Memory review

limited in capacity

A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is

The serial position effect

A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following?

priming

A researcher asks participants to identify red shapes presented on a video screen. Following this, novel objects of various colors are depicted on the screen. Participants correctly identify red objects more quickly than objects of a different color. The result illustrates

Framing

A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked: "Did you see a broken headlight?" Participants in group two are asked: "Did you see the broken headlight?" The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall?

Procedural

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory?

Episodic memory

A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party?

encoding

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves

How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect?

anterograde amnesia

After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing

Episodic

An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kids of memory?

Self-reference effect

An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to which of the following phenomena?

eposodic memory

Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of

Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation?

Primacy

Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?

appears in the middle of the list

If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that

They will be unable to learn a maze.

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence?

wording of questions the students were asked about the accident

In Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was the

levels of processing

In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in

proactive interference

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates

enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words

In memory experiments on free recall, the recency effect refers specifically to the

Priming

In the morning , Jorge watch a cartoon about a sarcastic rabit. Later, in his psycology class, he reviewd the image above and redaily identified it as a rabit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

anterograde amnesia

John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe

She never encoded the names into long term memory

Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she cannot remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names?

Procedural

Memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle, are classified as

Procedural

Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as

proactive interferince

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of

Asking them questions about the meaning of each word

Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students?

motor learning

The cerebellum is most directly involved in

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The feeling that you know someone's name, but cannot quite recall it, is an example of

Semantic-encoding

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy?

Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance?

levels of processing

When Sophie reads her history assignments, she goes over them very carefully and tries to memorize each fact. Emma, on the other hand, studies by trying to relate the new information to things she has experienced, been told about by others, or seen in movies and on television. Emma's performance on history tests will probably be better than Sophie's due to differences in

There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory.

When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will most likely occur?

Hippocampus

Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence

Which of the following best describes the primacy effect?

Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve?

Rehearsal

Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period?

Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect?

Serial

Which of the following kinds of learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order

Elizabeth Loftus

Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories?

B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?

Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference?

Attention

Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory?