Medical Terminology CH 14-15

•It provides a path for messages traveling to and from the brain.

-Sensory information enters the gray matter via dorsal roots and rises through ascending tracts of white matter. -Motor commands move through descending tracts of white matter and exit the gray matter via ventral roots.

•A nerve is a bundle of neurons that carries messages between the CNS and the body.

-Sensory nerves carry information to the CNS. -Motor nerves carry messages from the CNS.

•The nervous system has two parts:

-The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. -The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the nerves that go between the CNS and the organs.

•The meninges form a three-layer protective sac around the brain and spinal cord:

-The outer layer is the dura mater. -The middle layer is the arachnoid layer. -The inner layer is the pia mater.

•Neurons meet at a synapse.

-The synaptic cleft is a gap between the neurons. -Impulses need a neurotransmitter to cross the gap.

•Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the cerebrum

cerebral

cerebr/o

cerebrum

-difficult, abnormal speech

dysphasia

-cele

protrusion

-phasia

speech

cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF)

Laboratory examination of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within the brain and spinal cord; detects infection or bleeding of the brain

•-esthesia is a suffix meaning sensation condition. •Build a medical term meaning: condition (of being) without sensation

anesthesia

•phasia is a suffix meaning speech. •Build a medical term meaning: without speech

aphasia

•Build a medical term meaning: -cerebellum inflammation

cerebellitis

-abnormal softening of the cerebrum

cerebromalacia

-hardening of the cerebrum

cerebrosclerosis

•It receives sensory information, integrates incoming messages, selects responses, and sends back motor commands.

cerebrum

-trophic

development

-pathy

disease

•encephal/o is a combining form meaning brain. •Build a medical term meaning: record of electricity of the brain

electroencephalogram

scler/o

hardening

cephal/o

head

•-paresis is a suffix meaning weakness. •Build a medical term meaning: -half weakness

hemiparesis

-half paralysis

hemiplegia

-condition (of having) excessive sensation

hyperesthesia

lumb/o

lower back

medull/o

medulla oblongata

•medull/o is a combining form meaning medulla oblongata. •Build a medical term meaning: -pertaining to the medulla oblongata

medullary

mening/o

meninges

•Build a medical term meaning: protrusion of the meninges

meningocele

•mening/o is a combining form meaning meninges. •Build a medical term meaning: meninges and spinal cord inflammation

meningomyelitis

•plegia is a suffix meaning paralysis. •Build a medical term meaning: paralysis of one (limb)

monoplegia

•myel/o is a combining form meaning spinal cord. •Build a medical term meaning: -process of recording the spinal cord

myelography

-cutting into the spinal cord

myelotomy

neur/o

nerve

radicul/o

nerve root

-to suture a nerve

neurorrhaphy

-eal

pertaining to

-ine

pertaining to

•neur/o is a combining form meaning nerve. •Build a medical term meaning: -inflammation of many nerves

polyneuritis

pont/o

pons

•pont/o is a combining form meaning pons. •Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the pons

pontine

pertaining to the pons and cerebellum

pontocerebellar

alges/o

sense of pain

myel/o

spinal cord

spin/o

spine

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhaphy

suture

-paresis

weakness

angi/o

vessel

hydr/o

water

-asthenia

weakness

•The nervous system coordinates body activities.

-It receives information from sensory receptors. -The information is used to adjust muscle and gland activity.

Nerve root disease

-radiculopathy

convulsion

Severe, involuntary, alternating muscle contractions and relaxations; has a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions

hemat/o

blood

vascul/o

blood vessel

encephal/o

brain

cerebell/o

cerebellum

brain tumor

encephaloma

-plegia

paralysis

•thalam/o is a combining form meaning thalamus. •Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the thalamus

thalamic

-cutting into the thalamus

thalamotomy

thalam/o

thalamus

tom/o

to cut

A Brief Introduction to Neurology

•Neurology is the branch of medicine that diagnoses and treats nervous system conditions. •A neurologist treats brain, spinal cord, and nerve conditions, as well as muscle conditions related to the nervous system. A neurosurgeon performs surgical procedures to treat nervous system conditions

•The brainstem consist of three parts:

-The midbrain is a pathway for impulses conducted between the brain and the spinal cord. -The pons connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. -The medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord. ▪The medulla also controls respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. It is the most inferior part of the brain.

•It also coordinates body activities.

-The right brain controls the left side of the body. -The left brain controls the right side of the body.

•radicul/o is a combining form meaning nerve root. •Build a medical term meaning: Inflammation of a nerve root

radiculitis

esthesi/o

sensation

-esthesia

sensation condition

delirium

Abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) (football disease)

Condition characterized by severe blow or repeated less severe blows to the head resulting in progressive degeneration of brain tissue; has been identified in athletes of contact sports

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Development of a brain infarct due to loss in blood supply to the brain; can be caused by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), floating clot (embolus), stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression; the extent of the damage depends on the size and location of the infarct and can include dysphasia and hemiplegia; commonly called a stroke

cerebral angiography

Diagnostic X-ray of blood vessels of brain after injection of radiopaque dye

computed tomography (CT scan)

Diagnostic imaging technique that produces a cross-sectional view of the body; X-rays taken from multiple angles are compiled by a computer to construct a composite cross-sectional view of the body

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to the degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord; commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease

anesthetic

Drug that produces loss of sensation or loss of consciousness

analgesic

Drug to treat minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness

concussion

Injury to the brain when the brain is shaken inside the skull because of impact; symptoms are usually temporary and may include headache, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, unequal pupil size, blurred vision, balance problems, and shock

brain tumor

Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant; a benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal because it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue

anticonvulsant

Medication to reduce the excitability of neurons and to prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures

cerebral palsy (CP)

Nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect in fetal development or trauma or oxygen deprivation during or shortly after birth; symptoms may be mild or severe and may include a variety of muscle power and coordination problems ranging from paralysis to uncontrolled spasms, depending on the location of the damage

Bell's palsy

One-sided facial muscle weakness or paralysis; usually is temporary

coma

Profound unconsciousness or stupor resulting from an illness or injury

dementia

Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living (ADLs); patients have little awareness of their condition; found in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease

cerebral contusion

Bruising of the brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hours and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock

Alzheimer's disease

Chronic brain condition involving progressive disorientation, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory