis

A severe infection caused by Group A strepbacteria that enters the body through a wound. If untreated, the infected body tissue can be destroyed and the illness may be fatal; also known as flesh-eating bacteria.

wheal

A small bump that itches and can appear as a symptom of an allergic reaction; a welt.

granuloma

A small knotlike swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis.

papule

A small, raised, red lesion, such as an insect bite, that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter.

optometrist

A specialist who holds a Doctor of Optometry degree and provides primary eye care, including diagnosing eye diseases and conditions and measuring the accuracy of vision to determine if corrective lenses are needed.

autism

A subgroup of autistic spectrum disorders. Children with autism have significant developmental delays, including speech and language, with most having very minimal verbal skills and lacking normal social relationships.

mastopexy

A surgical procedure to affix sagging breasts into a more elevated position.

Foley catheter

A tube inserted through the urethra to drain urine, often left in place; flexible tube with a balloon filled with sterile water at the end to hold it in place

connecting neurons

AKA associative neurons; Link afferent and efferent neurons

hypercalcemia

Abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth.

claustrophobia

An abnormal fear of narrow, enclosed spaces

panic attack

An unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as shortness of breath and chest pain.

computed tomography

CT scan; primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging of the abdomen

factitious disorder

Condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.

sensorineural hearing loss

Deafness that develops when the auditory nerve or hair cells in the inner ear are damaged.

presbyopia

Decline of near vision that occurs with age as the lens becomes less flexible and the muscles of the ciliary body become weaker.

gonads

Gamete-producing glands, the ovaries in females and testicles in males.

vagus (X)

Heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract, trachea, external ear

thymosin

Hormone secreted by the thymus gland that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells of the immune system.

folliculitis

Inflammation of the hair follicles that is especially common on the limbs and in the beard area on men.

onychocryptosis

Ingrown toenail in which the edges of a toenail curve inward and cut into the skin.

diabetic retinopathy

Injury to the eye that occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina of the eye.

pruritus

Itching associated with most forms of dermatitis.

LASIK

Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis; used to treat vision conditions, such as myopia, that are caused by the shape of the cornea

Ps

Psoriasis

Acetylcholine

Released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junctions; it influences muscle action.

first degree burn

Superficial burns through only the epidermis.

blepharoplasty

Surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids by removing sagging skin; also known as a lid lift.

regional anesthesia

Temporary interruption of nerve conduction, is produced by injecting an anesthetic solution near the nerves to be blocked.

end stage renal disease

The final stage of chronic kidney disease that is fatal unless the functions of the failed kidneys are successfully replaced by dialysis or with a successful kidney transplant.

luteinizing hormone

The hormone that stimulates ovulation in the female and production of the female sex hormone progesterone. In the male, it stimulates the secretion of testosterone.

nephrons

The microscopic functional units of each kidney where urine is produced through the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

hyperthyroidism

The overproduction of thyroid hormones, which causes an imbalance of metabolism.

shaken baby syndrome

The results when a child has been violently shaken by someone; can cause brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, and death.

ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

opthalmoscopy

The visual examination of the fundus (back part) of the eye with an ophthalmoscope; also known as funduscopy.

progesterone

This hormone, whose function is to complete the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, is released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary.

laser trabeculoplasty

Treatment of open-angle glaucoma in which a laser is used to create an opening in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly.

crown

Visible part of the tooth

Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term care facilities, typically following the use of antibiotics that wipe out competing bacteria

dysentery

a bacterial infection, occurs most frequently in tropical countries where it is spread through food or water contaminated by human feces

phenobarbital

a barbiturate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant

amobarbital

a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic

diaphragm

a barrier contraceptive that prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg

seborrheic keratosis

a benign skin growth that has a waxy or "pasted on" look

uterine fibroid

a benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that occurs in the wall of the uterus

insulinoma

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia

prolactinoma

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin

lipoma

a benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer

papilloma

a benign, superficial wart-like growth on the epithelial tissue or elsewhere in the body, such as in the bladder

fructosamine test

a blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks

hemoglobin A1c testing

a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months

traumatic brain injury

a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain

rectocele

a bulging of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina, usually as the result of childbirth or pregnancy

tract

a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

Cirrhosis

a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring

Parkinon's Disease

a chronic degenernative central nervous system disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait caused by inadequate levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

eosinophilic esophagitis

a chronic immune system disease in which a type of WBC builds up in the esophagus, usually as a result of an allergy to certain foods

interstitial cystitis

a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

acne vulgaris

a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum

Epilepsy

a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity

Epilespy

a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity

retinoids

a class of chemical compounds derived from vitamin A that are used in skin care and treatment because of their effect on epithelial cell growth

barbituates

a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system

abscess

a closed pocket containing pus that is caused by a bacterial infection; can appear on the skin or within other structures of the body

glomerulus

a cluster of capillaries, surrounded by a cup shaped membrane called the bowman's capsule, and renal tubule

carbuncle

a cluster of connected furuncles (boils)

cranial hematoma

a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

crust

a collection of dried serum and cellular debris; aka scab

norepinephrine

a combination of a hormone and a neurohormone that plays an important role in the "fight or flight response"

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

a common cause of vertigo that occurs when there is a shift in the location of small crystals in the semicircular canals

male pattern baldness

a common hair-loss pattern in men, with the hairline receding from the front to the back until only a horseshoe-shaped area of hair remains in the back and at the temples

depression

a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities

psoriasis

a common skin disorder characterized by flare-ups in which red papules covered with silvery scales occur on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, or buttocks

Tourette syndrome

a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities

preeclampsia

a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a condition associated with severe emotional and physical problems that are closely linked to the menstrual cycle

polycystic ovary syndrome

a condition caused by a hormonal imbalance in which the ovaries are enlarged by the presence of many cysts formed by incompletely developed follicles

diabetes insipidus

a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH

cushing's sundrome

a condition caused by the overproduction of cortisol by the body or by taking corticosteroids to treat inflammatory diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis; aka hypercortisolism

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding often due to an imbalance in hormone level changes

bipolar disorder

a condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting from highs (manic behavior) and severe lows (depression) that affect a person's attitude, energy, and ability to function

ectopic pregnancy

a condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside the uterus; aka extrauterine pregnancy

nyctalopia

a condition in which an individual with normal daytime vision has difficulty seeing at night; also known as night blindness

hydrocephalus

a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain

endometriosis

a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

astigmatism

a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea

prediabetes

a condition in which the food sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes

premature ejactulation

a condition in which the male reaches climax too soon, usually before, or shortly after, penetration of the female

premature menopause

a condition in which the ovaries cease functioning before age 40 years due to disease, a hormonal disorder, or surgical removal

anisocoria

a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size

exfoliative dermatitis

a condition in which there is widespread scaling of the skin, often with pruritus, erythroderma, and hair loss

bacterial vaginosis

a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina

hyperesthesia

a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli

hyperhidrosis

a condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body

addisons disease

a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone

gender dysphoria

a condition where a person's gender at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, potentially causing significant amounts of stress

autistic spectrum disorder

a condition with different levels of symptom severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual

cretinism

a congenital form of hypothyroidism that, if not treated soon after birth, causes arrested physical and mental development

encephalocele

a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull

spermatocele

a cyst that develops in the epididymis and is filled with a milky fluid containing sperm

hypothyroidism

a deficiency of thyroid secretion; aka underactive thyroid

orthodontist

a dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures

periodontist

a dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth

intellectual disability

a diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy

voiding cystourethrography

a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra

slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy

a diagnostic procedure in which a narrow beam of light is focused onto parts of the eye to permit the ophthalmologist to examine the structures at the front of the eye including the cornea, iris, and lens

