Medical Terminology Final exam study set

Skeletal system Lesson 4

-blast: embryonic stage of development (suffix) blast/o- embryonic stage of development (combining form) blast/o- embryonic stage of development (combining form) calc/o- calcium (1st) calc/i- calcium (2nd) calcane/o- heel bone carp/o- wrist -clast: to break (1st) -clastic: to break (2nd) clavicul/o- collarbone coccyg/o- coccyx cost/o- ribs crani/o- skull, cranium femor/o- femur fibul/o- fibula gen/o- to produce humer/o- humerus ili/o- ilium ischi/o- ischium kyph/o- humpback lamin/o- lamina lord/o- swayback; bent lumb/o- lower back; loins malac/o- softening (combining form) -malacia: softening (suffix) mandibul/o- lower jaw bone; mandible mastoid/o- mastoid process maxill/o- upper jaw metacarp/o- hand bones metatars/o- foot bones myel/o- spinal cord; bone marrow olecran/o- elbow orth/o- straight oste/o- bone patell/o- kneecap (1st) patell/a- kneecap (2nd) pelv/i- pelvis phalang/o- fingers, toes -physis: growth, growing por/o- cavity, opening, passage, pore -porosis: porous; lessening in density pub/o- pubis rach/i- spinal column radi/o- radiation; radius scapul/o- shoulder blade scoli/o- crooked, bent spondyl/o- vertebra sten/o- short, contracted, narrow stern/o- sternum tars/o- ankle bones tempor/o- temples (of the head) vertebr/o- vertebra articular cartilage- the thin layer of connective tissue that covers the ends of long bones cancellous bone- a type of bone with a lattice-like or porous structure (a.k.a. spongy bone) cervical vertebrae- the 7 vertebrae of the neck compact bone- a hard, dense type of bone (forms the shaft of the long bones and the thin outer shell of other bones) Diaphysis- the shaft of a long bone epiphyseal plate- a layer of cartilage that separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis (where bone growth occurs in children and adolescents) Epiphysis- the end of a long bone false ribs- ribs that connect to the vertebrae in the back and to the seventh rib on the front (these are rib pairs 8 through 10) flat bones- bones that are thin, flat, and usually curved (includes some cranial bones, sternum, scapulae, pelvic bones) floating ribs- ribs that connect to the vertebrae in the back but do not connect to other bones in the front (ribs pairs 11 and 12) Fissure- a groove or depression (a.k.a. sulcus) Fontanelle- the membranous space between the bones of an infants skull Foramen- a hole (in bones blood vessels and nerves will pass through these) Haversian canals- a network of small canals that run through compact bone carrying blood, nerves, and lymphatic vessels Hematopoiesis- the production of blood cells in the bone marrow intercostal spaces- the area between the ribs intervertebral disk- a tough plate of cartilage between vertebrae (they act as shock absorbers) long bones- bones that are longer than they are wide (the bones of the arm, legs, hands, and feet are long bones) lumbar vertebrae- the five vertebrae of the lower back Ossification- the process of converting connective tissue into bone Osteoblasts- immature bone cells that produce bone tissue Osteocytes- mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue Periosteum- the dense fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of long bones (it doesn't cover the parts that make joints though) red bone marrow- marrow tissue found within cancellous (spongy) bone that produces blood cells Resorption- the process of breaking down bone tissue (usually by osteoclasts) sesamoid bones- small bones that form in a tendon where it passes over a joint (the kneecap or patella is the most famous) short bones- bones that are about as long as they are wide (wrist bones and ankle bones, for example) Sinus- a cavity within a bone Stenosis- the abnormal narrowing of a passage Sulcus- a groove or depression (a.k.a. fissure) Sutures- a seamlike, immovable joint between two bones (for example, the bones of the skull) thoracic vertebrae- the twelve vertebrae of the upper back Trabeculae- the tiny, rodlike bony structure that make up cancellous (or spongy) bone true ribs- ribs that connect to the vertebrae in the back and to the sternum in the front (rib pairs 1 through 7) vertebral foramen- the hole in each vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes yellow marrow- marrow tissue found within the diaphysis of long bones and consisting mainly of adipose tissue Osteomalacia- a disease in which the bones soften due to a lack of calcium and phosphorous (this can happen from a dietary lack of calcium or vitamin D) Osteomyelitis- inflammation of the bone marrow due to infection Osteoporosis- a disease in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of bone tissue (often occurs in post-menopausal women) Ewing's sarcoma- a malignant bone tumor that forms in the middle of large bones (typically found in young adults and pre-adolescent boys) osteogenic sarcoma- a malignant bone cancer arising from bone tissue (a.k.a. osteosarcoma) Osteochondroma- a benign tumor of bone and cartilage (most common type of benign bone tumor) Paget's disease- a chronic disease of the elderly in which excessive bone remodeling leaves the bones prone to fracture spinal stenosis- a condition in which the spinal canal narrows and compresses the spine talipes equinovarus (club foot)- a congenital deformity in which the foot turns inward and downward Kyphosis- abnormal outward curvature of the spine (a.k.a. hunchback) Lordosis- abnormal inward curvature of the spine (a.k.a. swayback) Scoliosis- abnormal lateral curvature of the spine Fractures- a broken bone closed (simple) fracture- a bone fracture in which the pieces do not pierce the skin open (compound) fracture- a bone fracture in which the pieces pierce the skin complete fracture- a bone fracture in which the break goes through the entire width incomplete (greenstick) fracture- a bone fracture in which the break does not go through the entire width compression fracture- a bone fracture in which the bone collapses impacted fracture- a bone fracture in which the one broken edge is wedged into the other broken edge comminuted fracture- a bone fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed Colles' fracture- a bone fracture in the distal end of the radius hairline (stress) fracture- a bone fracture in which the fragments do not separate (on an x-ray the break appears to be a thin line) pathological fracture- a bone fracture that occurs to bone weakened by disease (under normal conditions the bone would not have broken) occult fracture- a bone fracture that cannot be detected by X-ray until several weeks after the injury ('occult' means 'hidden') closed reduction- the physical alignment of the bone fragments without cutting into the skin external fixation devices- medical devices used to stabilize fractures without penetrating the skin (casts, for example) open reduction- the physical alignment of the bone fragments under direct observation during surgery (this require cutting into the skin) internal fixation devices- medical devices used to stabilize fractures that penetrate the skin and hold the pieces of bone in place directly (screws, pins, wires, nails) bone scan- images taken of the skeletal after injection of a radioactive isotope that is absorbed by the bones bone marrow aspiration- the process of using a needle to remove a small sample of bone marrow dual photon absorptiometry- a measure of bone density that measures the amount of radiation absorbed by the bones

