Medical Terminology CH 14-15
•It provides a path for messages traveling to and from the brain.
-Sensory information enters the gray matter via dorsal roots and rises through ascending tracts of white matter. -Motor commands move through descending tracts of white matter and exit the gray matter via ventral roots.
•A nerve is a bundle of neurons that carries messages between the CNS and the body.
-Sensory nerves carry information to the CNS. -Motor nerves carry messages from the CNS.
•The nervous system has two parts:
-The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. -The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the nerves that go between the CNS and the organs.
•The meninges form a three-layer protective sac around the brain and spinal cord:
-The outer layer is the dura mater. -The middle layer is the arachnoid layer. -The inner layer is the pia mater.
•Neurons meet at a synapse.
-The synaptic cleft is a gap between the neurons. -Impulses need a neurotransmitter to cross the gap.
•Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the cerebrum
cerebral
cerebr/o
cerebrum
-difficult, abnormal speech
dysphasia
-cele
protrusion
-phasia
speech
cerebrospinal fluid analysis (CSF)
Laboratory examination of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within the brain and spinal cord; detects infection or bleeding of the brain
•-esthesia is a suffix meaning sensation condition. •Build a medical term meaning: condition (of being) without sensation
anesthesia
•phasia is a suffix meaning speech. •Build a medical term meaning: without speech
aphasia
•Build a medical term meaning: -cerebellum inflammation
cerebellitis
-abnormal softening of the cerebrum
cerebromalacia
-hardening of the cerebrum
cerebrosclerosis
•It receives sensory information, integrates incoming messages, selects responses, and sends back motor commands.
cerebrum
-trophic
development
-pathy
disease
•encephal/o is a combining form meaning brain. •Build a medical term meaning: record of electricity of the brain
electroencephalogram
scler/o
hardening
cephal/o
head
•-paresis is a suffix meaning weakness. •Build a medical term meaning: -half weakness
hemiparesis
-half paralysis
hemiplegia
-condition (of having) excessive sensation
hyperesthesia
lumb/o
lower back
medull/o
medulla oblongata
•medull/o is a combining form meaning medulla oblongata. •Build a medical term meaning: -pertaining to the medulla oblongata
medullary
mening/o
meninges
•Build a medical term meaning: protrusion of the meninges
meningocele
•mening/o is a combining form meaning meninges. •Build a medical term meaning: meninges and spinal cord inflammation
meningomyelitis
•plegia is a suffix meaning paralysis. •Build a medical term meaning: paralysis of one (limb)
monoplegia
•myel/o is a combining form meaning spinal cord. •Build a medical term meaning: -process of recording the spinal cord
myelography
-cutting into the spinal cord
myelotomy
neur/o
nerve
radicul/o
nerve root
-to suture a nerve
neurorrhaphy
-eal
pertaining to
-ine
pertaining to
•neur/o is a combining form meaning nerve. •Build a medical term meaning: -inflammation of many nerves
polyneuritis
pont/o
pons
•pont/o is a combining form meaning pons. •Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the pons
pontine
pertaining to the pons and cerebellum
pontocerebellar
alges/o
sense of pain
myel/o
spinal cord
spin/o
spine
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
suture
-paresis
weakness
angi/o
vessel
hydr/o
water
-asthenia
weakness
•The nervous system coordinates body activities.
-It receives information from sensory receptors. -The information is used to adjust muscle and gland activity.
Nerve root disease
-radiculopathy
convulsion
Severe, involuntary, alternating muscle contractions and relaxations; has a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions
hemat/o
blood
vascul/o
blood vessel
encephal/o
brain
cerebell/o
cerebellum
brain tumor
encephaloma
-plegia
paralysis
•thalam/o is a combining form meaning thalamus. •Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the thalamus
thalamic
-cutting into the thalamus
thalamotomy
thalam/o
thalamus
tom/o
to cut
A Brief Introduction to Neurology
•Neurology is the branch of medicine that diagnoses and treats nervous system conditions. •A neurologist treats brain, spinal cord, and nerve conditions, as well as muscle conditions related to the nervous system. A neurosurgeon performs surgical procedures to treat nervous system conditions
•The brainstem consist of three parts:
-The midbrain is a pathway for impulses conducted between the brain and the spinal cord. -The pons connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. -The medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord. ▪The medulla also controls respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. It is the most inferior part of the brain.
•It also coordinates body activities.
-The right brain controls the left side of the body. -The left brain controls the right side of the body.
•radicul/o is a combining form meaning nerve root. •Build a medical term meaning: Inflammation of a nerve root
radiculitis
esthesi/o
sensation
-esthesia
sensation condition
delirium
Abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) (football disease)
Condition characterized by severe blow or repeated less severe blows to the head resulting in progressive degeneration of brain tissue; has been identified in athletes of contact sports
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Development of a brain infarct due to loss in blood supply to the brain; can be caused by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), floating clot (embolus), stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression; the extent of the damage depends on the size and location of the infarct and can include dysphasia and hemiplegia; commonly called a stroke
cerebral angiography
Diagnostic X-ray of blood vessels of brain after injection of radiopaque dye
computed tomography (CT scan)
Diagnostic imaging technique that produces a cross-sectional view of the body; X-rays taken from multiple angles are compiled by a computer to construct a composite cross-sectional view of the body
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to the degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord; commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease
anesthetic
Drug that produces loss of sensation or loss of consciousness
analgesic
Drug to treat minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness
concussion
Injury to the brain when the brain is shaken inside the skull because of impact; symptoms are usually temporary and may include headache, dizziness, nausea or vomiting, unequal pupil size, blurred vision, balance problems, and shock
brain tumor
Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant; a benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal because it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue
anticonvulsant
Medication to reduce the excitability of neurons and to prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures
cerebral palsy (CP)
Nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect in fetal development or trauma or oxygen deprivation during or shortly after birth; symptoms may be mild or severe and may include a variety of muscle power and coordination problems ranging from paralysis to uncontrolled spasms, depending on the location of the damage
Bell's palsy
One-sided facial muscle weakness or paralysis; usually is temporary
coma
Profound unconsciousness or stupor resulting from an illness or injury
dementia
Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing activities of daily living (ADLs); patients have little awareness of their condition; found in disorders such as Alzheimer's disease
cerebral contusion
Bruising of the brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hours and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock
Alzheimer's disease
Chronic brain condition involving progressive disorientation, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory