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone

macule

a discolored, flat spot, such as a freckle, that is less than 1 cm in diameter

pyromania

a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting

strabismus

a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus

abruptio placentae

a disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus

delirium tremens

a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

delirium tremes

a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol

conn's disease

a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone

conn's syndrome

a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone

cheilosis

a disorder of the lips characterized by crack like sores at the corners of the mouth

graves disease

a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, resulting in hyperthyroidism

prostatism

a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)

a disorder that may develop after an event involving actual of threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror with many symptoms

renal transplantation

a donor kidney is transferred to a recipient

delusion

a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

keratin

a fibrous, water-repellent protein; soft keratin is primarily found in epidermis and hard keratin is found in the hair and nails

port-wine stain

a flat vascular birthmark made up of dilated blood capillaries, creating a large, reddish-purple discoloration on the face or neck

serous otitis media

a fluid buildup in the middle ear that can follow acute otitis media or can be caused by obstruction of the Eustachian tube

follicle

a fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum (egg)

hydrocele

a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles

refractive disorder

a focusing problem that occurs when the lens and cornea do not bend light so that it focuses properly on the retina

dermabrasion

a form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper; used to remove acne and chicken pox scars as well as for facial skin rejuvenation

factitious disorder by proxy

a form of child abuse; although seeming very concerned about the child's well-being, the mentally ill parent will falsify an illness in a child by making up, or inducing symptoms, and then seeking medical treatment, even surgery, for the child

sunburn

a form of erythema in which skin cells are damaged by exposure to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight

eczema

a form of persistent or recurring dermatitis that is usually characterized by redness, itching, and dryness, with possible blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding

peyronie's disease

a form of sexual dysfunction in which the penis is bent or curved during erection

collagen replacement therapy

a form of soft-tissue augmentation used to soften facial lines or scars or to make lips appear fuller

temporal arteritis

a form of vasculitis that can cause a sudden vision loss, usually in one eye

botox

a formulation of botulinum toxin type A; injections that temporarily block the nerve signals to the injected muscle, reduce moderate to severe frown lines for up to 3-4 months; the same neurotoxin responsible for the form of food poisoning known as botulism

otomycosis

a fungal infection of the external auditory canal; aka swimmers ear

pneumatic retinopexy

a gas bubble is injected into the vitreous cavity to put pressure on the area of repair while it heals

dermatosis

a general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation

albinism

a genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or the absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises due to a missing enzyme necessary for the production of melanin

presbycusis

a gradual loss of sensorineural hearing that occurs as the body ages

macular degeneration

a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision, but not in total blindness

vernix

a greasy substance that protects the fetus in utero and can still be present at birth

fissure

a groove or crack-like break in the skin

Alzheimer's disease

a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. It is the leading cause of dementia and is marked by progressive deterioration that affects memory and reasoning capabilities

glaucoma

a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers

ichthyosis

a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, and scaly skin

diabetes mellitus

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

premenstrual syndrome

a group of symptoms experienced by some women within the 2-week period before menstruation

gallstone

a hard deposit that forms in the gallbladder and bile ducts

migraine headache

a headache characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light or sound

certified diabetes educator

a health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease

impetigo

a highly contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

gonorrhea

a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae

perforation

a hole through the wall of a structure

needle biopsy

a hollow needle is used to remove a core of tissue for examination

estrogen

a hormone with an important role in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle

varicocele

a knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

hemoccult

a lab test for hidden blood in the stools

hemoccult test

a lab test for hidden blood in the stools

malnutrition

a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients

bulla

a large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter

ecchymosis

a large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin

dyslexia

a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols

HELLP syndrome

a life-threatening pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count

contact dermatitis

a localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant

spinal cord

a long, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column

persistent depressive disorder

a low-grade chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for 2 or more years; also known as dysthymia

lethargy

a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

koilonychia

a malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon; aka spoon nail

basal cell carcinoma

a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis; this is the most common and least harmful type of skin cancer because it is slow growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body

bolus

a mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed

hertz

a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is

anesthetist

a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician

antithyroid drug

a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

antimetic

a medication that is administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

laproscopic adrenalectomy

a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands

intrauterine device (IUD)

a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy

postpartum depression

a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth

eclampsia

a more serious form of preeclampsia that is characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma

nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

a more serious form of this condition because it consists of fatty accumulations plus liver-damaging inflammation

polyp

a mushroom like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane; not all are malignant

cuticle

a narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail just in front of the root, protecting the new keratin cells as they form

ganglion

a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system

plexus

a network of intersecting spinal nerves

restless leg syndrome

a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them; usually most noticeable at night or when trying to rest

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

a newer diagnosis for children who have frequent, severe temper outbursts and are chronically irritable

chalazion

a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction in a sebaceous gland

comedo

a noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle; aka blackhead

abdominal ultrasound

a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high frequency sound waves

ketosis

a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking

cicatrix

a normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a number that shows body weight adjusted for height

priapism

a painful erection that lasts 4 hours or more but is not accompanied by sexual excitement

ovaries

a pair of small, almond-shaped organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus

lunula

a pale half-moon-shaped region at every nail root that is generally most easily seen in the thumbnail

narcissistic personality disorder

a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others

uterus

a pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and a mucous membrane lining filled with a rich supply of blood vessels

endocrinologist

a physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

anesthesiologist

a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery

psychiatrist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness

gynecologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system

urologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

neonatologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the newborn

dermatologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin

proctologist

a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum and anus

obstetrician

a physician who specializes in providing medical care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter

neurosurgeon

a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

plastic surgeon

a physician who specializes in the surgical restoration and reconstruction of body structures

incisional biopsy

a piece, but not all, of the tumor or lesion is removed

chloasma

a pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face; aka melasma or the mask of pregnancy

corneal ulcer

a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury

strangulated hernia

a portion of the intestine is constricted inside the hernia, causing ischemia in this tissue by cutting off its blood supply

actinic keratosis

a precancerous skin lesion that occurs on sun-damaged skin

in vitro fertilization

a procedure in which mature ova are removed from the mother to be fertilized

vasovasostomy

a procedure performed as an attempt to restore fertility to a vasectomized male; aka vasectomy reversal

dialysis

a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

leukorrhea

a profuse, whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina

multiple sclerosis

a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath

rentinitis pigmentosa

a progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night and peripheral vision

leptin

a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

hordeolum

a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland; aka a stye

retrograde urography

a radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) through the urinary tract

cholangiography

a radiographic exam of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium

cystography

a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter

hysterosalpingography

a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes following the instillation of radiopaque material

abdominal computed tomography (CT)

a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen

myelography

a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, resulting in complete paralysis and death; Aka Lou Gehrigs disease

acromegaly

a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

Meniere's disease

a rare chronic disorder in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, producing attacks of vertigo, a fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus

wilms tumor

a rare type of malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children

pheochromocytoma

a rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are the hormones that regulate heart rate and blood pressure

thyroid storm

a relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

tinnitus

a ringing, buzzing, or roaring sound in one or both ears

fibroadenoma

a round, firm, rubbery mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast

mons pubis

a rounded, fleshy prominence located over the pubic symphysis

apgar score

a scale of 1-10 to evaluate a newborn infant's physical status at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

plaque

a scaly, solid raised area of closely spaced papules

seasonal affective disorder

a seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months

testicular self-exam

a self-help step in early detection of testicular cancer by detecting lumps, swelling, or changes in the skin of the scrotum

vertigo

a sense of whirling, dizziness, and the loss of balance, that is often combined with nausea and vomiting

peristalsis

a series of wave like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system

myxedema

a severe form of adult hypothyroidism.

chlamydia

a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium chlamydia trachomatis

syphilis

a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum

genital herpes

a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus

testicular torsion

a sharp pain in the scrotum caused by twisting of the vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle

scleral buckle

a silicone band or sponge used to repair a detached retina

vitiligo

a skin condition resulting from the destruction of the melanocytes due to unknown causes and causing irregular patches of white skin

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day

dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes

anal fissure

a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement

myringotomy

a small surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid, or to create an opening for the placement of ear tubes

nevus

a small, dark skin growth that develops from melanocytes in the skin; aka mole

virtual colonoscopy

a small, flexible tube is inserted into the rectum and an MRI or CT machine is used to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon

capillary hemangioma

a soft, raised, pink, or red vascular birthmark

nodule

a solid, raised skin lesion that is larger than 0.5 cm in diameter and deeper than a papule

oral rehydration therapy

a solution of electrolytes is administered in a liquid preparation to counteract dehydration

incubator

a special enclosed crib where the oxygen supply, temperature, and humidity can be closely controlled

colostrum

a specialized form of milk that delivers essential nutrients and antibodies in a form that the newborn can digest

oligospermia

a sperm count of below 20 million/mL

trichomoniasis

a std caused by the parasite trichomonas vaginalis

testosterone

a steroid hormone secreted by the testes and the adrenal cortex that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics

ureterolith

a stone located anywhere along the ureter

nephrolith

a stone located in the kidney

cystolith

a stone located within the urinary bladder

asperger's syndrome

a subgroup of the autism spectrum; usually have normal or above average intelligence but are impaired in social interactions and nonverbal communication

nutrient

a substance, usually from food, that is necessary for normal functioning of the body

seizure

a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time

sleep deprivation

a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks

anastomosis

a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures

lithotomy

a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder

orbitotomy

a surgical incision into the orbit

pyelotomy

a surgical incision into the renal pelvis

urethrotomy

a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture

meatotomy

a surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening

fenestration

a surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore lost hearing

radial keratotomy

a surgical procedure to treat myopia

amniocentesis

a surgical puncture with a needle to obtain a specimen of amniotoc fluid

tubal ligation

a surgical sterilization procedure in which the fallopian tubes are sealed or cut to prevent sperm from reaching a mature ovum

electrodesiccation

a surgical technique in which tissue is destroyed using an electric spark

intraocular lens

a surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed

hematoma

a swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues

human growth hormone

a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

exfoliative cytology

a technique in which cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope

placenta

a temporary organ that forms within the uterus to allow the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother and fetus without allowing maternal blood and fetal blood to mix

condom

a thin rubber sheath worn on a man's penis during sexual intercourse as a contraceptive or as protection against infection.

