Memory & Forgetting
Information Processing model's 3 steps (IN ORDER))
1. Encoding 2. Storage 3. Retrieval
Repression example
A child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events, but has trouble forming relationships; not recalling a terrible accident; bullying
Flashbulb memory
A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event; vivid and detailed memory that ppl create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events
Flashbulb memory example
Being in the Twin Towers on 9/11; college graduation; birth of a child (recollection is as clear as a pic)
Deep processing example
giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge.
Procedural memory example
how to: ride a bike, bake cookies; tie your shoes
Procedural Memory
how-to memories (tasks you learned how to do)
Supression Example
if something reminds a person of an unpleasant event, his or her mind may steer towards unrelated topics
state-dependent memory example
if you learn information while extremely caffeinated, you will recall that info more effectively when in the same caffeinated state
Mood-dependent memory example
if you're very sad, you tend to start thinking about depressing things that have happened in your life, or if you're happy, you start to recall other happy things
source amnesia example
if your mom decided to tell you a story when you were a young child. She made up a character - your imaginary uncle - owner of a bakery - and told you many stories about the shop and watching him make cakes
State-dependent memory
memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
Implicit memory example
singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard, and brushing your teeth
Retrograde Amnesia example
someone might forget whether or not they own a car, what type it is, and when they bought it — but they will still know how to drive.
Encoding failure
when a memory was never formed in the first place... this can explain forgetting
Anterograde Amnesia
when an individual is unable to create new long term memories (hippo campus is damaged )... always living in the present
retroactive interference
when new memories repair retrieval of old memories
proactive interference
when prior learning inhibits or interferes with the recall of later learning
primacy
when we recall the early parts of the list
Serial Position Effect
when we recall the first and last items in a list more effectively than items in the middle
recency
when we recall the later items of the list
Trace Decay Theory example
would be learning a new way to make a paper airplane
Implicit Memory (nondeclarative memory)
memories we retain without conscious effort and often without our awareness (easily recalled)
Memory Cues
Any stimulus associated with a memory; usually enhance retrieval of a memory
When has SPE happened to you?
EX when naming presidents... more likely to remember Washington and Obama rather than James Madison
The most common model or understanding memory is called....
Information-Processing model (3-step process)
PO-RN
Proactive Old- Retroactive New
proactive interference example
remembering a friend's new phone number after having previously learned the old number
Recognition
The correct identification of information that is presented. An easier form of retrieval.
Anterograde amnesia example
The person cannot remember new information. Things that happened recently and information that should be stored into short-term memory disappear. This usually results from a brain trauma, when a blow to the head causes brain damage
Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.... remembering every detail: sights, sounds, smells etc
prospetive memory
remembering not to forget to do something
Recall example
answering a short answer question or fill in the blank (w/o word bank)
Encoding
brain receives information in a usable form in order to maintain consciousness
retroactive interference example
calling your ex-boyfriend/girlfriend by your new boyfriend/girlfriend's name
Priming: using ____ to activate _____ memories
clues; hidden
Supression
conscious process of deliberately (intentionally) trying to forget something that causes distress
Context- dependent memory example
doing better on the AP exam if you got to take it in Mr Salmich's room
Semantic memory is like _______ whilst episodic memory is _______
factual; autobiography (personal experience)
Episodic memory example
first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party
Deep Processing
involves elaborate rehearsal along with a meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned; encoding something according to it's semantics
Semantic Memory example
knowing that football is a sport; recalling that Springfield is the capital of Illinois
In explicit memory you have to....
make an effort to learn it
Storage
manipulation & rehearsal of info
Semantic Memory
memories drawn from everyday, common kinds of knowledge ... fact based jeopardy-like info
Episodic Memory
memories of certain episodes/events... the stories of our lives and experiences that we can recall. Events in our lives
Explicit Memory (declarative memory)
memories that are past-knowledge brought to mind; conscious long-term memory that is easily and intentionally recalled and recited... facts about an experience (think hard)
Recognition example
multiple choice test; word bank
flashbulb memory example
of 9/11 attacks, a school shooting, college graduation, or even the birth of one's child
eidetic memory
photographic memory (very rare)
Retrieval
recalling stored info or memories
Explicit memory example
recalling who came to dinner last night or naming animals that live in the rainforest
Retrograde Amnesia
refers to forgetting events/information that occurred before an injury or trauma
Dual Processing
refers to interpreting numerous events and stimuli at the same time
Shallow Processing
refers to memorizing something without attaching meaning to it; encoding the shapes, looks or surface structure of things, especially words not meanings
Recall
the direct retrieval of facts or information
Tip of the tongue state
the feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable
Source amnesia
the inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining it's substance
Trace Decay Theory
the more we practice (rehearse) a bit of information, the stronger the memory trace becomes
Memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Repression
the pushing of painful, embarrassing or threatening memories out of awareness or conscious
Mood-dependent memory
the recall of information that can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was acquired
Context- Dependent memory
the recall of information while in the same context or environment in which it was acquired