Medical Terminology Ch. 1, 2, & 15

-iasis

abnormal condition, disease

-osis

abnormal condition, disease

rale(s)

abnormal crackle like lung sound heart through a stethoscope during inhalation

dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

hepatomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the liver

-sclerosis

abnormal hardening

adenosclerosis

abnormal hardening of a gland

arteriosclerosis

abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries

stridor

abnormal high pitched, musical breathing sounds caused by blockage in the throat or larynx

-stenosis

abnormal narrowing

-malacia

abnormal softening

adenomalacia

abnormal softening of a gland

hypothermia

abnormally low body temp

supracostal

above or outside the ribs

epigastric region

above the stomach

supra-, super-

above, excessive, higher than

epi-

above, upon, on

trans-

across, through

parenteral

administer meds by injection through a hypodermic syringe

pc

after meals

post-

after, behind

anti-

against

contra-

against, counter, opposite

albumin/o

albumin, protein

pan-

all, entire, very

steth/o

chest

thoracic cavity

chest cavity, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs

cephal/o

head

cardi/o

heart

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

nosocomi/o

hospital

ventr/o

in front, belly side of body

en-, end-, endo-

in, within, inside

placebo

inactive substance administered for suggestive results

creatinuria

increased concentration of creatine in the urine, which is a waste product of muscle metabolism, usually removed by kidneys. presence indicated muscle breakdown or kidney failure

-itis

inflammation

gastroenteritis(ides)

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines

peritonitis(ides)

inflammation of the perioneum

gastritis(ides)

inflammation of the stomach

tonsillitis(ides)

inflammation of the tonsils

-scope

instrument for visual examination

speculum(a)

instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to help inspection of interior

ophthalmoscope(s)

instrument used to examine the interior of the eye

stethescope

instrument used to listen to sounds within the body

otoscope(s)/otoscopy

instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane, examination of the ear

infection

invasion of the body by a pathogenic (disease-producing) organism

arthr/o

joint

-a

noun ending

-e

noun ending

-y

noun ending

respiration(s)/R/respiratory rate/RR

number of complete breaths per minute, 1 respiration= 1 inhalation and 1 exhalation, the average is 12-20/min

sign

objective evidence of disease, such as fever

ex-, exo-

out of, outside, away from

pandemic(s)

outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide

-dynia

pain

arthralgia

pain in one or more joints

gastraliga

pain in the stomach

-algia

pain, suffering, painful condition

ilium(a)

part of the hip bone

prone position

patient lies on the abdomen face down, arms under head for comfort, used for back and butt treatments

lithotomy position

patient lying on the back, face up, with the feet raised and support stirrups, gyno

compliance

patient's consistency and accuracy in following directions perscribed by the doctor

idi/o

peculiar to the individual or organ, one, distinct

dem/i, dem/o

people, population

Rx

perscription

Sims' position

person lies on the left side with right knee and thigh drawn up, left arm along the back, for butt exams

-ac

pertaining to

-al

pertaining to

-ar

pertaining to

-ary

pertaining to

-eal

pertaining to

-ial

pertaining to

-ic

pertaining to

-ical

pertaining to

-ine

pertaining to

-ior

pertaining to

-ory

pertaining to

-ous

pertaining to

-tic

pertaining to

viral

pertaining to a virus

abdominal cavity(ies)/abdomen/abd

pertaining to the abdomen

cephalic

pertaining to the head

endarterial

pertaining to the inner portion of an artery

caudal

pertaining to the lower part of the body, tail

geriatrician

specialist concerned with the care of older people

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

temperature, pulse, respiration, TPR

three of the four vital signs used to indicate the body systems are functioning

tid

three times a day

remission

Abatement or lessening in severity of the symptoms of a disease

basal metabolic panel/BMP

8 specific blood tests that provide info about the current status of a patient's kidneys, electrolyte balance, blood sugar and calcium levels, significant changes which can mean kidney failure, insulin shock, resp. distress

lapar/o

abdomen, abdominal wall

-ago

abnormal condition, disease

differential diagnosis(es)/DDx

The process of weighing the probability of one disease versus that of other diseases possibly accounting for a patient's illness

-esis

abnormal condition, disease

-ia

abnormal condition, disease

blood urea nitrogen/BUN

a blood test performed to determine the amount of urea present in the blood

anaplasia

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

anomaly

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

malaise

a feeling of general discomfort, often the first indication of an infection or disease

hypertrophy

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues

Huntington Disease/HD

a genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife

fissure(s)

a groove or crack-like sore of the skin; also normal folds in the contours of the brain

hemophilia

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

poliomyelitis(ides)

a highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis

cystic fibrosis/CF

a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus

eponym

a name based on or derived from the name of a person

lesion

a pathologic change of tissues due to disease or injury

genetic disorder(s)

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

-gram/graph

a picture or record; a machine for recording record

palpitation

a pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm

angiography

a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium

complete blood count/CBC

a series of blood tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions

syndrome(s)

a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as apart of a specific disease process

laceration

a torn of jagged wound or an accidental cut

acronym

abbreviation pronounced as a word

positron emission tomography/PET

also called PET imaging, combines tomography with radionuclide tracers to produce enhanced images of the body

amt

amount

congenital disorder

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

fistula(ae)

an abnormal passage between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body

bruit(s)

an abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery

hyperthermia

an extremely high fever

infectious disease(s)

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

idiopathic disorder(s0

an illness without known cause

adverse drug reaction/ADR

an undesirable reaction that accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken

iatrogenic illness(es)

an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

acetaminophen

analgesic that reduces pain and fever, but does not relieve inflammation

pyoderma

any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo

communicable disease/CD

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects

gastrosis(es)

any disease of the stomach

myelopathy

any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord

myopathy

any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue

recumbent

any position in which the patient is lying down

arteri/o

artery

ad lib

as desired

prn

as needed

@

at

ab-

away from, negative, absent

dors/i, dors/o

back of body

dorsal

back of the organ or body

dys-

bad, difficult, painful

ac

before meals

anter/o

before, front

pre-

before, in front of

retro-

behind, backward, back of

poster/o

behind, toward the back

umbilical region/umbilicus/umb

belly button naval; region that surrounds the umbilicus

hypogastric region

below the stomach

adenoma

benign tumor that arises from, or resembles, glandular tissue

inter-

between, among

ultra-

beyond, excess

melan/o

black, dark

-rrhage, -rrhagia

bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge

perfusion

blood flow through an organ

hematuria

blood in the urine caused by kidney stones, kidney damage, bladder cancer

hemat/o

blood, relating to the blood

cyan/o

blue

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood

-lysis

breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening

pyrosis

burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

po

by mouth

calciuria

calcium in the urine, abnormally high levels can mean hyperparathyroidism, lower than normal can indicate osteomalacia

calc/i

calcium, lime, the heel

adenocarcinoma

carcinoma derived from glandular tissue

eti/o

cause

cyt/o, -cyte

cell

magnetic resonance imaging/MRI

combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body

-ion

condition

fetal alcohol syndrome/FAS

condition characterized by growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, and socialization difficulties, caused by mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

functional disorder(s)

condition that produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

-ism

condition, state of

mucous

containing or secreting mucus

deoxyribonucleic acid/DNA

contains thousands of genes that provide teh information essential for heredity, determining physical appearance, disease risks, and other traits

-stasis, -static

control, maintenance of a constant level

rhonchus, rhonchi

course rattling sounds that sound like snoring, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways

right and left hypochondriac regions

covered by the lower ribs, below the ribs

creatin/o

creatinine

-otomy

cutting, surgical incision

hypo-

deficient, decreased

red blood cell count/RBC

determination RBCs in the blood, low count can indicate anemia or a hemorrhage of over 24 hours

white blood count/WBC

determination of the #leukocytes in the blood, high count can mean infection or inflammation