laceration

a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut wound

uremia

a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which urea and other waste products are retained in the blood; uremic poisoning

pinealoma

a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin

myelosis

a tumor of the spinal cord; abnormal proliferation of bone marrow tissue

persistent vegetative state

a type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles

noise-induced hearing loss

a type of nerve deafness caused by repeated exposure to extremely loud noises such as a gunshot, or to moderately loud noise that continues for long periods of time

malignant melanoma

a type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes

ischemic stroke

a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery

neurogenic bladder

a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

vaginal candidiasis

a vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida albicans; also known as a yeast infection

pineal gland

a very small endocrine glands that is located in the central portion of the brain

concussion

a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function

hyperopia

a vision defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina; also known as farsightedness

impulse

a wave of excitation transmitted through nerve fibers and neurons

primipara

a woman who has borne one viable child

multiparous

a woman who has given birth two or more times

nulligravida

a woman who has never been pregnant

nullipara

a woman who has never borne a viable child

primigravida

a woman who is pregnant for the first time

jaundice

a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes and eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood

amenorrhea

abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more

clubbing

abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips

urethrorrhea

abnormal discharge from the urethra

benign prostatic hyperplasia

abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland

phobia

abnormal fear

brain tumor

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

gigantism

abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

vesicovaginal fistula

abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina

exophthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

erythroderma

abnormal redness of the entire skin surface

cyst

abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material

goiter

abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland

diarrhea

abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools and can lead to dehydration

hyperglycemia

abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

intestinal adhesions

abnormally hold together parts of the intestine that normally should be separate

anuria

absence of urine formation by the kidneys

needlestick injury

accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection

dry macular degeneration

accounts for 90% of these cases, is caused by the slow deterioration of the cells of the macula

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

accumulation of fat in the liver of people who drink little to no alcohol

isoretinoin

accutane; a powerful retinoid taken in pill form for the treatment of severe acne

laser

acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

psychotropic drug

acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior

tetanus

acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria

ARF

acute renal failure

cellulitis

acute, rapidly spreading infection within the connective tissue

intravenous fluids

administered to combat the effects of dehydration

total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

administered to patients who cannot, or should not, get their nutrition through eating; administered intravenously

antidepressant

administered to prevent or relieve depression

anticonvulsant

administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy

anxiolytic drug

administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension

antipsychotic drug

administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses

photosensitizing drug

administered topically or by injection. An incubation period is followed by exposure to a specific wavelength of light, administered either externally or endoscopically.

adren/o

adrenal gland

postpartum

after childbirth

contraceptive

agent that prevents conception

AC

air conduction

stones

aka calculus; abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body and is named for the organ or tissue where it is located

dermis

aka corium; thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis; contains connective tissue, blood and lymph vessels, and nerve fibers

electroconvulsive therapy

aka electroshock therapy; a procedure in which small amounts of electric current are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

tonic-clonic seizure

aka grand mal seizure; involves the entire body, body becomes rigid and uncontrolled jerking

transient ischemic attack

aka mini stroke; temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain

pigmented birthmarks

aka moles; cafe-au-lait spots and other irregularities in skin color

somatic nerve fibers

aka motor nerve fibers; convey info that controls the body's voluntary muscular movements

efferent neurons

aka motor neurons; carry impulses away from brain and spinal cord toward the muscles and glands

dissociative identity disorder

aka multiple personality disorder; a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual

absence seizure

aka petit mal seizure; a brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode

radiculitis

aka pinched nerve; inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb

afferent neurons

aka sensory neurons; emerge from sensory organs and skin to carry the impulses toward the brain and spinal cord

somnambulism

aka sleepwalking; the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening

lumbar puncture

aka spinal tap; process of obtaining a sample of csf by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid; changes can indicate an injury, infection or disease

cryosurgery

also called freezing, is the destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells, such as warts or tumors, through the application of extreme cold by using liquid nitrogen

erythema pernio

also known as chilblains, is a purple-red inflammation that occurs when the small blood vessels below the skin are damaged, usually due to exposure to cold and damp weather. When warmth restores full circulation, the affected areas begin to itch; however, they usually heal without treatment.

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

genital warts

an STD caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV); highly contagious

ascites

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

scotoma

an abnormal area of diminished vision surrounded by an area of normal vision; aka blind spot

leukoplakia

an abnormal white precancerous lesion that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek

aldosteronism

an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

hypoglycemia

an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood

keloid

an abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision

impacted cerumen

an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal

delirium

an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations

cholangitis

an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant, fever and jaundice

paronychia

an acute or chronic infection of the skin fold around a nail

renal colic

an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passing of a kidney stone

wet macular degeneration

an advanced form of dry AMD. New blood vessels growing beneath the retina leak blood and fluid, damaging the retinal cells. These small hemorrhages usually result in rapid and severe vision loss.

hiatal hernia

an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm

obsessive-compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions

hashimoto's disease

an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

scleroderma

an autoimmune disorder in which the connective tissues become thickened and hardened

alopecia areata

an autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body

reflexes

an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body

bulimua nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercising, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics or other medications

cochlear implant

an electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve

azotemia

an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract

cover test

an examination of how the two eyes work together and is used to assess binocular vision. one eye at a time is covered while the patient focuses on an object across the room.

obesity

an excessive accumulation of fat in the body

hypermenorrhea

an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than 7 days

acrophobia

an excessive fear of heights

Salmonellasis

an infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces; salmonella

dacryoadenitis

an inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection

stomatitis

an inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth

iritis

an inflammation of the uveal tract affecting primarily structures in the front of the eye

seborrheic dermatitis

an inflammation sometimes resulting from seborrhea that causes scaling and itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp

celiac disease

an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to food containing gluten

abrasion

an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away

coup

an injury occurring within the skill near point of impact

burn

an injury to body tissues caused by heat, electricity, sun, chemical or radiation

contusion

an injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin and is characterized by discoloration and pain

corneal abrasion

an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea

endoscope

an instrument used for visual examination of internal structures

heat rash

an intensely itchy rash caused by blockage of the sweat glands by bacteria and dead cells; aka prickly heat

liver transplant

an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer

carotid ultrasonography

an ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke

alopecia totalis

an uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp

hypomenorrhea

an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period

otosclerosis

ankylosis of the bones of the middle ear resulting in a conductive hearing loss

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

proct/o

anus and rectum

an/o

anus, ring

mycosis

any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus

pyoderma

any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo

occlusion

any contact between the chewing surface of the upper and lower teeth

malocclusion

any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth

nephropathy

any disease of the kidney

stomatomycosis

any disease of the mouth due to fungus

neuropathy

any disease or damage to nerves

ametropia

any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina

gonadotropin

any hormone that stimulates the gonads

pelvic inflammatory disease

any inflammation of the female reproductive organs not associated with surgery or pregnancy

trismus

any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer

keratosis

any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin

stimulus

anything that excites (activates) a nerve and causes an impulse

adnexa

appendages or accessory structures of an organ; in the eye, these are outside the eyeball

female urethra

approximately 1.5 inches long; urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina; conveys only urine

ocular prosthesis

artificial eye, may be fitted to wear over a malformed eye or to replace an eyeball that is either congenitally missing or has been surgically removed

ALD

assistive listening device

AS

astigmatism

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

dysplastic nevi

atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer

systemic lupus erythematosus

autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face and upper trunk; also attacks the connective tissue in other body systems, especially in the joints

type 1 diabetes

autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

primary dentition

baby teeth; erupt during early childhood and normally lost in late childhood then replaced with permanent teeth

