Medical Terminology Ch. 1, 2, & 15
-iasis
abnormal condition, disease
-osis
abnormal condition, disease
rale(s)
abnormal crackle like lung sound heart through a stethoscope during inhalation
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs
hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
arteriosclerosis
abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries
stridor
abnormal high pitched, musical breathing sounds caused by blockage in the throat or larynx
-stenosis
abnormal narrowing
-malacia
abnormal softening
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
hypothermia
abnormally low body temp
supracostal
above or outside the ribs
epigastric region
above the stomach
supra-, super-
above, excessive, higher than
epi-
above, upon, on
trans-
across, through
parenteral
administer meds by injection through a hypodermic syringe
pc
after meals
post-
after, behind
anti-
against
contra-
against, counter, opposite
albumin/o
albumin, protein
pan-
all, entire, very
steth/o
chest
thoracic cavity
chest cavity, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
cephal/o
head
cardi/o
heart
transverse plane
horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
nosocomi/o
hospital
ventr/o
in front, belly side of body
en-, end-, endo-
in, within, inside
placebo
inactive substance administered for suggestive results
creatinuria
increased concentration of creatine in the urine, which is a waste product of muscle metabolism, usually removed by kidneys. presence indicated muscle breakdown or kidney failure
-itis
inflammation
gastroenteritis(ides)
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines
peritonitis(ides)
inflammation of the perioneum
gastritis(ides)
inflammation of the stomach
tonsillitis(ides)
inflammation of the tonsils
-scope
instrument for visual examination
speculum(a)
instrument used to enlarge the opening of any canal or cavity to help inspection of interior
ophthalmoscope(s)
instrument used to examine the interior of the eye
stethescope
instrument used to listen to sounds within the body
otoscope(s)/otoscopy
instrument used to visually examine the external ear canal and tympanic membrane, examination of the ear
infection
invasion of the body by a pathogenic (disease-producing) organism
arthr/o
joint
-a
noun ending
-e
noun ending
-y
noun ending
respiration(s)/R/respiratory rate/RR
number of complete breaths per minute, 1 respiration= 1 inhalation and 1 exhalation, the average is 12-20/min
sign
objective evidence of disease, such as fever
ex-, exo-
out of, outside, away from
pandemic(s)
outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
-dynia
pain
arthralgia
pain in one or more joints
gastraliga
pain in the stomach
-algia
pain, suffering, painful condition
ilium(a)
part of the hip bone
prone position
patient lies on the abdomen face down, arms under head for comfort, used for back and butt treatments
lithotomy position
patient lying on the back, face up, with the feet raised and support stirrups, gyno
compliance
patient's consistency and accuracy in following directions perscribed by the doctor
idi/o
peculiar to the individual or organ, one, distinct
dem/i, dem/o
people, population
Rx
perscription
Sims' position
person lies on the left side with right knee and thigh drawn up, left arm along the back, for butt exams
-ac
pertaining to
-al
pertaining to
-ar
pertaining to
-ary
pertaining to
-eal
pertaining to
-ial
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
-ical
pertaining to
-ine
pertaining to
-ior
pertaining to
-ory
pertaining to
-ous
pertaining to
-tic
pertaining to
viral
pertaining to a virus
abdominal cavity(ies)/abdomen/abd
pertaining to the abdomen
cephalic
pertaining to the head
endarterial
pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
caudal
pertaining to the lower part of the body, tail
geriatrician
specialist concerned with the care of older people
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
temperature, pulse, respiration, TPR
three of the four vital signs used to indicate the body systems are functioning
tid
three times a day
remission
Abatement or lessening in severity of the symptoms of a disease
basal metabolic panel/BMP
8 specific blood tests that provide info about the current status of a patient's kidneys, electrolyte balance, blood sugar and calcium levels, significant changes which can mean kidney failure, insulin shock, resp. distress
lapar/o
abdomen, abdominal wall
-ago
abnormal condition, disease
differential diagnosis(es)/DDx
The process of weighing the probability of one disease versus that of other diseases possibly accounting for a patient's illness
-esis
abnormal condition, disease
-ia
abnormal condition, disease
blood urea nitrogen/BUN
a blood test performed to determine the amount of urea present in the blood
anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
malaise
a feeling of general discomfort, often the first indication of an infection or disease
hypertrophy
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues
Huntington Disease/HD
a genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
fissure(s)
a groove or crack-like sore of the skin; also normal folds in the contours of the brain
hemophilia
a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
poliomyelitis(ides)
a highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis
cystic fibrosis/CF
a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus
eponym
a name based on or derived from the name of a person
lesion
a pathologic change of tissues due to disease or injury
genetic disorder(s)
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
-gram/graph
a picture or record; a machine for recording record
palpitation
a pounding or racing heart with or without irregularity in rhythm
angiography
a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
complete blood count/CBC
a series of blood tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions
syndrome(s)
a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as apart of a specific disease process
laceration
a torn of jagged wound or an accidental cut
acronym
abbreviation pronounced as a word
positron emission tomography/PET
also called PET imaging, combines tomography with radionuclide tracers to produce enhanced images of the body
amt
amount
congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
fistula(ae)
an abnormal passage between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body
bruit(s)
an abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery
hyperthermia
an extremely high fever
infectious disease(s)
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
idiopathic disorder(s0
an illness without known cause
adverse drug reaction/ADR
an undesirable reaction that accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken
iatrogenic illness(es)
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
acetaminophen
analgesic that reduces pain and fever, but does not relieve inflammation
pyoderma
any acute, inflammatory, pus-forming bacterial skin infection such as impetigo
communicable disease/CD
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects
gastrosis(es)
any disease of the stomach
myelopathy
any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord
myopathy
any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue
recumbent
any position in which the patient is lying down
arteri/o
artery
ad lib
as desired
prn
as needed
@
at
ab-
away from, negative, absent
dors/i, dors/o
back of body
dorsal
back of the organ or body
dys-
bad, difficult, painful
ac
before meals
anter/o
before, front
pre-
before, in front of
retro-
behind, backward, back of
poster/o
behind, toward the back
umbilical region/umbilicus/umb
belly button naval; region that surrounds the umbilicus
hypogastric region
below the stomach
adenoma
benign tumor that arises from, or resembles, glandular tissue
inter-
between, among
ultra-
beyond, excess
melan/o
black, dark
-rrhage, -rrhagia
bleeding, abnormal excessive fluid discharge
perfusion
blood flow through an organ
hematuria
blood in the urine caused by kidney stones, kidney damage, bladder cancer
hemat/o
blood, relating to the blood
cyan/o
blue
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
-lysis
breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
pyrosis
burning sensation caused by the return of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
po
by mouth
calciuria
calcium in the urine, abnormally high levels can mean hyperparathyroidism, lower than normal can indicate osteomalacia
calc/i
calcium, lime, the heel
adenocarcinoma
carcinoma derived from glandular tissue
eti/o
cause
cyt/o, -cyte
cell
magnetic resonance imaging/MRI
combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body
-ion
condition
fetal alcohol syndrome/FAS
condition characterized by growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, and socialization difficulties, caused by mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy
functional disorder(s)
condition that produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
-ism
condition, state of
mucous
containing or secreting mucus
deoxyribonucleic acid/DNA
contains thousands of genes that provide teh information essential for heredity, determining physical appearance, disease risks, and other traits
-stasis, -static
control, maintenance of a constant level
rhonchus, rhonchi
course rattling sounds that sound like snoring, usually caused by secretions in the bronchial airways
right and left hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs, below the ribs
creatin/o
creatinine
-otomy
cutting, surgical incision
hypo-
deficient, decreased
red blood cell count/RBC
determination RBCs in the blood, low count can indicate anemia or a hemorrhage of over 24 hours
white blood count/WBC
determination of the #leukocytes in the blood, high count can mean infection or inflammation
plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
development, growth, formation
percussion
diagnostic to see the density of a body area that used the sound made by tapping the surface with fingers or an instrument]
nosocomial infection(s)
disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
path/o, -pathy
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
midsaggital plane
divides the body into equal left and right halves
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
division of the abdomen, lower left, underneath the umbilical region
left upper quadrant (LUQ)
division of the abdomen, upper left, above the umbilical region
ot/o
ear, hearing
hypertension
elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system
-megaly
enlargement
esophag/o
esophagus
qd
everday
qh
every hour
urinalysis/ U/A, UA
exam of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements
ophthalmoscopy