Nervous system Lesson 6

A-: without, not (1st) An-: without, not (2nd) -algesia: sensitivity to pain alges/o- sensitivity to pain -algia: pain -asthenia: weakness Brady-: slow cerebell/o- cerebellum cerebr/o- cerebrum crani/o- skull encephal/o- brain -esthesia: feeling, sensation esthesi/o- feeling, sensation gli/o- neuroglia; gluey substance -kinesia: movement kinesi/o- movement -lepsy: seizure, attack -lexia: reading mening/o- meninges myel/o- spinal cord; bone marrow narc/o- sleep neur/o- nerve -paresis: partial paralysis -phasia: speech -plegia: paralysis -praxia: perform thec/o- sheath ton/o- tension, tone ventricul/o- ventricle (of the heart or brain) absence seizure- a brief seizure in which there is a temporary loss of consciousness (a.k.a. petit mal seizure) afferent nerves- nerves that carry sensory information toward the central nervous system Agnosia- the loss of the ability to interpret sensations (the person can't recognize objects, persons, shapes, sounds, etc.) Agraphia- the loss of the ability to express thoughts in writing (the person can still make marks with a pen, but can't construct sentences) Alexia- the loss of the ability to read (the person could write down a word, but then not be able to read what they had just written) Analgesia- inability to feel pain Anesthesia- inability to feel sensations Aneurysm- a localized and excessive enlargement of an artery Aphasia- the loss of the ability to understand speech Apraxia- the loss of the ability to perform coordinated, purposeful actions Astrocytoma- a brain tumor derived from astrocytes (astrocytes are support cells in the brain) Ataxia- the loss of the ability to control voluntary muscle movements Aura- a sensation of warmth or light that precedes a migraine or epileptic seizure autonomic nervous system- the part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary bodily functions (breathing, heart rate, glandular stuff) blood brain barrier- a network of support cells that protects the brain by closely regulating what substance enter the brain from the blood Bradykinesia- extreme slowness of movement (often see in those with Parkinson's Disease) Causalgia- a burning pain in a limb caused by damage to a peripheral nerve central nervous system- the brain and spinal cord Cephalalgia- pain anywhere in the cranial cavity (a.k.a. headache) Cerebellum- the part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular activity cerebrospinal fluid- the clear, watery fluid that fills the spaces within the central nervous system Cerebrum- the largest portion of the human brain, responsible for integrating sensory information and initiating voluntary activities Cheyne-stokes respirations- an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by periods of shallow breathing, apnea, and periods of rapid deep breathing Coma- a state of deep unconsciousness from which the person cannot be awoken and does not respond to stimuli Comatose- pertaining to being in a coma Contracture- abnormal shortening and hardening of the muscles Craniotomy- a surgical incision into the skull Demyelination- loss of the myelin sheath from around neurons Dementia- a chronic mental disorder characterized by impaired memory, reasoning, and ability to think Diplopia- a visual impairment where a single object is perceived as two objects (a.k.a. double vision) Dyslexia- a condition in which the person has difficulty reading Dysphasia- a condition in which the person has difficulty speaking efferent nerves- nerves that carry motor commands from the central nervous system Embolism- an obstruction of an artery by a clot Hemiparesis- partial paralysis of one side of the body Hemiplegia- paralysis of one side of the body Hyperesthesia- excessive sensitivity to sensations (especially touch and pain) Hyperkinesis- excessive physical activity, overactive restlessness (a.k.a. hyperactivity) Kernig's sign- a symptom of meningitis where the person cannot extend the leg at the knee when the thigh is flexed (this is due to stiffness in the hamstring muscles) Kinesiology- the study of muscle movement Lethargy- a lack of energy, sluggishness medulla oblongata- the part of the brain that controls breathing and heart rate Meninges- the three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord Meningocele- a protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the spinal column (no nervous tissue is found in the sac formed by the meninges) Meningomyelocele- a protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the spinal column that contains nervous tissue myelin sheath- the fatty layer that surrounds the axon to speed the rate of nerve impulses Narcolepsy- a condition characterized by sudden, uncontrolled attacks of sleep Nerve- a bundle of axons that transmits impulses to and from the spinal cord and brain nerve block- the injection of an anesthetic close to the nerves to stop sensation from those nerves Neuralgia- intense, sharp pain that extends along the course of a nerve Neurotransmitter- a chemical that is released by one neuron at the synapse and triggers a change in the post-synaptic neuron Neuritis- inflammation of the nerves nuchal rigidity- a symptom of meningitis where the neck muscles are stiff Occlusion- a blockage Palliative- relieving the symptoms of a disorder without treating or curing the disorder itself Paraplegia- paralysis of the legs and lower body Paraparesis- partial paralysis of the legs and lower body parasympathetic nerves- nerves of the autonomic nervous system that regulate functions such as slowing heart rate, digestion, relaxing sphincters (rest and digest) Paresthesia- an abnormal skin sensation of tingling or prickling peripheral nervous system- the part of the nervous system that extends from and communicates with the central nervous system Quadriplegia- paralysis of all four limbs Rhizotomy- a surgical severing of the spinal nerves Sciatica- compression of a spinal nerve that causes pain in the back, hip, and down the leg Shunt- a tube that diverts the flow of fluid from one cavity to another somatic nervous system- the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements Stupor- a state of insensibility or near-unconsciousness sympathetic nerves- nerves of the autonomic nervous system that regulate functions such as speeding heart rate, speeding heart rate, and dilating blood vessels (fight or flight) Syncope- temporary loss of consciousness (a.k.a. fainting) Thrombosis- the abnormal formation of a blood clot tonic clonic seizure- a seizure characterized by a phase of muscular contraction following by a phase of uncontrolled jerking (tonic is the contraction phase, clonic is the jerking phase; a.k.a. grand mal seizure) Ventricle- a cavity within an organ (the hollow portions of the brain are filled with cerebrospinal fluid) Whiplash- injury to the cervical vertebrae caused by a sudden jerk of the head (often caused by being rear-ended in a car) Alzheimer's Disease- a progressive, degenerative form of mental deterioration caused by deterioration of the brain amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)- a progressive, degenerative disorder that affects the motor neurons of the CNS leading to muscular atrophy and paralysis (a.k.a. Lou Gherig's disease) Bell's palsy- inability to control the muscles on one side of the face due to facial nerve paralysis brain abscess- a localized accumulation of pus in the brain (yum) carpal tunnel syndrome- the painful compression of the nerve that runs through a passage at the front of the wrist (the passage is called the 'carpal tunnel'; often it is caused by repetitive hand motions like typing) cerebral concussion- temporary loss of consciousness caused by a blow to the head cerebral contusion- bruising of the brain tissue caused by an impact to the skull cerebral palsy- permanent, congenital brain damage characterized by impaired control of voluntary muscles cerebrovascular accident (CVA)- the blockage of cerebral arteries that leads to the death of brain tissue and permanent neurologic impairment (a.k.a. stroke) transient ischemic attack (TIA)- a brief period when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted leading to temporary neurologic impairment (a.k.a. mini-stroke) degenerative disk- deterioration of the intervertebral disk Encephalitis- inflammation of the brain or spinal cord (can be caused by infection or allergic reaction) Epilepsy- a neurological disorder characterized by recurring seizures (seizure can vary from mild absence seizures to full-scale convulsive seizures) Guillain-Barré syndrome- acute, inflammatory disease of the nerves characterized by the loss of myelin from the nerves ( Headaches- pain anywhere in the cranial cavity (a.k.a. cephalalgia) Migraine- a recurring, throbbing headache that typically occurs on one side of the head and is accompanied by sensory disturbances and nausea Cluster- a severe headache that tends to recur regularly for a period of weeks and tends to be focused on one side of the head (the headaches are 'clustered' into a period of time) Tension- a headache usually caused by long, sustained contraction of the muscles of the head, neck, and face herniated disk- the painful rupture of the cartilage disk between vertebrae (a.k.a. slipped disk) Huntington's chorea- an inherited neurological disease characterized by rapid, jerky movements and cognitive decline Hydrocephalus- an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain causing enlargement of the head intracranial tumors- brain tumors that occur within the cranial cavity primary intracranial tumors- intracranial tumors that arise from the support cells in and around the nervous tissue of the brain metastatic intracranial tumors- intracranial tumors of the brain that arise from the metastasis from a primary site Meningitis- inflammation of the meninges due to infection (bacterial meningitis is much, MUCH more dangerous than viral meningitis) multiple sclerosis (MS)- a chronic, degenerative, inflammatory disease of the CNS characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath myasthenia gravis- a chronic, progressive neuromuscular disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscle weakness Neuroblastoma- a malignant tumor that arises from immature nerve cells Parkinson's disease- a degenerative, progressive disease of the nervous system characterized by the slow onset of symptoms like muscle rigidity, shuffling gait, and tremors peripheral neuritis- inflammation of the nerves of the PNS Poliomyelitis- an infectious viral disease that affects the CNS and can cause permanent paralysis Reye's syndrome- a rare and life-threatening brain and liver disorder in young children that follows a viral infection and is associated with the use of aspirin (DO NOT EVER give young children aspirin!) skull fracture, depressed- a fracture of the cranium that results in a segment of the skull being pushed into the brain spina bifida cystica- a congenital defect of the vertebral column in which the vertebrae do not fully enclose the spinal cord (usually a cyst protrudes from the back, it may contain just CSF or both the spinal cord and CSF spina bifida occulta- a congenital defect of the vertebral column in which some of the vertebrae are not fully formed (oftentimes this is symptomless and goes unnoticed) spinal cord injuries- severe damage to the spinal cord that impairs the function of the spinal cord trigeminal neuralgia- short periods of severe pain that radiates along the trigeminal nerve (the trigeminal nerve is one of the nerves that helps control the face) Babinski's reflex- the dorsiflexion of the great toe when the heel is stroked (babies have a negative Babinski sign where their toes curl in, this is abnormal for children and adults) brain scan- an imaging technique for the brain where radioactive isotopes are injected into the bloodstream to detect abnormalities Angiography- the visualization of the blood vessels through the injection of radiopaque dye into an artery cerebrospinal fluid analysis- the analysis of CSF for blood, bacteria, or other abnormalities CT scan- a method of visualizing the body where an X-ray beam rotates around the body (CT stand for 'computed tomography') Chordotomy- a surgical procedure where pain conducting pathways in the spine are disabled cisternal puncture- the insertion of a needle into a CSF reservoir between the medulla and cerebellum (this can be done to drain excess CSF or to obtain a sample) Craniotomy- the surgical creation of an opening into the skull Echoencephalography- a visualization technique that uses ultrasound to analyze structure within the brain Electroencephalography- the measurement of the electrical activity in different parts of the brain Electromyography- the process of recording the electrical activity of muscle tissue Laminectomy- the surgical removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae lumbar puncture- the insertion of a needle into lower back under the level of the spinal cord (this can be done to obtain a sample of CSF) magnetic resonance imaging- a visualization technique that uses strong magnetic fields, radio frequencies, and computer processing to produce detailed images of internal structures (a.k.a. MRI) Myelography- the visualization of the spinal through the injection of radiopaque dye through a lumbar puncture Neurectomy- the surgical removal of all or part of a nerve (can be used to relieve pain in a localized area) Pneumoencephalography- the injection of air into the spaces within the brain to help with visualization by X-ray Polysomnogram- the recording of different physiological changes during sleep (a.k.a. sleep study) positron emission tomography- a technique for measuring brain function through the detection of injection radioactive chemicals and computer processing (a.k.a. PET scan) Romberg test- a neurological test for cerebellar function and balance (stand still with your eyes closed without swaying; can also be used to test for drunkenness) stereotaxic neurosurgery- brain surgery done through small opening in the skull and guided through X-rays or other imaging techniques Sympathectomy- the surgical cutting of a sympathetic nerve (can be used to relieve pain) Tractotomy- the surgical cutting of tracts within the medulla of the brain (tracts are like nerves, but within the CNS) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation- the use of small pulses of electric current to trigger nerves for pain relief

