Memory & Forgetting

Information Processing model's 3 steps (IN ORDER))

1. Encoding 2. Storage 3. Retrieval

Repression example

A child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events, but has trouble forming relationships; not recalling a terrible accident; bullying

Flashbulb memory

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event; vivid and detailed memory that ppl create during times of personal tragedy, accident, or emotionally significant world events

Flashbulb memory example

Being in the Twin Towers on 9/11; college graduation; birth of a child (recollection is as clear as a pic)

Deep processing example

giving words a meaning or linking them with previous knowledge.

Procedural memory example

how to: ride a bike, bake cookies; tie your shoes

Procedural Memory

how-to memories (tasks you learned how to do)

Supression Example

if something reminds a person of an unpleasant event, his or her mind may steer towards unrelated topics

state-dependent memory example

if you learn information while extremely caffeinated, you will recall that info more effectively when in the same caffeinated state

Mood-dependent memory example

if you're very sad, you tend to start thinking about depressing things that have happened in your life, or if you're happy, you start to recall other happy things

source amnesia example

if your mom decided to tell you a story when you were a young child. She made up a character - your imaginary uncle - owner of a bakery - and told you many stories about the shop and watching him make cakes

State-dependent memory

memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed

Implicit memory example

singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard, and brushing your teeth

Retrograde Amnesia example

someone might forget whether or not they own a car, what type it is, and when they bought it — but they will still know how to drive.

Encoding failure

when a memory was never formed in the first place... this can explain forgetting

Anterograde Amnesia

when an individual is unable to create new long term memories (hippo campus is damaged )... always living in the present

retroactive interference

when new memories repair retrieval of old memories

proactive interference

when prior learning inhibits or interferes with the recall of later learning

primacy

when we recall the early parts of the list

Serial Position Effect

when we recall the first and last items in a list more effectively than items in the middle

recency

when we recall the later items of the list

Trace Decay Theory example

would be learning a new way to make a paper airplane

Implicit Memory (nondeclarative memory)

memories we retain without conscious effort and often without our awareness (easily recalled)

Memory Cues

Any stimulus associated with a memory; usually enhance retrieval of a memory

When has SPE happened to you?

EX when naming presidents... more likely to remember Washington and Obama rather than James Madison

The most common model or understanding memory is called....

Information-Processing model (3-step process)

PO-RN

Proactive Old- Retroactive New

proactive interference example

remembering a friend's new phone number after having previously learned the old number

Recognition

The correct identification of information that is presented. An easier form of retrieval.

Anterograde amnesia example

The person cannot remember new information. Things that happened recently and information that should be stored into short-term memory disappear. This usually results from a brain trauma, when a blow to the head causes brain damage

Flashbulb Memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.... remembering every detail: sights, sounds, smells etc

prospetive memory

remembering not to forget to do something

Recall example

answering a short answer question or fill in the blank (w/o word bank)

Encoding

brain receives information in a usable form in order to maintain consciousness

retroactive interference example

calling your ex-boyfriend/girlfriend by your new boyfriend/girlfriend's name

Priming: using ____ to activate _____ memories

clues; hidden

Supression

conscious process of deliberately (intentionally) trying to forget something that causes distress

Context- dependent memory example

doing better on the AP exam if you got to take it in Mr Salmich's room

Semantic memory is like _______ whilst episodic memory is _______

factual; autobiography (personal experience)

Episodic memory example

first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party

Deep Processing

involves elaborate rehearsal along with a meaningful analysis of the ideas and words being learned; encoding something according to it's semantics

Semantic Memory example

knowing that football is a sport; recalling that Springfield is the capital of Illinois

In explicit memory you have to....

make an effort to learn it

Storage

manipulation & rehearsal of info

Semantic Memory

memories drawn from everyday, common kinds of knowledge ... fact based jeopardy-like info

Episodic Memory

memories of certain episodes/events... the stories of our lives and experiences that we can recall. Events in our lives

Explicit Memory (declarative memory)

memories that are past-knowledge brought to mind; conscious long-term memory that is easily and intentionally recalled and recited... facts about an experience (think hard)

Recognition example

multiple choice test; word bank

flashbulb memory example

of 9/11 attacks, a school shooting, college graduation, or even the birth of one's child

eidetic memory

photographic memory (very rare)

Retrieval

recalling stored info or memories

Explicit memory example

recalling who came to dinner last night or naming animals that live in the rainforest

Retrograde Amnesia

refers to forgetting events/information that occurred before an injury or trauma

Dual Processing

refers to interpreting numerous events and stimuli at the same time

Shallow Processing

refers to memorizing something without attaching meaning to it; encoding the shapes, looks or surface structure of things, especially words not meanings

Recall

the direct retrieval of facts or information

Tip of the tongue state

the feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

Source amnesia

the inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining it's substance

Trace Decay Theory

the more we practice (rehearse) a bit of information, the stronger the memory trace becomes

Memory

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Repression

the pushing of painful, embarrassing or threatening memories out of awareness or conscious

Mood-dependent memory

the recall of information that can be retrieved while in a mood similar to when it was acquired

Context- Dependent memory

the recall of information while in the same context or environment in which it was acquired