examination of the eye
palpation
examination technique in which the examiner's hands are used to feel the texture, size, consistency, and location of certain body parts
hyper-
excessive, increased
ophthalm/o
eye, vision
contraindication
factors in the patient's condition that makes the use certain medications or treatment dangerous or ill adivised
adip/o
fat
Tay-Sachs disease/TSD
fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells in the brain
pyr/o
fever, fire
phalanx/phalanges
finger or toe bone
-rrhea
flow or discharge
exudate
fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound
blood pressure/BP
force of the blood against the walls of the arteries
qid
four times a day
mucus
free slime of the mucous membrane, composed of the secretion of its glands, various salts, desquamated cells, and leukocytes
ventral
front, or bely side, or the organ or body
physiology
function
mycosis(es)
fungal infection
mesentary
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
phenylketonuria/PKU
genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. without early detection and treatment, PKU causes severe mental retardation
sickle cell anemia/SCA
genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in red blood cells that assume an abnormal sickle shape
chromosomes
genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
transdermal(s)
given through a patch applied to unbroken skin, continuously released from the patch and absorbed through the skin into the BS for systemic effects
aden/o
gland
fluor/o
glowing, luminous
glycos/o
glucose, sugar
eu-
good, normal, well, easy
poli/o
gray matter of brain and spinal cord
muscular dystrophy/MD
group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
acute
having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course
virile
having the nature, properties, or qualities of an adult male
ket/o, keton/o
ketones, acetones
macro-
large, abnormal size or length, long
mega-
large, great
sinistr/o
left, left side
auscult/a, auscult/o
listen
auscultation
listening for sounds within the body, usually done with a stethoscope
inflammation
localized response to an injury or the destruction of tissues; key indicators are erythema (redness), hyperthermia (heat), edema (swelling), and pain
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
right and left lumbar regions
located near the inward curve of the spine
right and left iliac regions
located over the hip bones
inguinal
lower abdomen or groin
caud/o
lower part of body, tail
hypotension
lower than normal arterial blood pressure
prostrate
lying stretched out, facing downwards
intravenous injection/IV
made directly into a vein
subcutaneous injection(s)/SQ/SC
made into the fatty layer just below the skin
intradermal injection/ID
made into the middle layers of the skin
intramuscular injection/IM
made into the muscle tissue
magnetic resonance angiography(ies)/MRA
magnetic resonance angi, helps locate problems within blood vessels throughout the body, can need contrast dies, alternative to conventional angiography
cytoplasm
material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
-meter
measure, instrument used to measure
sphygomomanometer(s)
measures the force of blood against the artery walls
triage
medical screening of patients to determine their relative priority of need and the proper place of treatment
dermatologist
medical specialist concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases
antipyretic(s)
medication administered to prevent or reduce fever
analgesic(s)
medication that relieves pain without affecting consciousness
medi/o
middle
mid-
middle
peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
muscul/o
muscle
physi/o, physic/o
nature, physical
proxim/o
near
a-, an-
no, not, without, away from, negative
iatr/o
physician, treatment
ather/o
plaque, fatty substance
-ae
plural noun ending
-i
plural noun ending
proteinuria
presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine, sign of kidney disease
bacteriuria
presence of bacteria in the urine
glycosuria
presence of glucose in the urine, most commonly caused by diabetes
ketonuria
presence of ketones in the urine, ketones are formed when the body breaks down fat, indicates starvation or uncontrolled diabetes
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts, secreted directly into the bloodstream
gen/o
producing, forming
protein/o
protein
pericardiocentesis
puncture of the pericardial sac for the purpose of removing fluid, procedure performed to treat pericarditis
py/o
pus
pyuria
pus in the urine, turbid appearance
radi/o
radiation, x-rays, radius (lateral lower arm bone)
interventional radiology
radiographic imaging to guide a procedure, confirm placement of an object like a stent
barium/BA
radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract
erythr/o
red
erythrocyte(s)
red blood cell (RBC); contains hemoglobin and can carry oxygen throughout the body
hemoglobin/Hb/HB
red protein used for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates
endemic
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
beat per minute/bpm
reflect the number of times the heart beats per minute and it is recorded
natal
relating to birth
cine-
relationship to movement
pyel/o
renal pelvis, bowl of kidney
pulse/P
rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the beating of the heart
dextr/o
right side
supination