Blood Lesson 8

Agglutination- the clumping of cells held together by antibodies Allergen- a substance that causes triggers an allergic reaction Allergy- an immune response to a normally harmless antigen Anaphylaxis- a life-threatening and acute allergic reaction to a previously encountered antigen Antibodies- a protein produced in response to a specific antigen (these antigens are usually found on any invading or foreign cell) Anisocytosis- a blood condition characterized by red blood cells of different sizes (normally all red blood cells are pretty much identical) Antigens- any substance that triggers the immune response to produce antibodies Bilirubin- the orange-yellow pigment formed by the liver from the breakdown of hemoglobin Ascites- the accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity (this causes swelling of the abdomen) Coagulation- the process of changing a liquid to solid state Differentiation- the process during development where unspecialized cells develop into cells with characteristic forms and functions Dyscrasia- any abnormal condition of the blood Edema- the accumulation of fluid within the spaces between cells (a.k.a swelling) Erythema- an increase in the number of red blood cells Erythrocyte- a mature red blood cell (these are specialized cells the body uses to carry dissolved gases in the blood) Erythropoiesis- the process of producing red blood cells Erythropoietin- a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of more red blood cells (it is released in response to a lack of oxygen in the blood) Hematologist- one who studies the blood and blood forming organs Hematology- the study of blood and blood forming organs Heme- an iron-containing pigment found in hemoglobin and used to temporarily bind oxygen Hemoglobin- the complex protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide (deoxygenated blood is NEVER blue. No, I don't care what you learned in middle school, blood is NEVER blue) Hemolysis- the rupture or breakdown of red blood cells Hemorrhage- the loss of a lot of blood in a short period of time Hemostasis- the stopping of the flow of blood out of a vessel Hyperalbuminemia- an increased level of the protein albumin in the blood Hyperbilirubinemia- an abnormally high level of bilirubin in the blood Hyperlipidemia- an excessively high concentration of lipids in the blood Leukocytopenia- an abnormal decrease in the number of white blood cells in the blood Myeloid- pertaining to the bone marrow (or the spinal cord) Pancytopenia- a deficiency in all three cellular components in the blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) Pica- a craving to eat unusual substances (like clay, plaster, ice, ashes, dirt, glue, starch, hair, and other delicious things) Plasma- the straw-colored, fluid portion of the blood (this is what is left if all the cellular components are removed) Septicemia- a systemic infection where pathogens are found within the bloodstream Serology- the study of blood serum (serum is plasma with the coagulating proteins removed) Splenomegaly- abnormal enlargement of the spleen Thrombocytopenia- a deficiency in the number of platelets in the blood Poikilocytosis- the presence of irregularly shaped red blood cells Anisocytosis- the presence of red blood cells of unequal sizes Purpura- any of a number of disorders that are characterized by bleeding into the skin Granulocytosis- the presence of an increased number of granulocytes (granulocytes are a type of white blood cell) Thrombus- a blood clot Anemia- a condition characterized by a deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood aplastic anemia- a deficiency of all blood cell types due to bone marrow failure hemolytic anemia- anemia resulting from the destruction of red blood cells iron deficiency anemia- anemia resulting from the a lack of hemoglobin from insufficient iron pernicious anemia- anemia resulting from a lack of red blood cells due to insufficient vitamin B12 sickle cell anemia- a hereditary form of anemia where the red blood cells become crescent shaped at low oxygen levels Hemochromatosis- a rare metabolic disorder in which iron salts are deposited in tissue throughout the body (this can lead to liver damage, diabetes mellitus, and bronze colored skin) Hemophilia- a hereditary disorder in which the blood cannot adequately clot which results in much longer bleeding times hemophilia A- the most common form of hemophilia that results from a deficiency of factor VIII (this form occurs almost exclusively in men; factor VIII is important for clotting; a.k.a. classic hemophilia) hemophilia B- a form of hemophilia that results from a deficiency of factor IX (a.k.a. Christmas disease - named after the first patient with the disease and not an especially bad holiday present) multiple myeloma- a malignant cancer that starts in the plasma cells and increases the number of mature and immature plasma cells (plasma cells are antibody producing white blood cells) polycythemia vera- a bone marrow disease that leads to the production of too many blood cells (mainly red blood cells which causes the blood to become overy viscous) Thalassemia- a group of hereditary anemias that are caused by the production of defective hemoglobin Leukemia- a malignant cancer in which an excessive number of immature or abnormal white blood cells are produced acute myelogenous leukemia- a form of leukemia characterized by the overproduction of immature granulocytes (granulocytes are a type of white blood cell) acute lymphocytic leukemia- a form of leukemia characterized by the overproduction of immature lymphocytes lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell important for immunity) chronic myelogenous leukemia- a form of leukemia characterized by the accumulation of abnormal, mature granulocytes (granulocytes are a type of white blood cell) chronic lymphocytic leukemia- a form of leukemia characterized by the accumulation of abnormal, mature lymphocytes lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell important for immunity) Coomb's test- a test for the presence of anti-Rh factor antibodies in the blood (this is often given to pregnant women that are Rh- to see if they will mount an immune response against the blood of their fetus) bleeding time- a test that measures the amount of time necessary for bleeding to stop blood transfusion- the transfer of blood from from one individual to another (this includes blood products like plasma as well as whole blood) autologous blood transfusion- the reinfusion of blood taken from a person back into that same person bone marrow biopsy- the examination of a sample bone marrow tissue bone marrow transplant- the infusion of bone marrow cells from a donor to a person whose bone marrow has been destroyed by radiation or chemotherapy Hematocrit- a test for the percentage of red blood cells in the blood lipid profile- a test for the concentrations of various lipid levels in the blood (this test Schilling test- a diagnostic test for vitamin B12 deficiency agglutin/o- to clump Aniso-: unequal bas/o- base blast/o- embryonic stage of development (combining form) -blast: embryonic stage of development (suffix) chrom/o- color coagul/o- clotting cyt/o- cell (combining form) -cyte: cell (suffix) -emia: blood condition eosin/o- red, rosy erythr/o- red -globin: contain protein hem/o- blood (1st) hemat/o- blood (2nd) is/o- equal kary/o- nucleus leuk/o- white -lytic: destruction mon/o- one morph/o- shape myel/o- bone marrow; spinal cord nucle/o- nucleus -oid: resembling -osis: condition -penia: decrease in; deficiency -phage: to eat (suffix) phag/o- to eat (combining form) -philia: attraction to -phoresis: transmission -poiesis: formation poikil/o- varied; irregular sider/o- iron spher/o- round; sphere -stasis: stopping; controlling thromb/o- clot