Vesicoureter reflux

backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder

halitosis

bad breath; an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth that can be caused by dental diseases or respiratory or gastric disorders

psychoanalysis

based on the idea of mental disorders having underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into ones feelings and patterns of behavior

glucose

basic form of energy used by the body; aka blood sugar

menarche

beginning of the menstrual function at puberty

bladder retaining

behavioral therapy in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule, with increasingly longer time intervals as the bladder increases its capacity. The goal is to reestablish voluntary bladder control and to break the cycle of frequency and urgency that results from urge incontinence.

thalamus

below cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body

hypothalamus

below thalamus and 7 major functions

BPH

benign prostatic hyperplasia

subdural space

between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

chol/e

bile, gall

gut mircoflora

billions of normal bacteria present in the large intestine to protect against infection and help maintain the immune system

cleft lip

birth defect with a deep groove of the lp running upward to the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal development

melan/o

black, dark

subconjunctival hemorrhage

bleeding between the conjunctiva and the sclera; usually caused by an injury; creates a red area over the white of the eye

otorrhagia

bleeding from the ear

urethrorrhagia

bleeding from the urethra

hemianopia

blindness in one-half of the visual field

herpes labialis

blister like sores on the lips and adjacent tissues caused by the oral herpes simplex virus type 1

sunscreen

blocks out the harmful ultraviolet B rays is sometimes measured in terms of the strength of the sun protection factor

strangulating obstruction

blood flow to a segment of the intestine is blocked

glomerular filtration rate

blood test to check how well the kidneys are functioning at filtering blood

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

blood test to screen for prostate cancer

somat/o

body

BMI

body mass index

corpus

body of the uterus

encephal/o

brain

acoustic neuroma

brain tumor that develops adjacent to the cranial nerve running from the brain to the inner ear

bariatrics

branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases

terminal end fibers

branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nerve impulse from the axon to the synapse

-lysis

breakdown, destruction, separation

mast/o

breast

contu/o

bruise

fundus

bulging, rounded part above the entrance of the fallopian tubes

caus/o

burn, burning

thyroid gland

butterfly shape; lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage

prostate cancer

cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged and older

testicular cancer

cancer that begins in the testicles. It is the most common cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34 years. This cancer is highly treatable when diagnosed early.

autonomic nerve fibers

carry instructions to the organs and glands and from the autonomic nervous system

lactiferous ducts

carry milk from the mammary glands to the nipple

descending nerve tracts

carry nerve impulses away from the brain

ascending nerve tracts

carry nerve impulses toward the brain

CAT

cataract

cath

catheterization

vascular dementia

caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain

hypoparathyroidism

caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone

vascular birthmarks

caused by blood vessels close to the skin's surface

cushing's syndrome

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

paralytic ileus

caused by stopping of the normal peristalsis of this area of the intestine

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

caused by the abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth

E. coli

caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, is transmitted through contaminated foods that have not been adequately cooked

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH; often a result of cancer or its treatent

diabetic coma

caused by very high blood glucose

insulin shock

caused by very low blood glucose

local anesthesia

causes the loss of sensation in a limited area by injecting an anesthetic solution near that area

caut

cauterization

dental caries

cavity; infectious disease caused by bacteria that destroy the enamel and dentin of the tooth

CP

cerebral palsy

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

cervic/o

cervix

oppositional defiant disorder

characterized by a child or adolescent's persistent angry, uncooperative, and disruptive behavior directed toward authority figures, which disrupts daily activities

panic disorder

characterized by a fear of panic attacks

hypocalcemia

characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood

generalized anxiety disorder

characterized by chronic, excessive worrying

binge eating disorder

characterized by episodes of eating large quantities of food, accompanied by a sense of loss of control and feelings of guilt or shame afterward

rhinophyma

characterized by hyperplasia of the tissues of the nose and is associated with advanced rosacea

borderline personality disorder

characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self-harm, as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships

somatic symptom disorder

characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

conversion disorder

characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause

female pattern baldness

characterized by the hair thinning in the front and on the sides of the scalp and sometimes on the crown

malingering

characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms

psychotic disorder

characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

hoarding disorder

characterized by the over accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living

snellen chart

chart used for testing visual acuity; contains letters of varying sizes and is shown from a distance of 20 ft; avg person who can read at this distance is said to have 20/20 vision

hormones

chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Antioxidants

chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E; carotene; and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage by blocking the activity of potentially harmful chemicals called free radicals

mastication

chewing, breaks down food into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva, and prepares it to be swallowed

alcoholism

chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal

Crohn's disease

chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however it is must often found in the ileum and in the colon

ulcerative colitis

chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine causes ulcers and irritation

personality disorder

chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work

diverticulosis

chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the colon

epididymis

coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle

colorectal carcinoma

colon cancer; 1st manifests itself in polyps in the colon

col/o, colon/o

colon, large intestine

COL

colonoscopy

gastritis

common inflammation of the stomach lining that is often caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

decibel

commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of sound

perforating ulcer

complication of a peptic ulcer where the ulcer erodes through the entire thickness of the organ wall

cerebral palsy

condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum

galactorrhea

condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth

latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

condition in which type 1 diabetes in adults; it shares many of the characteristics of type 2 diabetes, however autoimmune antibodies are present

pregnancy

condition of having a developing baby in the uterus

cachexia

condition of physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDs

anisoscoria

condition of unequal pupil size

morbid obesity

condition of weighing two or more times the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40

acanthosis nigricans

condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark, wart-like patches

Barret's disease

condition where the epithelial cells in the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure

-ism

condition, state of

epispadias

congenital abnormality affecting the opening of the urethral opening

hypospadias

congenital abnormality in the placement of the urethral opening

anorchism

congenital absence of one or both testes

CI

conjunctivitis

vulva

consists of the labia, clitoris, Bartholin's glands, and vaginal orifice

kidneys

constantly filter the blood to remove waste

overflow incontinence

continuous leaking from the bladder either because it is full or because it does not empty completely

occipital lobe

controls eyesight

frontal lobe

controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior

autonomic nervous system

controls the involuntary actions of the body; maintain homeostasis

right hemisphere

controls the left side of the body

left hemisphere

controls the right side of the body

temporal lobe

controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create, store, and access new information

aldosterone

corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

mononeuropathy

damage to a singular peripheral nerve, as in carpal tunnel syndrome

cerebrovascular accident

damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted; also known as a stroke

diabetic retinopathy

damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes

areola

dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast nipple

dB

decibel

altered levels of consciousness

decrease in consciousness due to injury, disease, or substances such as medication, drugs, or alcohol

vaginal atrophy

decrease in elasticity and lubrication caused by hormonal changes

proton pump inhibitors

decrease the amount of acid produced by the stomach

Rh factor

defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells

dental calculus

dental plaque that has calcified on the teeth

sedative

depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep

hypnotic

depresses the cns and usually produces sleep

malignant brain tumor

destroys brain tissue

cholesteatoma

destructive epidermal cyst in the middle ear made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol; aka pearly tumor

functional MRI

detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task

cryptochidism

developmental defect in which one or both of the testicles fail to descend into their normal position in the scrotum

DI

diabetes insipidus

DM

diabetes mellitus

urinary hesitancy

difficulty in starting a urinary stream

dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing

-pepsia

digest, digestion

DRE

digital rectal examination

mydriasis

dilation of the pupil

amblyopia

dimness of vision of the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye

colonoscopy

direct visual exam of the inner surface of the entire colon

colposcopy

direct visual exam of the tissues of the cervix and vagina

otorrhea

discharge from the ear

age spots

discoloration caused by sun exposure; aka solar lentigines or liver spots

kleptomania

disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value

peripheral neuropathy

disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord

learning disabilities

disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts

cerebral hemispheres

divides cerebrum into halves that connect at the corpus callosum

benign brain tumor

does not invade the brain tissue; however, because this growth is surrounded by rigid bone, as the tumor enlarges, it can damage the brain tissue by placing pressure against the tissues and by increasing the intracranial pressure

refraction test

done to determine an eye's refractive error so that the best corrective lenses can be prescribed

ptosis

drooping of the upper eyelid that is usually due to paralysis

xer/o

dry

xerophthalmia

drying of the eye surfaces, including conjunctiva; aka dry eye

infestation

dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue

ot/o

ear, hearing

gingivitis

earliest stage of peridontal disease and inflammation affects only the gums

-phagia

eating, swallowing

Ecz, Ez

eczema

ov/o

egg, ovum

EEG

electroencephalography

hearing aids

electronic devices that are worn to correct a hearing loss

gyri

elevated folds

EM, em

emmetropia

ESRD

end-stage renal disease

orchiopexy

endoscopic surgery to move an undescended testicle into its normal position in the scrotum

esophageal varices

enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

esophag/o

esophagus

stricture

esophagus resulting from scar tissue or other damage can cause swallowing difficulties

defecation

evacuation or emptying of the large intestine

hirsutism

excessive bodily and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern

agoraphobia

excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur; someone suffering from this might not even be able to leave home

social anxiety disorder

excessive fear of social situations where the person fears negative evaluation by others and embarrassing him- or herself in front of others

edema

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues

polyphagia

excessive hunger

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyuria

excessive urination

drug abuse

excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs

menometrorrhagia

excessive uterine bleeding at both the usual time of menstrual periods and at other irregular intervals

xeroderma

excessively dry skin; aka xerosis

pap smear

exfoliative biopsy of cervix

fallopian tubes

extend from the upper end of the uterus to a point near but not attached to an ovary

spermatic cord

extends upward from the epididymis and is attached to each testicle

analog hearing aid

external electronic device that uses a microphone to detect and amplify sounds

urethral meatus

external opening of the urethra

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

hyperemesis

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

acr/o

extremities, top, extreme point

optic (II)

eye

opt/o

eye, vision

opthalm/o

eye, vision

blephar/o

eyelid

trigeminal (V)

face sensation, chewing

cleft palate

failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

salping/o

fallopian tube

nail root

fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin

FBS

fasting blood sugar

lip/o

fat, lipid

pancreas

feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and endocrine systems

esthet/o

feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception

ova

female reproductive cells; egg

antepartum

final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor

fimbriae

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

onych/o

fingernail or toenail

unguis

fingernail or toenail; the keratin plate protecting the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe

scales

flakes or dry patches made up of excess dead epidermal cells

dehydration

fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance

exudate

fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound

behavioral therapy

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

cognitive behavioral therapy

focuses on changing thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions and actions

epithelial tissues

form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

identical twins

formed by the fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm that divides to form two embryos

skin

forms the protective outer layer covering the external surfaces of the entire body

squamous epithelial tissue

forms the upper layer of the epidermis; consists of flat, scaly cells that are continuously shed

apocrine sweat glands

found at hair follicles

mast cells

found in the connective tissue of the dermis; respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine

nocturia

frequent urination at night

FA

fructosamine test

onychomycosis

fungal infection of the nail

tinea

fungal infection of the skin, hair or nails; aka ringworm

myc/o

fungus

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that is surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI

gastrointestinal

G, glc

glaucoma

glomerul/o

glomerulus

glyc/o

glucose, sugar

collagen

glue; a tough flexible fibrous protein material found in the skin and also in the bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

gonad/o

gonad, sex glands

aphthous ulcers

gray-white pits with red border that appear in the soft tissues lining the mouth; aka canker sores or mouth ulcers

nephrotic syndrome

group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine

impulse control disorders

group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences

pil/i, pil/o

hair

hirsut/o

hairy, rough

constipation

having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week; stool is usually hard, dry, small in size and difficult to eliminate

-tropic

having an affinity for

cephalagia

headache, pain in the head

-cusis

hearing

pyrosis

heartburn; burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into esophagus

sweat glands

help regulate body temperature and water content by secreting sweat; tiny coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces; aka sudoriferous glands

hair

helps control the loss of body heat; rod-like structures composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin

infertility specialist

helps infertile couples by diagnosing and treating problems associated with conception and maintaining pregnancy

cystocele

hernia of the urinary bladder through the vaginal wall; aka prolapsed bladder

-cele

hernia, tumor, swelling

food allergy

immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food

amylase

in saliva to start chemical breakdown of food

sensory nerve endings

in the dermis are the sensory receptors for stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure

erectile dysfunction

inability of an adult male to achieve an erection; impotence

renal failure

inability of the kidneys to perform their functions

urinary retention

inability to completely empty the bladder

incontinence

inability to control bladder and/or bowels

lactose intolerance

inability to digest dairy products due to absence of the enzyme lactase

I & D

incision and drainage; irrigation and debridement

choledocholithotomy

incision into the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones

metabolism

includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients

manic behavior

includes an abnormally elevated mood state, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgment, and inappropriate social behavior

diuresis

increased output of urine

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation; secreted from anterior pituitary

premature infant

infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation

sexually transmitted diseases

infections caused by either bacteria or a virus that affects both males and females

pediculosis

infestation with lice

salpingitis

inflammation of a fallopian tube

neuritis

inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function

oophoritis

inflammation of an ovary

testitis

inflammation of one or both testicles

adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

onychia

inflammation of the bed of the nail that often results in the loss of the nail; aka onychitis

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain

mastitis

inflammation of the breast

cervicitis

inflammation of the cervix

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually caused by an infection or allergy; aka pink eye

keratitis

inflammation of the cornea

otitis

inflammation of the ear

epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones

balanitis

inflammation of the glans penis that is usually caused by poor hygiene in men who have not had the foreskin removed by circumcision

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

labyrinthitis

inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection

mastoiditis

inflammation of the mastoid bone

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

otitis media

inflammation of the middle ear

endocervicitis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix

gastroeneteritis

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach and intestines

guillian-barre syndrome

inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis; aka infectious polyneuritis

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

prostatitis

inflammation of the prostate gland

sciatica

inflammation of the sciatic nerve

scleritis

inflammation of the sclera

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

enteritis

inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens

myelitis

inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow

thymitis

inflammation of the thymus gland

peridontal disease

inflammation of the tissues that surround and support the teeth

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

uveitis

inflammation of the uvea causing swelling and irritation

vaginits

inflammation of the vagina

vulvitis

inflammation of the vulva

diverticulitis

inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon

Diverticulitis

inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in the colon

IBD

inflammatory bowel disease

melatonin

influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle; released from pineal gland

oligomenorrhea

infrequent or very light menstruation in a woman with previously normal periods

IH

inguinal hernia

polycystic kidney disease

inherited kidney disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys leading eventually to kidney failure

contrecoup

injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

inner ear

endometrium

inner lining of the uterus

renal medulla

inner portion of the kidney and it contains most of the urine collecting tubules

intermittent catheter

inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder

nasogatric intubation

insertion of a feeding tube though the nose into the stomach

urinary catheterization

insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to produce a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, to drain urine from the bladder when the patient is unable to urinate, or to place meds into the bladder

otoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the ear canal

type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance disorder; insulin is being produced, but the body does not use it effectively

cluster headache

intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion

Braxton Hicks contractions

intermittent painless uterine contractions that occur with increasing frequency as the pregnancy progresses

ICP

intracranial pressure

artificial insemination

introduction of semen into the vagina by artificial means

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine

bruxism

involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep and is associated with tension or stress

vaginismus

involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina that make intercourse impossible

nystagmus

involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball

endometrial cancer

involves a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus

binaural testing

involves both ears

monaural testing

involves one ear

general anesthesia

involves the total loss of body sensation and consciousness induced by anesthetic agents administered primarily by inhalation or intravenous injection

nail bed

joins the nail body to the underlying connective tissue, nourishes the nail

nephr/o

kidney

xerostomia

lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands; aka dry mouth

furuncles

large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands; boils

cerebrum

largest and upper most part of the brain; responsible for thought, judgment, memory, emotion and controls motor and sensory functions

LADA

latent autoimmune diabetes

phak/o

lens of eye

LEP, LPT

leptin

LOC

level of consciousness or loss of consciousness

prostate gland

lies under the bladder and surrounds the end of the urethra in the region where the vas deferens enters the urethra

hepat/o

liver

probiotics

living microorganisms sometimes described as "good" bacteria because of their role in aiding digestion and protecting the body from harmful bacteria

medulla oblongata

located at the lowest part of the brain stem and is connected to spinal cord; controls basic survival functions

subcutaneous layer

located just below the layers of the skin and connects the skin to the surface muscles

bulbourethral glands

located just below the prostate gland

thymus

located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity; posterior to the sternum and superior to the heart

adrenal glands

located on top of each kidney; aka suprarenals

LP

lumbar puncture

MD

macular degeneration

breasts

made up of fat, connective tissue, and the mammary glands

cerebral cortex

made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures

integumentary system

made up of the skin and its related structures, performs important functions in maintaining the health of the body

dental plaque

major cause of dental caries and peridontal disease, forms as soft deposits in sheltered areas near the gums and between the teeth

gastric bypass surgery

makes the stomach smaller, usually by stapling a section to create a small pouch, and causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine

sperm

male gamete; whitish fluid containing sperm that is ejaculated through the urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement

penis

male sex organ that transports sperm into the female vagina

kiolonychia

malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon; aka spoon nail

skin cancer

malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes, including repeated severe sunburns or long term exposure to the sun

