Memory #8

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory? A Attention B Cognition C Differentiation D Perception E Sensation

A Attention

A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party? A Episodic memory B Semantic memory C Echoic memory D Eidetic imagery E State-dependent learning

A Episodic memory

Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more? A Experimental B Observational C Correlational D Survey E Case study

A Experimental

In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A Priming B Habituation C Conditioned response D Stimulus generalization E Discrimination

A Priming

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions? A Sleep apnea B Narcolepsy C Insomnia D Night terrors E The REM rebound effect

A Sleep apnea

Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, which of the following is true? A The praise functions as a positive reinforcer. B The praise functions as a generalized stimulus. C The grades function as the stimulus that elicits a response. D The grades function as a discriminant stimulus. E The school functions as a negative reinforcer.

A The praise functions as a positive reinforcer.

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe A anterograde amnesia B Broca's aphasia C cue-dependent forgetting D selective amnesia E retroactive interference

A anterograde amnesia

A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is A limited in capacity B unlimited in capacity C long-lasting D not under conscious control E resistant to decay

A limited in capacity

The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention A requires more automatic processing than selective attention does B is used primarily in simple tasks, whereas selective attention is used primarily in complex tasks C is related to the development of reading skills in children, whereas selective attention is not D is more highly correlated with intelligence than selective attention is E is related only to auditory processing, whereas selective attention is related only to visual processing

A requires more automatic processing than selective attention does

The feeling that you know someone's name, but cannot quite recall it, is an example of A the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon B the serial position effect C state-dependent memory D retrograde amnesia E anterograde amnesia

A the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? A Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. C Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. D Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her. E Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day.

B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students? A Teaching them a rhyme for each word B Asking them questions about the meaning of each word C Writing the words in different fonts and having the students think about the font that each word is printed in D Writing the words in different colors and having the students think about the color that each word is printed in E Having them write sentences where each word of the sentence starts with the same letter as one of the parts of the body

B Asking them questions about the meaning of each word

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect? A Marcus used to use words he knew were bad because his parents would pay attention to him whenever he did. When his parents learned to stop giving him attention in response to the bad words, he stopped using them for a few months. A few months later, though, he suddenly started using the bad words again. B Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. C Rodrigo did not like the taste of coffee at first, but after drinking it every day for a while, he started liking it more. D After listening to a long list of words, Peter remembers the words that occurred near the end of the list more than the ones he heard earlier in the list. E When watching a video of a mouth saying the word "bag" while the word "gag" is played over speakers, Charlotte hears a word that sounds somewhere between the two words.

B Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? A Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. B Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. C When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. D Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. E Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.

B Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions? A Sensory memory, because Catherine did not pair the word with one of her senses to remember it the next day. B Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory. C Retrieval, because though Catherine probably stored the memory, it was difficult for her to retrieve it. D State-dependent memory, because Catherine was too anxious to perform well. E Context-dependent memory, because Catherine did not study the word in a variety of locations.

B Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.

Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus? A Remembering events specific to one's life B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood C Using short-term memory to recreate a picture when drawing a copy of the picture D Rehearsing a fact to remember it for a short period of time E Becoming classically conditioned

B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood

Which of the following biological systems is most likely responsible for an increase in heart rate while experiencing anxiety? A The central nervous system B The sympathetic nervous system C The parasympathetic nervous system D The endocrine system E The vestibular system

B The sympathetic nervous system

When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will most likely occur? A The information will remain indefinitely in short-term memory. B There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory. C The sensory register will stop processing the information. D Retrieval of the information from long-term memory will be easier. E Information already in long-term memory will be integrated with the incoming information.

B There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory.