Whole body terminology Lesson 2

Anatomical plane- imaginary slices made through the body Midsagittal plane- the plane that divides the body into right and left halves Midline- the imaginary line formed when a body is divided into right and left halves Frontal plane- a plane that divides the body into front and back halves Transverse plane- a plane that divides the body into top and bottom halves Hypochondriac region- the right and left sections of the upper abdomen underneath the cartilage of the ribs Epigastric region- the middle section of the upper abdomen underneath the cartilage of the ribs Lumbar region- the right and left sections of the middle abdomen, beneath the hypochondriac regions Umbilical region- the middle section of the middle abdomen underneath the epigastric region inguinal (iliac) region- the right and left sections of the lower abdomen, beneath the lumbar regions hypogastric region- the middle section of the lower abdomen underneath the umbilical region right upper quadrant (RUQ)- the section of the abdomen on the upper right side left upper quadrant (LUQ)- the section of the abdomen on the upper left side right lower quadrant (RLQ)- the section of the abdomen on the lower right side left lower quadrant (LLQ)- the section of the abdomen on the lower left side Munro's point- a point on the left side of the abdomen midway between the umbilicus and the bony projection of the hip McBurney's point- a point on the right side of the abdomen two-thirds of the way between the umbilicus and the bony projection of the hip ventral cavity- the cavity of the front side of the body that includes the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities dorsal cavity- the cavity of the back side that includes the cranial and spinal cavities thoracic cavity- the chest cavity extending down to the diaphragm abdominopelvic cavity- the cavity of the front side of the body that includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities abdominal cavity- the cavity underneath the thoracic cavity and separated from it by the diaphragm pelvic cavity- the lower front cavity of the body underneath the abdominal cavity cranial cavity- the cavity within the skull that contains the brain spinal cavity- the cavity that contains the spine and the spinal nerves cervical vertebrae- the first seven segments of the vertebral column thoracic vertebrae- the second segment of 12 vertebrae that form the vertebrae of the chest lumbar vertebrae- the third segment of 5 vertebrae that form the lower back Sacrum- the fourth segment of vertebral column formed from five fused vertebrae Coccyx- the last segment of the vertebral column formed from 4 fused bones, also known as the tail bone abdomin/o- abdomen Ana-: not, without anter/o- front cervic/o- neck; cervix coccyg/o- coccyx crani/o- skull, cranium cyt/o- cell dors/o- back Dys-: bad, difficult, painful, disordered Epi-: upon, over hist/o- tissue Hypo-: under, below, beneath, less than normal -iac: pertaining to ili/o- ilium inguin/o- groin Inter-: between -ion: action, process later/o- side lumb/o- loins, lower back medi/o- middle nucle/o- nucleus pelv/i: pelvis -plasm: living substance -plasia: formation or development poster/o- back proxim/o- near sacr/o- sacrum -some: a 'body' or structure spin/o- spine thorac/o- chest umbilic/o- navel ventr/o- belly, front side vertebr/o- vertebra viscer/o- internal organs Superficial- toward or on the surface of the body Deep- away from the surface of the body Anterior- toward the front or belly side of the body Posterior- toward the back or rear side of the body Ventral- nearer to or pertaining to the belly Dorsal- nearer to or pertaining to the back Medial- nearer to or toward the midline of the body Lateral- farther from or away from the midline of the body Superior- toward the head; the upper part Inferior- away from the head; the lower part Cranial- pertaining to or toward the head Caudal- pertaining to or toward the tail (coccyx) Distal- away from the point of origin; further down the limb Proximal- toward the point of origin; nearer to the trunk Supine- lying horizontally on the back; face up Prone- lying horizontally on the belly; face down Supination- the movement of the palms so they face upward or forward Pronation- the movement of the palms so they face downward or backward Plantar- pertaining to the bottom of the foot (the sole) Dorsum- pertaining to the top of the foot; the posterior surface of a structure Anaplasia- a change in the structure and orientation of cells causing a reversion of cells to a less differentiated state Anatomical position- a persons standing with arms at sides with palms, head, and feet turned forwards Aplasia- the lack of growth resulting in the absence of any tissue or organ Cytology- the study of cells Dysplasia- any abnormal development of tissues or organs Histology- the study of tissues Histologist- a medical specialist who studies tissues Hyperplasia- an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ Hypoplasia- underdeveloped or incompletely developed organ or tissue, usually from a decrease in the number of cells Mediolateral- pertaining to the middle and side of a structure Navel- the umbilicus (a.k.a. the belly button) Neoplasia- the new and abnormal growth of cells, may be benign or malignant Umbilicus- the navel (a.k.a. the belly button) Visceral- pertaining to the internal organs Cell- the basic living unit within the body Tissue- a group of cells that perform specialized functions Organ- a group of tissues that perform specialized functions System- a group of organs that work together to perform the functions of the body

Prefixes/Suffixes Lesson 1

Prefixes: A- without, not, no (1st) Ab- from, away from Ad- toward, increase Alb- white (1st) Albin/o- white (2nd) Ambi- both, both sides An- without, not, no (2nd) Ana- not, without Ante- before, in front (1st) Anti- against (1st) Auto- self Bi- two, double Bio- life Brady- slow Chlor/o- green Circum- around (1st) Cirrh/o- yellow (1st) Con- together, with Contra- against (2nd) Cyan/o- blue De- down, from Dia- through (1st) Dis- free of, to undo Dys- bad, difficult, painful, disordered Ecto- outside Endo- inside Eosin/o- red (1st) Epi- upon, over Erythr/o- red (2nd) Eu- well, easily, good, normal Ex- out, away from, outside Exo- outside, outward Extra- outside, beyond Glauc/o- gray, silver (1st) Hemi- half (1st) Hetero- different Homeo- likeness, same Homo- same Hydro- water Hyp- under, below, beneath, less than normal (1st) Hyper- excessive Hypo- under, below, beneath, less than normal (2nd) Idio- individual Im- not (1st) In- in, inside, within, not Infra- beneath, below, under Inter- between Intra- within Jaund/o- yellow (2nd) Juxta- near, beside Leuk/o- white (3rd) Lute/o- yellow (3rd) Melan/o- black Meso- middle Meta- beyond, after Milli- one-thousandth Mono- one (1st) Multi- many Non- not (2nd) Nulli- none Pan- all Para- near, beside, beyond, two like parts Per- through (2nd) Peri- around (2nd) poli/o- gray, silver (2nd) Poly- many, much, excessive Post- after, behind Pre- before, in front (2nd) Primi- first Pro- before, in front(3rd) Pseudo- false Purpur/o- purple Quadri- four (1st) Re- back, again Retro- backward, behind Rube- red (3rd) Semi- half (2nd) Sub- under, below Supra- above, over Sym- joined, together (1st) Syn- joined, together (2nd) Tachy- rapid Tetra- four (2nd) Trans- across, through Tri- three Ultra- beyond, excess Uni- one (2nd) xanth/o- yellow (4th) Suffixes: -a: noun ending (1st) -ac: pertaining to (1st) -ad: toward, increase -al: pertaining to (2nd) -algesia: sensitivity to pain -algia: pain -ar: pertaining to (3rd) -ary: pertaining to; relating to -ate: something that ... -blast: embryonic stage of development -cele: swelling or herniation -centesis: surgical puncture -cide: to kill; to destroy -clasis: crushing or breaking up -cyte: cell -desis: binding or surgical fusion -dynia: pain -e: noun ending (2nd) -eal: pertaining to (4th) -ectasia: stretching or dilation (2nd) -ectasis: stretching or dilation (1st) -ectomy: surgical removal -emia: blood condition -er: one who -esis: condition of -gen: that which generates -genesis: generating; formation -genic: pertaining to, formation, producing -gram: record or picture -graph: an instrument used to record -graphy: process of recording -gravida: pregnancy -ia: condition (1st) -ian: specialist in a field of study (1st) -iasis: presence of an abnormal condition -iatric(s): relating to medicine, physicians, or medical treatment -iatrician: one who treats; a physician (1st) -iatrist: one who treats; a physician (2nd) -iatry: medical treatment; medical profession -ic: pertaining to (5th) -ical: pertaining to (6th) -ician: specialist in a field of study (2nd) -ile: pertaining to; capable -ion: action; process -ism: condition (2nd) -ist: practitioner -itis: inflammation -ize: to make; to treat or combine with -lepsy: seizure; attack -lith:Stone -lithiasis:presence or formation of stones -logist: one who specializes in the study of -logy: the study of -lysis: destruction or detachment -lytic: destruction -mania: a mental disorder; a 'madness' -megaly: enlargement -meter: an instrument used to measure -metry: the process of measuring -oid: resembling -ole: small or little (1st) -oma: tumor -opia: visual condition (2nd) -opsia: visual condition (1st) -opsy: process of viewing -ory: pertaining to; characterized by -osis: condition (3rd) -ous: pertaining to (7th) -pathy: disease -penia: decrease in; deficiency -pexy:surgical fixation -philia: attracted to -phobia: abnormal fear -plasia: formation or development -plasty: surgical repair -plegia: paralysis -pnea: breathing -ptosis: drooping or relapse -rrhagia: excessive flow or discharge -rrhaphy: suturing -rrhea: discharge; flow -rrhexis: rupture -scope: an instrument used to view -scopy: the process of viewing with a scope -stasis: stopping or controlling -stomy: the surgical creation of a new opening -tic: pertaining to (8th) -tion: process of -tomy: incision into -tripsy: intentional crushing -ula: small or little -ule: "small one" -um: a suffix that identifies singular nouns (1st) -uria: a characteristic of the urine -us: a suffix that identifies singular nouns (2nd) -y: noun ending (3rd)