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

development, growth, formation

percussion

diagnostic to see the density of a body area that used the sound made by tapping the surface with fingers or an instrument]

nosocomial infection(s)

disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

path/o, -pathy

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

midsaggital plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

division of the abdomen, lower left, underneath the umbilical region

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

division of the abdomen, upper left, above the umbilical region

ot/o

ear, hearing

hypertension

elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system

-megaly

enlargement

esophag/o

esophagus

qd

everday

qh

every hour

urinalysis/ U/A, UA

exam of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

ophthalmoscopy

examination of the eye

palpation

examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts

hyper-

excessive, increased

ophthalm/o

eye, vision

contraindication

factors in the patient's condition that makes the use certain medications or treatment dangerous or ill adivised

adip/o

fat

Tay-Sachs disease/TSD

fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells in the brain

pyr/o

fever, fire

phalanx/phalanges

finger or toe bone

-rrhea

flow or discharge

exudate

fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound

blood pressure/BP

force of the blood against the walls of the arteries

qid

four times a day

mucus

free slime of the mucous membrane, composed of the secretion of its glands, various salts, desquamated cells, and leukocytes

ventral

front, or bely side, or the organ or body

physiology

function

mycosis(es)

fungal infection

mesentary

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

phenylketonuria/PKU

genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. without early detection and treatment, PKU causes severe mental retardation

sickle cell anemia/SCA

genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in red blood cells that assume an abnormal sickle shape

chromosomes

genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell

transdermal(s)

given through a patch applied to unbroken skin, continuously released from the patch and absorbed through the skin into the BS for systemic effects

aden/o

gland

fluor/o

glowing, luminous

glycos/o

glucose, sugar

eu-

good, normal, well, easy

poli/o

gray matter of brain and spinal cord

muscular dystrophy/MD

group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

acute

having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course

virile

having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male

ket/o, keton/o

ketones, acetones

macro-

large, abnormal size or length, long

mega-

large, great

sinistr/o

left, left side

auscult/a, auscult/o

listen

auscultation

listening for sounds within the body, usually done with a stethoscope

inflammation

localized response to an injury or the destruction of tissues; key indicators are erythema (redness), hyperthermia (heat), edema (swelling), and pain

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

right and left lumbar regions

located near the inward curve of the spine

right and left iliac regions

located over the hip bones

inguinal

lower abdomen or groin

caud/o

lower part of body, tail

hypotension

lower than normal arterial blood pressure

prostrate

lying stretched out, facing downwards

intravenous injection/IV

made directly into a vein

subcutaneous injection(s)/SQ/SC

made into the fatty layer just below the skin

intradermal injection/ID

made into the middle layers of the skin

intramuscular injection/IM

made into the muscle tissue

magnetic resonance angiography(ies)/MRA

magnetic resonance angi, helps locate problems within blood vessels throughout the body, can need contrast dies, alternative to conventional angiography

cytoplasm

material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

-meter

measure, instrument used to measure

sphygomomanometer(s)

measures the force of blood against the artery walls

triage

medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment

dermatologist

medical specialist concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases

antipyretic(s)

medication administered to prevent or reduce fever

analgesic(s)

medication that relieves pain without affecting consciousness

medi/o

middle

mid-

middle

peritoneum

multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

muscul/o

muscle

physi/o, physic/o

nature, physical

proxim/o

near

a-, an-

no, not, without, away from, negative

iatr/o

physician, treatment

ather/o

plaque, fatty substance

-ae

plural noun ending

-i

plural noun ending

proteinuria

presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine, sign of kidney disease

bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in the urine

glycosuria

presence of glucose in the urine, most commonly caused by diabetes

ketonuria

presence of ketones in the urine, ketones are formed when the body breaks down fat, indicates starvation or uncontrolled diabetes

endocrine glands

produce hormones, do not have ducts, secreted directly into the bloodstream

gen/o

producing, forming

protein/o

protein

pericardiocentesis

puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid, procedure performed to treat pericarditis

py/o

pus

pyuria

pus in the urine, turbid appearance

radi/o

radiation, x-rays, radius (lateral lower arm bone)

interventional radiology

radiographic imaging to guide a procedure, confirm placement of an object like a stent

barium/BA

radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract

erythr/o

red

erythrocyte(s)

red blood cell (RBC); contains hemoglobin and can carry oxygen throughout the body

hemoglobin/Hb/HB

red protein used for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates

endemic

refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

beat per minute/bpm

reflect the number of times the heart beats per minute and it is recorded

natal

relating to birth

cine-

relationship to movement

pyel/o

renal pelvis, bowl of kidney

pulse/P

rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the beating of the heart

dextr/o

right side

supination

rotation of the forearm such that the palm of the hand faces upward

-rrhexis

rupture

olig/o

scanty, few

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

erythrocyte sedimentation rate/ESR

sed rate, test based on the speed with which the RBC separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom of a specialized test tube, indicates the presence of inflammation in the body