MM

malignant melanoma

breast cancer

malignant tumor of the breast

squamous cell carcinoma

malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis; can quickly spread to other body systems

breast reduction

mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts

breast augmentation

mammoplasty performed to increase breast size

anabolic steroids

man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones

catatonic behavior

marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture

edentulous

means without teeth

acoustic reflectometry

measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum, a way to test how much fluid is in the middle ear to diagnose otitis media

home blood glucose monitoring

measures the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood, and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day

fasting blood sugar test

measures the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours

thyroid scan

measures thyroid function, is a form of nuclear medicine

duiretics

medication administered to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt

antiemetic

medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

anesthetic

medication used to induce anesthesia

laxatives

medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements

mening/o

membranes, meninges

anxiety disorders

mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation

men/o

mestruation, menses

hand, foot and mouth disease

mild viral infection common in children under 5 years of age; characterized by sores in the mouth and throat and a rash on the hands and feet

erythema infectiosum

mildly contagious viral infection that is common in childhood; produces a red, lace-like rash on the child's face that looks as if the child has been slapped

mammary glands

milk producing glands that develop during puberty

electrolytes

mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, normally found in the blood

mammary glands

modified sweat glands that produce milk

thyroid carcinoma

most common cancer of the endocrine system, and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the US

androgenic alopecia

most common type of hair loss; referring to androgens, the hormones involved in the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics

oral glucose tolerance test

most commonly performed to diagnose gestational diabetes; after fasting at least 8 hours, the patient drinks a liquid containing a high concentration of sugar, and the blood glucose level is tested after 1 hour and gain after 2 hours

polyneuropathy

multiple peripheral nerves are damaged. Diabetes is a common cause of polyneuropathy, along with trauma, vitamin deficiencies, and alcoholism.

MS

multiple sclerosis

oculomotor (III, IV, VI)

muscles of the eye

facial (VII)

muscles of the face

gastroparesis

muscles of the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally

phimosis

narrowing of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis

urethrostenosis

narrowing of the urethra

NG tube

nasogastric tube

dentition

natural arrangement of teeth in upper and lower jaws

endorphins

naturally occurring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain

NF

necrotizing fasciitis

cervical radiculopathy

nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

lumbar radiculopathy

nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk

neur/i, neur/o

nerve, nerve tissue

deep brain stimulation

neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors and Parkinson's disease; a device to stimulate the brain with mild electrical signals is implanted in the brain and is connected to a stimulator implanted near the collar bone

antacids

neutralize the acids in the stomach

neonate

newborn infant during the first 4 weeks after birth

prebiotics

nondigestible carbohydrates that probiotics feed on

Cologaurd

noninvasive stool test using DNA testing along with screening for hidden blood to determine the potential presence of colorectal cancer

menopause

normal termination of the menstrual function in a woman during middle age

olfactory (I)

nose

parenteral

not in or through the digestive system

topical anesthesia

numbs only the tissue surface and is applied as a liquid, ointment, or spray

OCD

obsessive compulsive disorder

gastric ulcers

occur in the stomach

duodenal ulcers

occur in the upper part of the small intestine

hemorrhoids

occur when a cluster of veins, muscles and tissues slip near or through the anal opening

age-related macular degeneration

occurs most frequently in older people and is the leading cause of legal blindness in those older than age 60

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed

conception

occurs when a sperm penetrates and fertilizes the descending ovum

diabetic retinopathy

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causing blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball

ischemia colitis

occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely derived of blood

conductive hearing loss

occurs when sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear

breech presentation

occurs when the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head

epidermoid cyst

often referred to as a sebaceous cyst is a closed sac that is found just under the skin. These cysts contain yellow, fatty material and are usually found on the face, neck, or trunk.

presby/o

old age

pituitary adenoma

one of two types of slow-growing benign tumors of the pituitary gland that may or may not cause excess hormone secretion

nerve

one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body

ulcer

open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss around the edges

eccrine sweat glands

open onto the skin and are most numerous in the palms of the hands, soles of the feet and forehead

pressure sore

open ulcerated wound that is caused by prolonged pressure on an are of skin; decubitus ulcer or bedsore

radioactive iodine treatment

oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells

synthetic thyroid hormones

oral medication administered to replace lost thyroid function

clitoris

organ of sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the female urethra

ovarian cancer

originates within the cells of the ovaries. These cancer cells can break away from the ovary and spread (metastasize) to other tissues and organs within the abdomen or travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body.

epidermis

outermost layer of the skin, is made up of several specialized epithelial tissues

urinary bladder

oval, hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body

ovari/o

ovary

seborrhea

overactivity of the sebaceous glands that results in the production of an excessive amount of sebum

hyperparathyroidism

overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes hypercalcemia

dysmenorrhea

pain caused by uterine cramps during mentrual periods

cystalgia

pain in the bladder

mastalgia

pain in the breast; aka mastodynia

otalgia

pain in the ear

dyspepsia

pain or discomfort in digestion

dyspareunia

painful intercourse

dysuria

painful or difficult urination

vulvodynia

painful syndrome of unknown cause

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathyroid/o

parathyroid glands

prostate gland

part of the male reproductive system and surrounds the urethra

intestinal obstruction

partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction

deafness

partial or complete inability to hear

amnesia

partial or total loss of memory

pancreatic islets

parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

lesion

pathologic change of the tissues due to disease or injury

antisocial personality disorder

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

pituitary gland

pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and posterior lobes; these hang from a stalk-like structure located below the hypothalamus; aka hypophysis

urethral catheterization

peformed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder

Kegel exercises

pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor

PUD

peptic ulcer disease

first trimester screening

performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves an ultrasound and fingerstick blood test

digital rectal examination

performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and to look for indications of prostate cancer or tumors of the rectum

endovaginal ultrasound

performed to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding

bariatric surgery

performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested

visual field testing

perimetry, performed to determine losses in peripheral vision

causalgia

persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

renal

pertaining to the kidney

cutaneous

pertaining to the skin

PDT

photodynamic therapy

nephrologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the kidney

pineal/o

pineal gland

pituitar/o

pituitary gland

mydriatic drops

placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis, forcing the pupils to remain dilated even in the presence of bright light

nasogastric intubation

placement of a feeding tube through the nose into the stomach

enema

placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity

free edge

portion of the nail not attached to the nail bed, extends beyond the tip of the finger

PTSD

post traumatic stress disorder

drug overdose

potentially fatal, accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal

reyes syndrome

potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion

lipocytes

predominant in the subcutaneous layer where they manufacture and store large quantities of fat; aka fat cells

-gravida

pregnant

sympathetic nerves

prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles

hematochezia

presence of bright red blood in the stool

cholelithiasis

presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

comorbidity

presence of more than 1 disease or health condition in an individual at a given time

-lithiasis

presence of stones

nephrolithiasis

presence of stones in the kidney

photopsia

presence of what appears to be flashes of light

barotrauma

pressure-related ear condition

irrigation and debridement

procedure, pressurized fluid is used to clean out wound debris

spermatogenesis

process of sperm formation

axon

process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

bartholin's glands

produce a mucus secretion to lubricate the vagina

endocrine glands

produce hormones, do not have ducts

neurohormones

produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream

cerebrospinal fluid

produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum

purulent

producing or containing pus

dental prophylaxis

professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus

diaphoresis

profuse sweating

cirrhosis

progressive degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring

nails

protect the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger

myelin sheath

protective covering made up of glial cells

inguinal hernia

protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin

KUB (kidneys, ureters, and bladder) radiography

radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium

urtic/o

rash, hives

sensory nerve fibers

receive external stimuli, such as how something feels and transmits this info to the brain where it is interpreted

parietal lobe

receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles

rect/o

rectum, straight

erythema

redness of the skin due to capillary dilation

root canal

refers both to the pulp cavity in the root of the tooth and to a procedure in which diseased or damaged pulp in the root canal is removed in order to save the tooth

transgender

refers to a person whose gender identity does not match their gender at birth

exanthem

refers to a widespread rash, usually in children

epidural anesthesia

regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine

spinal anesthesia

regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space

lactogenic hormone

regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues; aka prolactin; secreted from anterior pituitary

histamine

released in response to allergens, causes the signs of an allergic response, including itching and increased mucus secretion

heparin

released in response to an injury, is an anticoagulant

seritonin

released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger and pleasure recognition

dopamine

released within the brain; an excess is associated with schizophrenia, mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders like parkinsons

