Memory #2 (long term memory)

Remembering lists: What is the Serial Position Effect? What are the 2 components of it?

*Serial Position Effect:* Most experiments find that words at the end and beginning of a list are the easiest for participants to recall. This U-shaped pattern is called the Serial Position Effect, meaning that recall is influenced by a word's POSITION in the list. *Primacy Effect:* It's easy to remember things at the beginning of the list. This is because, early words can transfer into long term memory. *Recency Effect:* It's easy to remember things you've encountered most recently (end of the list) This is because the last words have the benefit of not being "bumped out" and is due to short term memory. THESE EFFECTS RESULT IN A U-SHAPE GRAPH, WITH PRIMACY FIRST AND RECENCY SECOND.

Long Term Memory can be broken down to TWO components:

1. Declarative Memory (explicit) 2. Procedural Memory (implicit)

Clive Wearing and H.M vs K.F

Both had damaged long term memories but short term memory worked. K.F damaged his short term memory but his long term memory worked.

Are short-term and long-term memory two different systems? Can one be impaired while the other still functions?

Case studies of amneia victims support this distinction. One can, in fact, be impaired while the other still functions.

Clive Wearing Case Study

Clive Wearing was a British musician and composer Virus attacked his CNS Hippocampus damage Anterograde and retrograde amnesia Cannot form new memories Cannot recall past memories DAMAGE TO LONG TERM MEMORY. For Clive Wearing, piano playing is one of those tasks that works through muscle memory (i.e., it's an action), so it relies on procedural memory which has a different pathway than the usual long-term memory. Talking and walking and talking and such are the same. Can learn new tasks Not using episodic memory or encoding Using procedural memories, implicit (unconscious) in long-term memory, he is still able to play the piano perfectly. repeated exposure allows performance of tasks without need of conscious control or attention.

What is Retrograde amnesia?

Damage to long term memory, Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for events that have happened in the past. Ex. The Vow movie- girl forgets her past, including ever getting married

What is Anterograde amnesia?

Damage to long-term memory, Anterograde amnesia is the loss of ability to assimilate and retain new knowledge. ex. Ghajini Movie

Explicit vs Implicit Memory

Explicit memory - consciously acting to recall/recognize particular info. Ex. trying to remember a list of words you just saw. Implicit memory - recalling/recognizing info w/out consciously being aware of doing so. Ex. remembering meanings of words as you read without trying.

H.M. (Henry Molaison) case study

H.M Henry Molaison Bilateral temporal lobectomy Resected part of hippocampus, amygdala, and other cortices Operation lessened epilepsy, but caused anterograde amnesia (wasn't able to store new memories) Normal performance on assessments of intellectual ability Therefore short-term memory, word stores, etc. were unaffected. Normal performance on working memory tests Could recall previously given numbers as well as control subjects Taught us that: -Working memory does not require medial temporal structures -Working memory and short-term memory are different systems -Medial temporal structures are important in the formation of semantic and episodic long-term memories -For working memory not being the same as short term memory, HM helped illustrate that the medial temporal structures that help short term memory convert to long term memory are not involved in working memory function, so damage to those structures impeded the interaction between short term and long term memory but not working memory.

What is Long Term Memory?

Long Term Memory is our vast library of more durable stored memories. We remain capable of forming new Long Term Memories until we die, as its capacity is essentially, unlimited. Once formed, a long-term memory can endure for up to a lifetime.

What is 1. Declarative Memory? Is it Explicit? Or Implicit?

Long Term Memory: Declarative Memory Declarative Memory involves factual knowledge, which can be "verbalized/declared", and includes two subcategories: episodic & semantic memory. *Episodic memory*: factual knowledge concerning personal experiences: when, where, and what happened in the EPISODES of our lives. ex, you telling someone you had pizza last night is an episodic memory. *Semantic memory*: general factual knowledge about the world, including memory for words and concepts. ex. you know that Mt.Everest is the tallest mountain. Episodic and Semantic memories are called DECLARITIVE because, to demonstrate our knowledge, we was to "DECLARE it"- we tell other people what we know. *IT IS EXPLICIT- because it involves conscious/intentional memory retrieval.*

What is 2. Procedural Memory ? Is it Explicit? Or Implicit?

Long Term Memory: Procedural Memory Procedural Memory (nondeclarative memory) is reflected in skills, motor and actions. Skills, "doing things" like typing, riding a bicycle, or playing an instrument. Classical Conditioned responses are ALSO reflected in Procedural memory. *It is IMPLICIT- because it memory influences our behaviour UNCONSCIOUSLY*

K.F case study

Motorcycle accident damaged left parietal occipital region Left parietal involved in language and mathematics term-10 Short-term memory damaged Digit span of 2 Long-term memory intact Taught us that: Long-term memory does not require functioning short-term memory to encode new information Goes against the multi-store model