-um

singular noun ending

-us

singular noun ending

distal

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

posterior

situated in the back

anterior

situated in the front

proximal

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

interstitial

situated within but not restricted to or characteristic of a particular organ or tissue

derm/o, dermat/o

skin

micro-, micr/o

small

endocope(s)

small, flexible tube with a light and lens on the end

son/o, ech/o

sound

pelvic cavity

space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

-ologist

specialist

vector borne transmission

spread of a certain disease due to the bite of a vector (insects or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs that are capable of transmitting a disease)

anatomy

structure

otorhinolaryngology

study of disorders pertaining to the ear, nose, and throat

symptoms

subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or headache

neonatology

subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn infant

radipaque

substance does not allow x-rays to pass through, appears white or gray on film

radiolucent

substance like oxygen or nitrogen, does allow x-rays to pass through and appears black on film

pallative

substance that eases the pain or severity of symptoms of a disease rather than curing the disease

epidemic

sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

-pexy

surgical fixation

arthrocentesis

surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis

-centesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid

adenectomy

surgical removal of a gland

appendectomy

surgical removal of the appendix

-ectomy

surgical removal, cutting out, excision

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhaphy

surgical suturing

neurorrhaphy

surgical suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

peri-

surrounding, around

edema

swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body

hematocrit/Hct, hct

the % by volume of a blood sample occupied by RBCs

aplasia

the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

hyperplasia

the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells

suppuration

the formation or discharge of pus

diagnosis(es)/Dx

the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms

hypoplasia

the incomplete development of an organ or tissue

prognosis(es)/prog

the likely course of disease or ailment

hemorrhage(s)

the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

albuminuria

the presence of the protein albumin in the urine

-graphy

the process of producing a picture or record

homeostasis

the processes through with which the body maintains a constant internal environment

myorrhexis

the rupture or tearing of muscle

-ology

the science or study of

bloodborne transmission

the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood

pathology/path

the study of the causes and effects of diseases

etiology

the study of the causes of diseases

histology

the study of tissues

colostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

-ostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface

abdominocentesis

the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid

computed tomorgraphy(ies)/CT

thin, fan shaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to create cross-sectional views of the body

ileum

third, last, and longest portion of the small intestine

histi/o, hist/o

tissue

-necrosis

tissue death

sig

to be labeled accordingly

-crit

to separate

-verse, -version

to turn

ad-

toward, to, in the direction of

medial

towards the middle

acupuncture

traditional Chinese medical practice using very thin acupuncture needles inserted into specific points of the body

bid

twice a day

single photon emission computed tomography/SPECT

type of nuclear imaging test that makes 3D computer reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissue and organs

echocardiography(ies)/ECHO

ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structure and motion of the heart

transesophageal echocardiography/TEE

ultrasonic imaging technique used to evaluate heart structures, performed from inside the esophagus and produces clear images bc the esophagus is close to the heart, clearer images than an echocardiograph

ultrasonography(ies) U/S

ultrasound; imaging of deep body structures by recording the echos of sound waves pulses that are above the range of human hearing

sub-

under, less

idiosyncratic reaction

unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the person

stem cells

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

-uria

urination, urine

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

phlebotomy/phlebotomist

venipuncture, puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood; medical professional who is trained to draw blood

-scopy

visual examination

endoscopy

visual examination of the interior of a body cavity

laparoscopy(ies)/LAP

visual examination of the interior of the abdomen

fluoroscopy(ies)

visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on luminous fluorescent screen

leuk/o

white

/c

with

endo

within

intramusuclar/IM

within the muscle

intra-

within, inside

trauma

wound or injury