A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which of the following parts of the brain? A Occipital lobe B Wernicke's area C Auditory cortex D Parietal lobe E Basal ganglia

B Wernicke's area

A polygraph machine is often called a "lie detector," although it does not detect lies. Instead, it responds to changes in A cognitive states B autonomic arousal C parasympathetic functioning D motivational level E neurotransmitter level

B autonomic arousal

Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? A After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident. B Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before. C Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. D Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone. E Lina is trying to find a solution to a problem but is unable to see how the available tools could be used in a different way.

C Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games. B Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. C Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. D Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. E Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.

C Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period? A Spacing B Retrieval C Rehearsal D Free recall E Spontaneous recovery

C Rehearsal

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? A Chunking B Long-term potentiation C Semantic encoding D Self-reference E Imagery

C Semantic encoding

If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that A appeared early in the list B appeared near the end of the list C appeared in the middle of the list D were very unlike the rest of the words E were randomly dispersed throughout the list

C appeared in the middle of the list

When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are A at the beginning of the list B at the end of the list C in the middle of the list D hardest to pronounce E easiest to spell

C in the middle of the list

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates A positive transfer B repression C proactive interference D retroactive interference E misattribution

C proactive interference

In Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was the A number of pictures the students were shown of the accident B length of time the students viewed pictures of the accident C wording of questions the students were asked about the accident D location of the accident E sex and age of the students

C wording of questions the students were asked about the accident

Which of the following is the best example of shaping? A A child receives five dollars each time he cleans his room. B An employee receives a termination notice after coming to work late every day over a period of three months. C A child gets candy from a dispenser one time but gets nothing from the dispenser the next two times. D A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday. E A rat receives a mild shock each time it tries to open the door of its cage.

D A teacher rewards a student for sitting quietly for ten minutes on Monday, fifteen minutes on Tuesday, twenty minutes on Wednesday, and thirty minutes on Thursday.

An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to which of the following phenomena? A Bottom-up processing B Visual imagery C Dual encoding D Self-reference effect E Phonemic encoding

D Self-reference effect

The chart above illustrates which of the following psychological concepts? A Next-in-line effect B Spacing effect C Misinformation effect D Serial position effect E Short-term memory decay

D Serial position effect

Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she cannot remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names? A She processed them into long-term memory, and they are no longer accessible from short-term memory. B There were many activities at the party. She probably exceeded the capacity of her long-term memory. C She overlearned the names through excessive rehearsal. D She never encoded the names into long-term memory E She experienced a failure of her echoic memory.

D She never encoded the names into long-term memory

A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become A a primary reinforcer B a conditioned reinforcer C a neutral stimulus D a conditioned stimulus E an unconditioned stimulus

D a conditioned stimulus

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing A dissociative fugue B dissociative amnesia C retrograde amnesia D anterograde amnesia E conversion disorde

D anterograde amnesia

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves A retrieval B storage C rehearsal D encoding E transfer

D encoding

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of A iconic memory B procedural memory C semantic memory D episodic memory E short-term memory

D episodic memory

Memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle, are classified as A iconic B semantic C echoic D procedural E declarative

D procedural

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear? A Hippocampus B Thalamus C Cerebellum D Hypothalamus E Amygdala

E Amygdala

An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kids of memory? A Semantic B Flashbulb C Procedural D Priming E Episodic

E Episodic

Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia? A Hypothalamus B Cerebellum C Pons D Thalamus E Hippocampus

E Hippocampus

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory? A Declarative B Semantic C Iconic D Episodic E Procedural

E Procedural

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect? A How fast were the cars going when the accident occurred? B How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? C What can you tell me about what you saw? D What did the cars look like? E Were there other people around who witnessed the accident

E Were there other people around who witnessed the accident

The cerebellum is most directly involved in A forming emotional memories B forming explicit and spatial memories C judgment, higher-order cognition, and personality D sensory processing and relaying E motor learning

E motor learning

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of A cue-dependent forgetting B repression C reconstruction D retroactive interference E proactive interference

E proactive interference

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called A auditory localization B dichotic listening C deep processing D divided attention E selective attention

E selective attention