indwelling catheter

remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need

ablation

removal of a body part or the destruction of its function

conization

removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix

hypophysectomy

removal of abnormal granular tissue; performed through the nasal passages

enucleation

removal of the eyeball, leaving the eye muscles intact

pyel/o

renal pelvis, bowl of kidney

dermatoplasty

replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue taken from a donor site on the patients body

gamete

reproductive cell

arachnoid membrane

resembles a spider web, is the second layer of the meninges

gluten intolerance

response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing intestinal tissue damage

fraternal twins

result from the fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells

retin/o

retina, net

RD

retinal detachment

foreskin

retractable double layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers and protects the glans penis; aka prepuce

parasympathetic nerves

return the body to normal after a response to stress

radicul/o

root or nerve root

scrotum

sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports the testicles

hair follicles

sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers; the shape determines whether the hair is straight or curly

oliguria

scanty urination

scler/o

sclera, white of eye, hard

SCD

scleroderma

seb/o

sebum

cerebellum

second largest part of the brain; located at the back of the head, below the posterior portion of the cerebrum

crin/o

secrete

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) that lubricates the skin and discourages the growth of bacteria on the skin; located in the dermis and are closely associated with hair follicles

perspiration

secreted by sweat glands and is made up of 99% water plus some salt and metabolic waste products; sweat

corpus luteum

secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle

Sz

seizure

-esthesia

sensation, feeling

glans penis

sensitive region located at the tip of the penis

pruritus vulvae

severe itching of the external female genitalia

androgens

sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells

coitus

sexual intercourse; the male ejaculates approximately 100 million sperm into the female's vagina

concuss/o

shaken together, violently agitated

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

seminiferous tubules

site of sperm production

receptors

sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation; send stimulus through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation

cutane/o

skin

derm/o, dermat/o

skin

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

SCC

squamous cell carcinoma

brain stem

stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord; made up of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

accesory (XI)

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

corticosteroids

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex; secreted from anterior pituitary

thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland; secreted from anterior pituitary

endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty

stomach is sutured to make it into a small tube reducing its capacity

lith/o

stone, calculus

esotropia

strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes; aka cross-eyes

exotropia

strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other; also known as walleye

-ectasis

stretching, dilation, enlargement

peridontium

structures that surround, support and are attached to the teeth

SC, subq

subcutaneous

topical steroids

such as hydrocortisone and other more potent variations are used in the treatment of various skin disorders and diseases

mood stabilizing drugs

such as lithium, are used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders

acute renal failure

sudden onset and is characterized by uremia

trichomycosis axillaris

superficial bacterial infection of the hair shafts in areas with extensive sweat glands, such as the armpits

nephropyosis

suppuration of the kidney

tympanoplasty

surgical correction of a damaged middle ear, either to cure chronic inflammation or to restore function

neurotomy

surgical division or dissection of a nerve

nephroplexy

surgical fixation of a floating kidney

colpopexy

surgical fixation of a prolapsed vagina to surrounding structure

colotomy

surgical incision into the colon

thalamotomy

surgical incision into the thalamus

episiotomy

surgical incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery and prevent laceration of the tissues

ostomy

surgical procedure to create an artificial opening between an organ and the body surface

salpingectomy

surgical removal of a fallopian tube

salpingo-oophorectomy

surgical removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary

lobectomy

surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication

colectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the colon

pancreatectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

gingivectomy

surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue

liposuction

surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction

lipectomy

surgical removal of fat from beneath the skin to improve physical appearance

hemorrhoidectomy

surgical removal of hemorrhoids

lobectomy

surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland

oophorectomy

surgical removal of one or both ovaries

orchidectomy

surgical removal of one or both testicles; aka orchiectomy

pinealectomy

surgical removal of pineal gland

circumcision

surgical removal of the foreskin

cholecystectomy

surgical removal of the gall bladder

prostatectomy

surgical removal of the prostate gland

thymectomy

surgical removal of the thymus gland

hysterectomy

surgical removal of the uterus

neuroplasty

surgical repair of a nerve or nerves

palatoplasty

surgical repair of cleft palate/lip

mammoplasty

surgical repair of the breast

colporrhaphy

surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina

cystorrhaphy

surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder

neurorrhaphy

surgical suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

deglutition

swallowing

hidr/o

sweat

papilledema

swelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk; aka choked disk

blepharitis

swelling of the eyelid, often at the location of the eyelash hair follicles

periorbital edema

swelling of the tissues surrounding the eye or eyes

cortisone

synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands

meninges

system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

glossopharyngeal (IX)

taste and swallowing

colporrhexis

tearing or laceration of the vaginal wall

mohs surgery

technique used to treat various types of skin cancer; individual layers of cancerous tissue are removed and examined under a microscope one at a time until a margin that is clear of all cancerous tissue has been achieved

postoperative ileus

temporary impairment of bowel action that is considered to be a normal response to abdominal surgery

Bell's Palsy

temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face

test/i

testicle, testis

orchid/o

testicles

anhidrosis

the abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat

placenta previa

the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus

anesthesia

the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic agent

anovulation

the absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected

azoospermia

the absence of sperm in the semen

eructation

the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach

tretinoin

the active ingredient in Retin-A and Renova, which are used to treat sun-damaged skin, acne, and wrinkles

substance abuse

the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs

intracranial pressure

the amount of pressure inside the skull

dental implant

the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw

purpura

the appearance of multiple purple discolorations on the skin caused by bleeding underneath the skin

fluorescein staining

the application of fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye via eye drops or a strip applicator

neurons

the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other

stillbirth

the birth of a fetus that died before, or during, the delivery

anteflexion

the body of the uterus is bent forward

catabolism

the breaking down of body cells and substances, releasing energy and carbon dioxide

syncope

the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain; aka fainting

cerebral contusion

the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull

anabolism

the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients

uterine prolapse

the condition in which the uterus slides from its normal position in the pelvic cavity and sags into the vagina

hypogonadism

the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

gynecomastia

the condition of excessive mammary development int the male

hypergonadism

the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

meningocele

the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

miosis

the contraction of the pupil, normally in response to exposure to light, but also possibly due to the use of prescription or illegal drugs

andropause

the decrease of male hormone testosterone

cesarean section

the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls

cauterization

the destruction of tissue by burning

hydronephrosis

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine

hysteroscopy

the direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes

ureterorrhagia

the discharge of blood from the ureter

hydroureter

the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked

ureterectasis

the distention of a ureter

precocious puberty

the early onset of the changes of puberty, usually before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys

sigmoidoscopy

the endoscopic exam of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon and possibly a portion of the descending colon

excisional biopsy

the entire tumor or lesion and a margin of surrounding tissue are removed

gastroduodenostomy

the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum

ectropion

the eversion of the edge of an eyelid

urinalysis

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

hyperpituitarism

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

aerophagia

the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach

vaginal orifice

the exterior opening of the vagina

quickening

the first movement of the fetus in the uterus that can be felt by the mother

otopyorrhea

the flow of pus from the ear

amniotic cavity

the fluid-filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac

gestational diabetes mellitus

the form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies

nephrolysis

the freeing of a kidney from adhesions

infundibulum

the funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube near the ovary

amniotic sac

the innermost membrane that surrounds the embryo in the uterus

abortion

the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable

entropion

the inversion of the edge of an eyelid

amniotic fluid

the liquid that protects the fetus and makes possible its floating movements

vas deferens

the long, narrow continuations of each epididymis; aka ductus deferens

anorexia

the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease

aphasia

the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word; caused by brain damage associated with stroke

cataract

the loss of transparency of the lens that causes a progressive loss of visual clarity

cervix

the lower, narrow portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina

basal layer

the lowest layer of the epidermis. It is here that new cells are produced and then pushed upward. When these cells reach the surface, they die and become filled with keratin.