rotation of the forearm such that the palm of the hand faces upward
-rrhexis
rupture
olig/o
scanty, few
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
erythrocyte sedimentation rate/ESR
sed rate, test based on the speed with which the RBC separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom of a specialized test tube, indicates the presence of inflammation in the body
-um
singular noun ending
-us
singular noun ending
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
posterior
situated in the back
anterior
situated in the front
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
interstitial
situated within but not restricted to or characteristic of a particular organ or tissue
derm/o, dermat/o
skin
micro-, micr/o
small
endocope(s)
small, flexible tube with a light and lens on the end
son/o, ech/o
sound
pelvic cavity
space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
-ologist
specialist
vector borne transmission
spread of a certain disease due to the bite of a vector (insects or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs that are capable of transmitting a disease)
anatomy
structure
otorhinolaryngology
study of disorders pertaining to the ear, nose, and throat
symptoms
subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or headache
neonatology
subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn infant
radipaque
substance does not allow x-rays to pass through, appears white or gray on film
radiolucent
substance like oxygen or nitrogen, does allow x-rays to pass through and appears black on film
pallative
substance that eases the pain or severity of symptoms of a disease rather than curing the disease
epidemic
sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
-pexy
surgical fixation
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid
adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
appendectomy
surgical removal of the appendix
-ectomy
surgical removal, cutting out, excision
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
surgical suturing
neurorrhaphy
surgical suturing together the ends of a severed nerve
peri-
surrounding, around
edema
swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body
hematocrit/Hct, hct
the % by volume of a blood sample occupied by RBCs
aplasia
the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue
hyperplasia
the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells
suppuration
the formation or discharge of pus
diagnosis(es)/Dx
the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms
hypoplasia
the incomplete development of an organ or tissue
prognosis(es)/prog
the likely course of disease or ailment
hemorrhage(s)
the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time
albuminuria
the presence of the protein albumin in the urine
-graphy
the process of producing a picture or record
homeostasis
the processes through with which the body maintains a constant internal environment
myorrhexis
the rupture or tearing of muscle
-ology
the science or study of
bloodborne transmission
the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood
pathology/path
the study of the causes and effects of diseases
etiology
the study of the causes of diseases
histology
the study of tissues
colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface
-ostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial opening to the body surface
abdominocentesis
the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid
computed tomorgraphy(ies)/CT
thin, fan shaped x-ray beam that rotates around the patient to create cross-sectional views of the body
ileum
third, last, and longest portion of the small intestine
histi/o, hist/o
tissue
-necrosis
tissue death
sig
to be labeled accordingly
-crit
to separate
-verse, -version
to turn
ad-
toward, to, in the direction of
medial
towards the middle
acupuncture
traditional Chinese medical practice using very thin acupuncture needles inserted into specific points of the body
bid
twice a day
single photon emission computed tomography/SPECT
type of nuclear imaging test that makes 3D computer reconstructed images showing perfusion through tissue and organs
echocardiography(ies)/ECHO
ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structure and motion of the heart
transesophageal echocardiography/TEE
ultrasonic imaging technique used to evaluate heart structures, performed from inside the esophagus and produces clear images bc the esophagus is close to the heart, clearer images than an echocardiograph
ultrasonography(ies) U/S
ultrasound; imaging of deep body structures by recording the echos of sound waves pulses that are above the range of human hearing
sub-
under, less
idiosyncratic reaction
unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the person
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
-uria
urination, urine
phleb/o, ven/o
vein
phlebotomy/phlebotomist
venipuncture, puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood; medical professional who is trained to draw blood
-scopy
visual examination
endoscopy
visual examination of the interior of a body cavity
laparoscopy(ies)/LAP
visual examination of the interior of the abdomen
fluoroscopy(ies)
visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on luminous fluorescent screen
leuk/o
white
/c
with
endo
within
intramusuclar/IM
within the muscle
intra-
within, inside
trauma
wound or injury