integumentary system

adip/o- fat albin/o- white caut/o- burn cutane/o- skin derm/o- skin dermat/o- skin erythr/o- red hidr/o- sweat hist/o- tissue histi/o- tissue ichthy/o- fish kerat/o- hard, horny leuk/o- white lip/o- fat melan/o- black myc/o- fungus onych/o- nails pil/o- hair scler/o- hard squam/o- scales trich/o- hair xanth/o- yellow xer/o- dryness Abrasion- the scraping or wearing away of skin or mucous membrane through friction (abrasions are shallow injuries, no deeper than the skin) Abscess- localized collection of pus somewhere in the body Alopecia- the absence of hair from areas of the body where it normally grows Bedsore- an ulcer, sore, or inflammation of the skin that results from prolonged pressure on the skin (generally this occur over the bony parts of the body when a person lays in the same position for long periods of time; they are also know as decubitus ulcers or pressure ulcers or pressure sores) Blackhead- a black-tipped lesion of acne vulgaris caused by an accumulation of sebum (it is black because the substances in the hair follicle oxidize on contact with the air; they are also known as an open comedo) Blister- a small bubble on the skin filled with clear fluid (these are often caused by friction or burns; they are also known as vesicles) Boil- an inflamed, pus filled swelling on the skin caused by an infected hair follicle (also known as a furuncle) Bruise- a bluish-black discoloration of an area of skin caused by blood leaking into the surrounding tissue (bruises are generally caused by a blow or impact that ruptures the blood vessels underneath the skin; also known as an ecchymosis) Bulla- a large blister Carbuncle- a pus-filled inflammation of an area of skin which eventually discharges onto the surface Cellulitis- an acute and spreading infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Cerumen- earwax Cicatrix- a scar Comedo- a lesion of acne vulgaris caused by an accumulation of sebum (open comedo = blackhead; closed comedo = whitehead) Contusion- an injury in which the skin is unbroken (a bruise is one example) Cyanosis- a bluish discoloration of the skin Cyst- a sac or cavity within the skin that contains fluid decubitus ulcer (decub.)- an ulcer, sore, or inflammation of the skin that results from prolonged pressure on the skin (generally this occur over the bony parts of the body when a person lays in the same position for long periods of time; also known as bed sores or pressure ulcers or pressure sores) dermatology (derm.)- the study of the skin Diaphoresis- sweating Ecchymosis- a bluish-black discoloration of an area of skin caused by blood leaking into the surrounding tissue (bruises are generally caused by a blow or impact that ruptures the blood vessels underneath the skin; also known as a bruise) Erythema- redness of the skin due to increased blood flow (examples: a blush, mild sunburn) Excoriation- an abraded area of skin caused by trauma (trauma such as scratching or flaying) Exfoliation- sloughing off or peeling off of dead skin cells (this is very apparent after a sunburn) Fissure- a sore in the skin or mucous membrane that is like a groove or crack Fistula- a abnormal passage between two hollow organs or between hollow organ and skin Furuncle- an inflamed, pus filled swelling on the skin caused by an infected hair follicle (also known as a boil) Hemangioma- a benign tumor formed of a collection of excess blood vessels (usually occurs in infants and children) Hirsutism- excessive hair growth in an adult male pattern on a woman Hives- a raised lesion of the skin where the center is paler than the edges (also known as a wheal) Hydrocele- an accumulation of fluid in the scrotum Integument- the skin Laceration- a ragged edged wound Lesion- a wound or injury, especially to the skin (for example, boils, blisters, sores, rashes, abrasions, lacerations, wheals, etc) Lice- small, wingless, parasitic insects that live on the skin of mammals and birds Macule- a small, flat discolored patch of skin (neither eleveated nor depressed) Nodule- a small, swollen patch that protrudes above the skin Onycholysis- separation of the nail from its nail bed Onychomycosis- fungal infection of the nails Onychophagia- the habit of nail biting Pachyderma- abnormally thick skin Papule- a small, solid, raised swelling on the skin Paronychia- inflammation of the skin surrounding the nails Pediculosis- infestation with lice Petechia- a small red spot caused by bleeding into the skin Pimple- a small, hard inflamed spot on the skin (could be a papule or a pustule) Polyp- a small growth that protrudes upward on a stalk from a mucus membrane Pressure ulcer- an ulcer, sore, or inflammation of the skin that results from prolonged pressure on the skin (generally this occur over the bony parts of the body when a person lays in the same position for long periods of time; also known as bed sores or decubitus ulcers or pressure sores) Pruritus- severe itching Purpura- any of a number disorders that are characterized by bleeding into the skin (petechiae are an example of pinpoint hemorrhages, ecchymoses are an example of larger hemorrhages) Pustule- a small raised spot filled with pus (a small abcess) Seborrhea- excessive discharge of sebum (results in oily skin or dry scales) Skin tags- a small, benign tumor that shows an a flesh-colored outgrowth (usually these occur where the skin creases, like the neck, armpit, and groin) Ulcer- an open sore often accompanied by inflammation and the formation of pus Urticaria- an itchy eruption of wheals with pale centers and red margins (often caused by an allergic reaction to insect bites, food, or drugs) Vesicle- a small bubble on the skin filled with clear fluid (these are often caused by friction or burns; they are also known as blisters) Vitiligo- a skin disease characterized by patches of white skin that have lost pigmentation Wheal- a raised lesion of the skin where the center is paler than the edges (also known as hives) Whitehead- a white-tipped lesion of acne vulgaris caused by an accumulation of sebum (they are also known as a closed comedo) Xanthoderma- a yellow coloration of the skin Xeroderma- a skin disease characterized by abnormal dry and rough skin Acne vulgaris- a common skin disease characterized by the formation of comedos, pustules, and papules on the face, neck, chest and back Albinism- a inherited skin condition characterized by the lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes Albino- a person with albinism Burns- tissue damage caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation First degree- a burn that causes redness on the skin's surface and is painful (only the very top layer of skin is damaged) Second degree- a burn that causes blisters, possible inflammation, and is painful (the epidemis and the dermis are damaged) Third degree- a burn that destroys the full thickness of the skin and underlying tissue (if nerves are destroyed, then this burn can be painless) Callus- a thickened and hardened area of skin at sites of friction or pressure Dermatitis- inflammation of the skin Eczema- a chronic or acute skin disorder characterized by redness, itching, vesicles, and crusts Gangrene- localized death of body tissue (can be caused by loss of blood supply or bacterial infection) herpes zoster- a herpes virus that causes shingles and chickenpox Impetigo- a very contagious skin infection characterized by the formation of pustules and yellow, crusty sores Keloid- a enlarged, raised scar that forms due to excessive collagen formation during repair Keratosis- a horny, thickened growth on the skin Actinic keratosis- a premalignant growth of thick, scaly patches of skin from long exposure to the sun Seborrheic keratosis- a skin condition characterized by waxy, raised, wart-like lesions Leukoplakia- whitish patches of keratosi on mucous membranes (oftentimes they show up on the cheek, tongue, vulva, or penis) Malignant melanoma- a malignant tumor arising from the skin's melanin producing cells (melanocytes) Mole- a small, darkly pigmented patch of skin with well-defined borders (any changes in the mole should be immediately seen by a doctor; also known as a nevus) Nevus- a small, darkly pigmented patch of skin with well-defined borders (any changes in the nevus should be immediately seen by a doctor; also known as a mole) Onychocryptosis- an ingrown nail (generally occurs on the big toe where the nail penetrates the lateral fold of skin next to the nail) Pilonidal cyst- a cyst or abcess that occurs in the cleft of the buttocks ('cleft of the buttocks' is a nicer way of saying 'butt crack') Psoriasis- a chronic skin disease characterized by red, scaly, itchy patches Rosacea- a chronic skin condition characterized by reddened cheeks and nose caused by enlarged blood vessels Scabies- a contagious skin disease caused by infestation by the itch mite marked by itching and small, raised red spots Scleroderma- a gradual hardening and thickening of the skin that reduces flexibility Shingles- painful eruptions of the skin along a nerve path and caused by herpes zoster Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)- an chronic autoimmune disease characterized by periodic inflammation of the joints, tendons, and internal organs Tinea- a fungal infection of the skin characterized by an red, itchy rash; more commonly known as ringworm Tinea capitis- ringworm infection of the scalp characterized by patches of hair loss Tinea corporis- ringworm infection of the non hairy parts of the skin characterized by elevated lesions with red margins Tinea cruris- ringworm infection of the groin (also know as crotch itch, crotch rot, gym itch, jock itch, dhobi itch, and scrot rot) Tinea pedis- ringworm infection of the foot (also known as athlete's foot) Verruca- an elevated lesion caused by overgrowth of the epidermis caused by the human papilloma virus (not be confused with the character from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory; also known as common wart and plantar wart) Wart- an elevated lesion caused by overgrowth of the epidermis caused by the human papilloma virus (also known as a verruca - not be confused with the character from Charlie and the Chocolate factory) Amputation- surgical removal of all or part of a limb biopsy (Bx, bx)- the removal of a tissue sample from a body for examination Cautery- the process of using extreme heat, extreme cold, or caustic chemicals to burn or cut tissue Cryosurgery- the use of extreme cold to destroy tissue Curettage- the removal of tissue through scraping (this is commonly done in the uterus) Debridement- the removal of damaged tissue or foreign substance from a wound Dermabrasion- the removal of the upper layers of skin through the use of an abrasive (scarring and tattoos can be removed through this) Dermatoplasty- skin transplantation to a damaged surface (burn victims will often have this plastic surgery done) Electrodessication- surgically drying out and destroying tissue though the use of electric current (also known as fulguration) Electrosurgery- surgery that uses electrical current to burn, cut, or destroy tissue (electrodessication is an example of a type of electrosurgery) Escharotomy- an incision made through burned skin to help with healing (the scab or crust that forms after a third degree burn is called 'eschar') Fulguration- surgically drying out and destroying tissue though the use of electric current (also known as electrodesiccation) Liposuction- the removal of fat tissue through suction skin graft- the process of placing a piece of skin from a donor area to a damaged area that can no longer grow skin (commonly used to treat third degree burns) Autograft- tissue that is taken from one site and grafted to another spot on the same person Homograft- tissue for grafting that is taken from donor of the same species (generally from a cadaver in humans) Heterograft- tissue for grafting that is taken from a different species Allograft- tissue for grafting that is taken from donor of the same species (generally from a cadaver in humans) Xenograft- tissue for grafting that is taken from a different species