vasectomy

the male sterilization procedure in which a small portion of the vas deferens is surgically removed

audiological evaluation

the measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness; aka speech audiometry

cognition

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

open angle glaucoma

the most common form of glaucoma, where the trabecular meshwork gradually becomes blocked, causing a buildup of pressure; aka chronic glaucoma

vagina

the muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body

emmetropia

the normal relationship between the refractive power of the eye and the shape of the eye that enables light rays to focus correctly on the retina

menstruation

the normal, periodic discharge of the endometrial lining and unfertilized egg from the uterus

sleep hyperhidrosis

the occurrence of excessive hyperhidrosis during sleep; also known as night sweats

polymenorrhea

the occurrence of menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal

closed angle glaucoma

the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork; aka acute glaucoma

pores

the openings on the surface of the skin that act as the ducts of sweat glands

tonometry

the part of a routine eye exam in which intraocular pressure is measured

ileus

the partial or complete blockage of the small intestine, large intestine or both caused by the stopping of normal peristalsis

alopecia

the partial or complete loss of hair, most commonly on the scalp; aka baldness

tarsorrhaphy

the partial, or complete, suturing together of the upper and lower eyelids

melena

the passage of black, tarry and foul smelling stools that is caused by the presence of digested blood

flatulence

the passage of gas out of the body through the rectum

diplopia

the perception of two images of a single object; aka double vision

gestation

the period of development of the child in the mother's uterus; lasts approximately 280 days

melanin

the pigment that determines the color of the skin, which depends on the type and amount of this pigment that is present; also produces spots of color such as freckles and age spots

suprapubic catheterization

the placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

nephrostomy

the placement of a catheter to maintain an opening from the pelvis of one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body

lochia

the postpartum vaginal discharge that typically continues for 4-6 weeks after childbirth

hyperproteinuria

the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine

hypoproteinemia

the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood

steatorrhea

the presence of excess fat in the stool

cervical dysplasia

the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix

fibrocystic breast disease

the presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts

absorption

the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body

digestion

the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use

puberty

the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

-graphy

the process of producing a picture or record

Electroencephalography

the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

electroencephalography

the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

hidrosis

the production and excretion of sweat

galactorrhea

the production of breast milk in a women who is not breastfeeding

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

the progressive loss of renal function over months or years

nephroptosis

the prolapse of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands; aka floating kidney

insomnia

the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep

post-polio syndrome

the recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it

ovulation

the release of a mature egg from a follicle on the surface of one of the ovaries that happens on approximately the 13th or 14th day of a woman's menstrual cycle

varicocelectomy

the removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele

biopsy

the removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis

debridement

the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing

transurethral prostatectomy

the removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate gland with the use of a resectoscope

vitrectomy

the removal of the vitreous fluid of the posterior chamber of the eye and its replacement with a clear solution

regurgitation

the return of swallowed food into the mouth

uterine involution

the return of the uterus to its normal size and former condition after delivery

dendrites

the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

borborygmus

the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine

Lewy body dementia

the second most common type of dementia, occurs when abnormal proteins interfere with cell function in the brain

innervation

the supply of nerves to a specific body part

ileostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine, and the outside of the abdominal wall

proctopexy

the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an adjacent tissue or organ

cystopexy

the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

cystoplexy

the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

diverticulectomy

the surgical removal of a diverticulum

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

the surgical removal of a nephrolith through a small incision in the back

iridectomy

the surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris

ureterectomy

the surgical removal of a ureter

labyrinthectomy

the surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth of the inner ear

hepatectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the liver

cystectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

rhytidectomy

the surgical removal of excess skin and fat from the face to eliminate wrinkles; aka facelift

mastoidectomy

the surgical removal of mastoid cells

parathyroidectomy

the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands

ileectomy

the surgical removal of the ileum

stapedectomy

the surgical removal of the top portion of the stapes bone and the insertion of a small prosthetic device known as a piston that conducts sound vibrations to the inner ear

castration

the surgical removal or destruction of both testicles

urethroplasty

the surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra

otoplasty

the surgical repair, restoration, or alteration of the pinna of the ear

corneal transplant

the surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor; aka keratoplasty

ureterorrhaphy

the surgical suturing of a ureter

episiorrhaphy

the surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy

intussusception

the telescope of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part

sperm count

the testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine the volume plus the number, shape, size, and motility of the sperm

puerperium

the time from the delivery of the placenta through approximately the first 6 weeks after the delivery

alopecia universalis

the total loss of hair on all parts of the body

perimetrium

the tough, membranous outer layer of the uterus

perimenopause

the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all

umbilical cord

the tube that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to the developing child

testicles

the two small, egg-shaped glands that produce the sperm

diopter

the unit of measurement of a lens' refractive power

gastroesophageal reflux disease

the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus

genitourinary tract

the urinary and reproductive system referred to as one unit

bladder ultrasound

the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination

capsule endoscopy

the use of a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows

tympanometry

the use of air pressure in the ear canal to test for disorders of the middle ear

audiometry

the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity

fetal monitoring

the use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor

hypnotherapy

the use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions

photocoagulation

the use of lasers to treat some forms of wet macular degeneration by sealing leaking or damaged blood vessels

hormone replacement therapy

the use of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause

phacoemulsification

the use of ultrasonic vibration to shatter and remove the lens clouded by a cataract

echoencephalography

the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes

echoenchephalography

the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes

anoscopy

the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum

cystoscopy

the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope

hematemesis

the vomiting of blood

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

chorion

thin outer membrane that encloses the embryo; contributes to the formation of the placenta

dia-

through, between, apart, complete

thym/o

thymus gland

thyr/o, thyroid/o

thyroid gland

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone

arrector pili

tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect

ear tubes

tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections

gangrene

tissue death that is associated with a loss of normal circulation

granulation tissue

tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound

-tripsy

to crush

-para

to give birth

hypoglossal (XII)

tongue movement

TPN

total parenteral nutrition

social worker

trained therapist, usually with a master's degree

TIA

transient ischemic attack

nail body

translucent, closely molded to the surface of the underlying tissues

assertive listening device

transmits, processes, or amplifies sound and can be used with or without a hearing aid

Salmonellosis

transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meats and eggs or unpasteurized milk and cheese products

human immunodeficiency virus

transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids, particularly through sexual intercourse with an infected partner

TURP

transurethral resection of the prostate

ureteroscopy

treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter

sclerotherapy

treatment of spider veins by injecting a saline sclerosing solution into the vein

retinopexy

treatment to reattach the detached area in a retinal detachment

urethra

tube extending from the bladder to the exterior of the body

trop/o

turn, change

volvulus

twisting of the intestine upon itself, causing an obstruction

myring/o

tympanic membrane or eardrum

tympan/o

tympanic membrane, eardrum

gamma knife surgery

type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision; the surgeon uses gamma radiation to destroy diseased tissue while preserving the healthy tissue around the tumor

oral thrush

type of stomatomycosis that develops when the fungus candida albicans grows out of control

UC

ulcerative colitis

neurogenerative disease

umbrella term for disorders in which there is a progressive loss of the structure or functions of the neurons

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

unknown cause with symptoms that include intermittent cramping and abdominal pain, accompanied with diarrhea

stupor

unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

nausea

urge to vomit

cyst/o

urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid

nocturnal enuresis

urinary incontinence during sleep

UTI

urinary tract infection

-uria

urination, urine

ur/o

urine, urinary tract

weber and rinne test

use a tuning fork to distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses

ileal conduit

use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen

chemabrasion

use of chemicals to remove the outer layer of skin to treat acne scarring, fine wrinkling and keratoses

electrolysis

use of electric current to destroy hair follicles in order to produce the relatively permanent removal of undesired hair

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

use of high energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel to break up kidney stones into fragments, which are then excreted in the urine

cellulite

used to describe deposits of dimpled fat around the buttocks and thighs

random blood glucose test

uses a blood drop sample to measure the current blood glucose level without fasting and can be used to diagnose diabetes

digital hearing aid

uses a computer chip to convert the incoming sound into a code that can be filtered before being amplified

laser iridotomy

uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye. This procedure is performed to treat closed-angle glaucoma by creating an opening that allows the aqueous humor to flow between the anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior segment of the eye.

transcranial magnetic stimulation

uses brief, powerful electromagnetic pulses to alter electrical pathways in the brain

radioactive iodine uptake test

uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function

acute otitis media

usually associated with an upper respiratory infection and is most commonly seen in young children

urinary tract infection

usually begins in the bladder; can affect all parts of urinary system

metrorrhagia

uterine bleeding between menstrual periods; spotting

hyster/o

uterus

electromyography

utilizes electrodes taped to the skin to measure the transfer of electrical signals in peripheral nerves to the muscles

colp/o

vagina

vagin/o

vagina

labia majora and minora

vaginal lips that protect the external genitalia and the urethral meatus

-opia

vision condition

VA

visual acuity

VF

visual field

-emesis

vomiting

emesis

vomiting; reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth

erosion

wearing away of a surface, such as the epidermis of the skin or the outer layer of mucous membrane

urethral orifice

where urine is expelled into bladder

dilation

widening of the pupil

gynec/o

woman, female

stimulant

works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness

parathyroid hormone

works with calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland; regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues

rhytid/o

wrinkle