Medical Science Practice Quiz 2

______________ is usually the first symptom of benign prostate hyperplasia.

Difficulty in urinating NOTE: Hyperplasia means enlargement—as the prostate gets bigger, it squeezes or partly blocks the urethra, which causes problems with urinating.

The HPV vaccine, Gardasil, is recommended for all children/young adults between the ages of 9 and 26 years. It is a quadrivalent vaccine. What is the definition of quadrivalent?

It prevents infection from the four most prevalent types of HPV that cause cervical cancer. NOTE: Gardasil is a four-way vaccine that protects against the two HPV strains that cause most cervical cancers as well as the two HPV strains that cause most genital warts.

Many bacterial diseases are transmitted directly from person to person. Which of the diseases listed next is a bacterial disease transmitted by way of a tick vector?

Lyme disease NOTE: Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried by deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis).

U.S. health care providers are concerned about a possible pandemic of avian flu because: it is caused by a group of viruses that mutate very easily. the causative virus is being spread around the world by migratory birds. there is no vaccine currently available.

all answers apply. NOTE: Another newly emerging viral illness, avian flu, is serious because humans have no immunity to it. It can cause pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome very quickly.

A bee stung little Bobby. He experiences itching, erythema, and respiratory distress caused by laryngeal edema and vascular collapse. In the emergency room where he is given an epinephrine injection, Bobby is diagnosed with

anaphylactic shock. NOTE: Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening if not treated immediately; it is most often caused by allergy to food, insect bites, or certain medications.

One of the most common causes of peptic ulcer disease is the consumption of aspirin and NSAIDs. Another common cause is infection by Helicobacter pylori, and the usual treatment for this condition is use of

antibiotics. NOTE: H. pylori is a bacterium that is killed by antibiotics.

A pathological diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma is made. The examined tissue was removed from the

bladder. NOTE: Transitional cells are found in the urinary system. These cells are able to change shape and stretch without breaking. This allows for all these structures to expand and move urine through the body.

O2 is carried in the blood

bound to hemoglobin. NOTE: Hemoglobin is required in order for oxygen molecules to stick to the red blood cells in order to be transported throughout the body.

When a physician orders a liver panel, which of the following tests are NOT included?

creatinine NOTE: A liver function panel is a blood test to check how well the liver is working; it measures the blood levels of total protein, albumin, bilirubin, and liver enzymes. Creatinine levels are checked to diagnose kidney diseases.

A sweat test was done on a patient with the following symptoms: frequent respiratory infections, chronic cough, and foul-smelling bloody stools. Which of the following diseases is probably suspected?

cystic fibrosis NOTE: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, which secrete mucus, and these secretions become abnormally thick and can clog up vital areas of the body causing inflammation, obstruction, and infection.

What common vitamin should be taken by pregnant women to substantially reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, in a developing fetus?

folic acid NOTE: Folic acid can reduce neural tube defects (NTDs) by more than 70%—this is when the spinal cord fails to close properly. The most common neural tube defect is spina bifida.

Contributing factors of mental disorders include

heredity, stress, and trauma. NOTE: Having a blood relative (parent or sibling) with a mental health issue, stressful life situations (financial, divorce, etc.), chronic medical conditions, and head trauma are all linked to mental health disorders.

Sex-linked genetic diseases

involve a defect on a chromosome. NOTE: These conditions are a result of issues or mutations on the X or Y chromosome.

Which of the following conditions is NOT a predisposing risk associated with essential hypertension?

low dietary sodium intake NOTE: A high sodium diet contributes to high blood pressure.

A surgical procedure that is performed to realign and stabilize a fractured femur with a rod and screws is referred to as a(n)

open reduction with internal fixation. NOTE: Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is a commonly used treatment for fractures throughout the body, including the femur.

A radiological test for bone mineral density (BMD) is a useful diagnostic tool for diagnosing

osteoporosis. NOTE: Osteoporosis is weakened and thinning bones due to lack of calcium storage and bone density creating a high risk for fractures, stooped posture, delayed remodeling of damaged bones, and difficulty moving around.

Which of the organs listed below has endocrine and exocrine functions?

pancreas NOTE: The pancreas excretes enzymes to aid digestion (exocrine function) and secretes insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar (endocrine function).

A new strain of influenza, H1N1, is a highly virulent strain that spread all over the world. This type of epidemiological disease pattern is referred to as a(n)

pandemic. NOTE: A pandemic occurs when a particular disease outbreak or epidemic continuously spreads and then affects the population of more than one continent.

Each of the following conditions fall under the category of COPD EXCEPT

pneumonia. NOTE: Pneumonia is a condition where there is excess fluid in the lung, typically due to the inflammatory response to a virus, bacteria, or other organisms.

Softening of the bone in children is termed ________.

rickets NOTES: Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.

A patient's history includes the following documentation: Small ulcers (chancres) appeared on the genitalia and resolved after 4-6 weeks Elevated temperature, skin rash, and enlarged lymph nodes Which procedure will be used to initially diagnose the patient?

serology test NOTE: Serologic tests are blood tests that look for antibodies in the blood; different types of serologic tests can diagnose various disease conditions. Serologic tests have one thing in common—they all focus on proteins made by the immune system.

The interaction of two drugs working together to where each simultaneously helps the other achieve an effect that neither could produce alone is termed a

synergistic effect. NOTE: An interaction between two or more drugs that causes the total effect of the drugs to be greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug is called a synergistic effect. It can be beneficial or harmful.

A toxic goiter has what distinguishing characteristic?

thyroid hyperfunction NOTE: An excess secretion of the thyroid hormone creates this "toxicity" that must be evaluated and treated.

A condition that involves the fifth cranial nerve, also known as "tic douloureux," causes intense pain in the eye and forehead; lower lip, the section of the cheek closest to the ear and the outer segment of the tongue; or the upper lip, nose, and cheek.

trigeminal neuralgia NOTE: The complete etiology is unknown but may be linked to a blood vessel pressing on the trigeminal nerve. This nerve condition causes intense pain, typically on one side of the face.

Early detection programs apply screening guidelines to detect cancers at an early stage, which provides the likelihood of increased survival and decreased morbidity. Which of the following would NOT be a diagnostic or screening test for colorectal cancer?

upper GI X-ray NOTE: An upper GI series is an X-ray of the upper gastrointestinal tract—esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.