Immune system Lesson 9

agglutin/o- agglutination -cyte: cell (suffix) cyt/o- cell (combining form) Hyper-: excessive immun/o- immune, protection lymph/o- lymph lymphaden/o- lymph gland lymphangi/o- lymph vessel mon/o- one sarc/o- flesh Agglutination- the clumping of cells held together by antibodies Allergen- a substance that causes triggers an allergic reaction Allergy- an immune response to a normally harmless antigen Anaphylaxis- a life-threatening and acute allergic reaction to a previously encountered antigen Antibodies- a protein produced in response to a specific antigen (these antigens are usually found on any invading or foreign cell) Antigens- any substance that triggers the immune response to produce antibodies Active acquired immunity- a form of immunity where the body makes antibodies against a particular disease Natural acquired immunity- a form of immunity where the body makes antibodies against a particular disease after infection by that disease Passive acquired immunity- a form of immunity where the fetus receives antibodies made by the mother through breast milk Artificial acquired immunity- a form of immunity where the body makes antibodies against a particular disease after exposure to a vaccine (vaccines are typically made from dead or weakened forms of the infectious organism) Local reaction- a hypersensitive reaction that occurs at the site of treatment (at the site on an injection, for example) Systemic reaction- a hypersensitive reaction that is characterized by body wide symptoms (runny nose, watery eyes, hives, rashes, etc) immune reaction (response)- the response within the body to defend against disease Immunity- the state of not being susceptible to a particular disease Immunization- the process of generating immunity to a particular disease Immunologist- one who studies immunology Immunology- the study of the immune system and related organs Immunotherapy- the treatment of disease through the use of substances that stimulate the immune response Immunity- the ability to resist or be protected from a particular disease Macrophage- a type of white blood cell that is very phagocytic Lymph- interstitial fluid that has been pulled into the lymphatic vessels (interstitial fluid is the watery liquid that bathes all cells) Pathogen- any microorganism that causes disease Phagocytosis- the ingestion of a cell by another (macrophages engulf and destroy bacteria through phagocytosis) Hypersensitivity- an excessive and undesirable reaction by the immune system Lymphadenopathy- any disease that affects the lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels Edema- the accumulation of fluid within the spaces between cells (a.k.a swelling) Resistance- the ability of the body to prevent the effects of pathogens Susceptible- a lack of resistance to a particular disease AIDS- an acquired disease that results in the destruction of the body's immune response (AIDS stands for Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome) HIV- the virus that causes AIDS (HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Kaposi's Sarcoma- a form of cancer that affects the skin and internal organs and is most often found in patients with AIDS Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia- pneumonia that occurs in infants and those with impaired immune systems (individuals with AIDS, for example) Cytomegalovirus- a type of herpesvirus that can cause serious illness in those with suppressed immune systems (those with AIDS, for example) Hypersplenism- a condition characterized by an enlarged spleen and a deficiency of one or more types of blood cells Lymphoma- cancer of the lymph nodes (usually malignant) Mononucleosis- an acute disease characterized by swollen lymph nodes and an abnormally high number of monocytes in the blood (also called 'kissing disease' because some think it can be transmitted by kissing) Myasthenia gravis- a chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and chronic fatigue Sarcoidosis- a chronic disease of unknown origin characterized by the growth of nodules in lungs and other organs SLE- an chronic autoimmune disease characterized by periodic inflammation of the joints, tendons, and internal organs Tuberculosis- an infectious bacterial disease characterized by the growth of small lesions in the lungs ELISA- a test that uses enzymes linked to particular antibodies CT scan- a method of visualizing the body where an X-ray beam rotates around the body (CT stand for 'computed tomography') Lymphangiogram- a X-ray examination of the lymphatic vessesl after injection of a dye

Cardiovascular system Lesson 10

aneurysm/off aneurysm angi/o vessel arter/o artery arteri/o artery arteriol/o arteriole (small artery) ather/o fatty cardi/o heart coron/o heart echo- sound electr/o electrical endo- within -gram record or picture -graphy process of recording megal/o enlarged my/o muscle ventricul/o ventricle (of heart or brain) analgesic any drug that relieves pain prophylactic something intended to prevent disease (a course of action, a medicine, or a condom) infarction localized tissue death caused by the blockage of the flow of blood thrombosis the formation or presence of a blood clot asystole the absence of a heart beat (this is usually not a good sign) diastole the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle is relaxed hypertension excessively high blood pressure (usually a sustained blood pressure above 140/90) hypotension abnormally low blood pressure (usually as sustained blood pressure below 90/50) systole the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle is contracting bruit an abnormal sound heard through a stethoscope murmur an abnormal heart sound palpitation the rapid, strong, or irregular beating of the heart (a.k.a. a 'pounding' or 'racing' of the heart) claudication cramping in the leg caused by obstructed arteries (usually the pain occurs during walking or exercise) ischemia inadequate blood flow to an organ or body part coronary artery an artery that supplies the heart muscle with blood (the heart does not receive nutrients and/or oxygen from the blood within its chambers) anastomosis a connection between adjacent vessels, channels, or tubes (they can be natural or surgically made) pulmonary artery a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs pulmonary vein a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart systemic circulation the part of the circulatory system which carries blood from the heart to the tissues and back to the heart (this circuit supplies all of your organs with blood except for the lungs - they are supplied by the pulmonary circuit) lipid hydrophobic, organic molecules found within cells (lipids, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol are all examples) lumen the central cavity within a tube mediastinum the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs (this space contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus) septum a wall that separates two chambers (between the nostrils or between the chambers of the heart) hyperlipidemia excessive lipid levels within the blood hypoxemia abnormally low levels of oxygen within the blood lesion a wound or injury, especially to the skin (for example, boils, blisters, sores, rashes, abrasions, lacerations, wheals, etc) petechia a small red spot caused by bleeding into the skin anorexia a lack of appetite (the eating disorder that you are familiar with is actually called 'anorexia nervosa') anxiety a feeling of worry, nervousness or unease anomaly deviation from the normal or standard fatigue extreme weariness fever abnormally high body temperature palpable able to be touched occlusion blockage nausea a sensation of unease and discomfort that precedes vomiting pallor unnatural paleness of the skin benign not harmful (often this is used to describe tumors that don't spread and have well defined borders) malaise a feeling of general discomfort, illness, or uneasiness vasoconstriction narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels (this generally raises blood pressure) cyanosis a bluish discoloration of the skin edema accumulation of fluid within the tissues of the body ascites accumulation of fluid within the abdominal cavity (to be technically correct, the fluid accumulates within the peritoneal cavity) arthralgia joint pain bradycardia slow heart rate carditis inflammation of the heart muscle dyspnea difficulty breathing dysrhythmia Abnormal heart rhythm endocarditis inflammation of the inner lining of the heart hepatomegaly enlargement of the liver hypoxemia insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood myocardium muscular, middle layer of the heart nocturia urination at night orthopnea ability to breathe easily only in an upright position tachycardia fast heart rate angina pectoris severe chest pain due to restricted blood flow to the heart muscle cardiac tamponade compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation within the pericardium cardiomyopathy disease of the heart muscle congestive heart failure inability of the heart to pump hard enough to prevent build up of fluids (the build up of fluids is especially prevalent in the feet and lungs) hypertensive heart disease heart disease caused by chronically high blood pressure (this forces the heart to work harder which can cause enlargement of the heart) fibrillation the rapid, uncoordinated contractions of muscle fibers (the heart cannot pump blood if the muscles do not contract in a synchronized way) mitral valve prolapse a condition where one or both of the flaps of the mitral valve fall backwards into the left ventricle (the mitral valve is supposed to prevent the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium, a prolapse will allow some blood to backflow making the heart less efficient) myocardial infarction destruction of heart tissue caused by blockage of one or more coronary arteries rheumatic fever (rheumatic heart disease) an inflammatory disease that occurs mainly in children and affects the heart valves and joints (it can follow after diseases such as strep throat and scarlet fever) aneurysm bulging of an artery due to a weakened arterial wall atherosclerosis narrowing of the arteries from fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries (this often causes coronary artery disease) arteriosclerosis (arteriosclerotic heart disease) the thickening and hardening of arterial walls (typically occurs in old age; a.k.a. hardening of the arteries) essential hypertension chronic high blood pressure with no single known cause secondary hypertension high blood pressure as a result of some other condition or disease (some examples: pregnancy, certain medications, kidney disease, alcoholism) malignant hypertension severe and rapid high blood pressure that can damage internal organs peripheral arterial occlusive disease obstruction of the large arteries in the arms or legs Raynaud's phenomenon intermittent attacks of vasoconstriction in the fingers and toes often triggered by exposure to cold (the digits will go from pink, to blue, to white, back to pink as blood flow is restricted and then restarted) thrombophlebitis inflammation of a vein usually associated with the formation of a blood clot (this can often happen in the legs during pregnancy) superficial thrombophlebitis inflammation of a vein near the surface due to the presence of a blood clot deep vein thrombosis (DVT) inflammation of a deep vein due to the presence of a blood clot varicose veins enlarged superficial veins (this happens because the valves within the veins have failed) venous insufficiency the inability of the veins to adequately return blood from the lower extremities (this can cause varicose veins) tetralogy of Fallot a congenital heart defect involving four deformities that occur together (those four are 1) defective septum 2) narrow pulmonary artery 3) enlarged right ventricle 4) shifting of the aorta to the right) patent ductus arteriosus a congenital defect where the opening between the pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth (the connection between the two vessels is called the ductus arteriosus and routes blood away from the lungs while the baby is in utero) coarctation of the aorta a congenital defect characterized by the localized narrowing of the aorta transposition of the great vessels a congenital abnormality where the aorta is attached to the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery to the left ventricle (this is backwards and leads to two separate blood routes) atrial flutter an arrhythmia in which the atria contract rapidly (rapidly as in 250-350 atrial contractions per minute - normal would be 60 - 80) heart block an arrhythmia characterized by interference with the normal electrical signals of the heart ventricular tachycardia an arrhythmia in which the ventricles contract too rapidly (too rapidly is greater than 100 beats per minute which isn't all that fast, the problem is that the ventricles also contract too soon) aneurysmectomy surgical removal of an aneurysm and insertion of a bypass graft cardiac catheterization the threading of a thin, flexible tube from an insertion point in a larger artery through the circulatory system to the heart (this is done to investigate the condition of the heart and its arteries) cardiac enzymes test a blood test that is used to determine if damage to the myocardium has occurred (when the myocardium is damaged, proteins and other markes are released from the damaged cells) exercise stress test a method of testing the ability of the heart to respond to stress by having the patient perform a carefully controlled amount of exercise Holter monitor a portable device that is used to record the electrical activity of the heart over extended periods implantable cardioverter defibrillator a small, battery-powered monitor placed under the skin of the patient and that will correct fibrillations through the application of small shocks magnetic resonance imaging a visualization technique that uses strong magnetic fields, radio frequencies, and computer processing to produce detailed images of internal structures positron emission tomography a technique for measuring brain function through the detection of injection radioactive chemicals and computer processing (a.k.a. PET scan) serum lipid test a blood test that measures the amount of fatty substances in the blood thallium stress test a nuclear imaging test that measures the ability of the heart to respond to stress angioplasty a method of surgically unblocking a narrowed or blocked artery (this can be done by using a balloon or laser) atherectomy a method of surgically removing plaques from arterial walls coronary artery bypass graft open heart surgery where a blood vessel from a different part of the body is used to route blood around a blocked coronary artery (usually the donor artery comes from the leg) CPR an emergency procedure where external compression is used to manually pump the heart for those in cardiac arrest defibrillation the restoration of normal heart rhythm through the application of electrical shock (CLEAR!) sclerotherapy the injection of a chemical irritant to treat varicose veins (the chemical trigger inflammation and then the formation of fibrous tissue that closes the vein) vein stripping a surgical procedure to treat varicose veins where the veins are tied off and removed angiography x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material echocardiography an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart electrocardiography process of recording the electrical activity of the heart bradycardia slow heart rate tachycardia fast heart rate dyspnea difficult or labored breathing orthopnea ability to breathe only in an upright position; difficulty breathing while lying down nocturia excessive urination at night dysrhythmia Abnormal heart rhythm hepatomegaly enlargement of the liver arthralgia joint pain myocardium muscular, middle layer of the heart endocarditis inflammation of the inner lining of the heart carditis inflammation of the heart myocarditis inflammation of the heart muscle pericarditis inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart angiography x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material echocardiography an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart electrocardiogram record of the electrical activity of the heart aneurysmectomy surgical removal of an aneurysm

Muscular system Lesson 5

ankyl/o- stiff arthr/o- joint articul/o- joint Bi-: two, double bucc/o- cheek burs/o- bursa -centesis: surgical puncture -desis: binding, surgical fusion dors/o- back Dys- bad, difficult, painful, disordered Electro- electrical, electricity fasci/o- band of fibrous tissue fibr/o- fiber -gram: record, picture -graphy: process of recording -itis: inflammation leiomy/o- smooth muscle ligament/o- ligament my/o- muscle myos/o- muscle oste/o- bone -plasty: surgical repair pector/o- pertaining to the chest rhabdomy/o- striated or skeletal muscle -scopy: process of viewing ten/o- tendon tendin/o- tendon tend/o- tendon Tri- three troph/o- development Arthralgia- joint pain Atrophy- waste away; gradual degeneration caused by underuse Bursa- a small sac filled with synovial fluid that reduces friction near joints cardiac muscle- muscle tissue of the heart Contract- reduction in size Contracture- abnormal shortening and hardening of the muscles Crepitation- crackling noises made as joints move Fascia- thin sheets of connective tissue that holds muscle fibers together Insertion- the bone that moves when the muscle attached to it contracts involuntary muscle- muscles that contract without conscious control muscle fiber- muscle cell Origin- the bone that generally does not move when the muscle attached to it contracts Sciatica- compression of a spinal nerve that causes pain in the back, hip, and down the leg skeletal muscle- voluntarily controlled muscles that have a striped appearance under the microscope (a.k.a. striated muscle) smooth muscle- involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs (a.k.a. visceral muscle) striated muscle- voluntary controlled muscles that have a striped appearance under the microscope (a.k.a. skeletal muscle) Tendon- a band of strong, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone Torso- the main part of the body to which the head and limbs are attached visceral muscle- involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs (a.k.a. smooth muscle) Viscous- having a thick, sticky consistency voluntary muscle- muscles whose contractions are under conscious control joint cavity- the enclosed space between two bones Ligament- a band of strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones Malaise- a general feeling of discomfort, uneasiness, or weakness Articulation- a joint; where two bones meet Photosensitivity- increased reaction to light (typically sunlight) Polymyositis- a chronic disease of the skeletal muscles characterized by weakness and inflammation rotator cuff tear- a tear in one or more of the tendons that attach to the upper end of the humerus (those tendons form a 'cuff' around the proximal end of the humerus) Strains- an injury to the muscle or tendon caused by overstretching or overextension adhesive capsulitis- extreme stiffness of the shoulder joint (a.k.a. frozen shoulder) Arthritis- inflammation of a joint ankylosing spondylitis- arthritis of the vertebral column that leads to spinal deformities bunion (hallux valgus)- a painful swelling of the first joint of the big toe herniated disk- the painful rupture of the cartilage disks between vertebrae (a.k.a. slipped disk) Dislocation- an injury caused when a bone is moved out of its normal position within the joint Subluxation- a partial dislocation Ganglion- a benign tumor on a tendon Gout- a form of arthritis caused by the defective metabolism of uric acid (usually it affects the big toe) Lyme disease- an inflammatory disease caused by bacteria transmitted through the bite of infected deer ticks Osteoarthritis- joint inflammation resulting from the degeneration of joint cartilage and bone (the most common type of arthritis, results from the wear and tear of being alive) muscular dystrophy- a group of genetically transmitted disorders characterized by the progressive wasting of the skeletal muscles rheumatoid arthritis- a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease that predominantly affects the synovial joints Sprains- an injury of the ligaments resulting from twisting or wrenching of a joint systemic lupus erythematosus- an chronic autoimmune disease characterized by periodic inflammation of the joints, tendons, and internal organs Arthrocentesis- the surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid Arthrography- the process of X-raying a joint after injection of a contrast dye Arthroplasty- the surgical repair of a joint Arthroscopy- the process of using an endoscope to directly observe the interior of a joint electromyography (EMG)- the process of recording the electrical activity of muscles needle aspiration- the insertion of a needle to collect a sample of tissue fibrous joint- an immovable joint where the bones are held tightly together by fibrous connective tissue (the plates of your skull are held together by these types of joints) cartilaginous joint- a joint with limited movement where the bones are connected with cartilage synovial joint- a freely moveable joint surrounded by a fluid filled sac synovial fluid- the viscous lubricating fluid found in synovial joints synovial membrane- the thin membrane that lines the joint cavity and secretes synovial fluid hinge joint- a type of joint that allows for back-and-forth motion in one direction (for example, elbow, knee, some finger joints) ball-and-socket joint- a type of joint that allows for movements in many direction around a central point (for example, shoulder and hip) Flexion- closing the angle of a joint; bending motion Extension- opening the angle of a joint; straightening motion Abduction- movement of a body part away from the midline Adduction- movement of a body part toward the midline Rotation- movement of a body part around its central axis Pronation- turning the palm down or backward Supination- turning the palm up or forward plantar flexion- opening the angle between the top of the foot and the leg Dorsiflexion- closing the angle between the top of the foot and the leg Circumduction- movement of a body part in a circular motion

Mental health Lesson 7

aut/o- self Cata-: down, under, against, lower hypn/o- sleep -iatrist: one who treats; a physician -mania: a mental disorder; a "madness" ment/o- mind neur/o- nerves -philia: attraction to -phobia: abnormal fear -phoria: emotional state phren/o- mind psych/o- mind schiz/o- split somat/o- body -thymia: condition of the mind or will Affect- observable evidence of a person's emotions or feelings Amnesia- a partial or total loss of memory Anorexia- lack or loss of appetite anorexia nervosa- an eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image that leads to self-starvation Anxiety- a feeling of worry, nervousness or unease Autism- a mental condition characterized by difficulty communicating, impaired social interaction, and in using language bulimia nervosa- an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging through vomiting or laxative abuse Compulsions- an irresistible urge to perform certain actions (for example, those with OCD may feel a compulsion to wash their hands) Delirium- wild excitement or frenzy delirium tremens (DT)- a psychotic condition caused by alcohol withdrawal that can result in death Delusion- a belief or perception that is maintained despite evidence to the contrary Dementia- a chronic mental disorder characterized by memory loss, personality changes, and impaired reasoning Depression- an inappropriate and exaggerated feeling of sadness, hopelessness, and discouragement Hypochondriasis- a chronic and abnormal concern about the health of the body that can lead to imagined symptoms Neurosis- a mild mental illness mainly characterized by anxiety Obsession- an idea or thought that persistently preoccupies a person's thoughts Paranoia- a mental disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur Phobia- an extreme and irrational fear of something (for example, hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia is the fear of long words) Psychosis- a severe mental disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality Psychosomatic- a physical illness caused or aggravated by psychological stress Schizophrenia- a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by distortion of reality, disturbances of thought, and withdrawal from social contact senile dementia- severe mental deterioration of the aged characterized by impaired judgment and memory loss attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)- a developmental disorder characterized by problems with short attention span, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity bipolar disorder (a.k.a. manic depressive)- a mental disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania dissociative identity disorder- a condition in which a person displays more than one distinct personalities major depressive disorder- a mental condition characterized by severe depression lasting more than 2 weeks Malingering- faking or exaggerating symptoms to avoid work Munchausen syndrome- a form of child abuse where the parent fabricates or causes injury to a child to gain attention for themselves Narcolepsy- a condition characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep obsessive-compulsive disorder- an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors panic disorder- a anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks that occur frequently and without reasonable cause posttraumatic stress disorder- a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after a terrifying physical or emotional event and is characterized by flashbacks and frightening thoughts electroconvulsive therapy- a procedure in which an electric current is passed through the brain to induce a seizure (this is a somewhat controversial therapy, as you might imagine) Hypnosis- a state that resembles sleep, but the person is subject to suggestion