Mendel's Laws Applied to Complex Traits

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Over dominance

- A type of dominance characterized by a phenotype that is more pronounced in a heterozygote relative to that of the counterpart homozygote - The heterozygous exceeds the phenotypic measurements of the homozygous parents.

Lethality

A condition in which the inheritance of a lethal combination of alleles results in death of the organism

Schizophrenia

A disorder that's highly heritable and often shows a pattern of anticipation. It affects a person's mood and how she views herself and the world.

Internal environment

Age, sex limited, sex controlled or sex influenced, Substrates

Twin Studies

Carried out in humans using identical twins, fraternal twins and non-twin siblings reared apart and together

Incomplete dominance

In this case dominance is absent and the progeny does not resemble any of its parents.

Recessive lethals

Lethal genes whose phenotypic effects are ordinarily recessive have no observable phenotypic effect in the heterozygous but produce a noticeable and eventually lethal change in homozygous recessive

Epigenetics

One of the biggest challenges to Mendel's laws comes from this phenomenon. In this, the organisms organisms with identical alleles (including identical twins) may exhibit different phenotypes.

polydactyly

One trait with variable expressivity that shows up in humans, condition of having more than ten fingers or toes.

Expressivity

Regardless of penetrance, the degree to which an allele expresses the phenotype may differ from individual to individual; this variable strength of a trait is

Anticipation

Sometimes, traits seem to grow stronger and gain more expressivity from one generation to the next. The strengthening of a trait as it's inherited

External environment

Temperature, light, nutrition, maternal relations,

Dominant epistasis

There is complete dominance at both gene pairs, but one gene, when dominant, masks the effect of the other. e.g. fruit color in summer squash

Novel Phenotype

There is complete dominance in both gene pairs

Duplicate Genes

There is complete dominance in both gene pairs, but either gene, when dominant, is epistatic to the other.

Complementary genes

There is complete dominance in both gene pairs, but either recessive homozygote is epistatic to the effects of the other gene.

Recessive epistasis

There is complete dominance in both gene pairs, but one gene, when homozygous recessive, hides or masks the effect of the other.

Dominant lethals

These are genes whose lethal effects occur when a dominant allele is present in a homozygous or heterozygous condition e.g. epiloia in human results in abnormal skin growths, severe mental defects and multiple tumors, causing early deaths; Huntington's disease

Co dominance

When alleles share equally in the expression of their phenotypes, the inheritance pattern is considered as this

Incompletely penetrance

When dominant alleles are present but fail to show up as a phenotype, the condition is termed as this

Pleiotropy

a situation in which one gene has multiple phenotypic effects

Concordant

both members show the character

yellow coat color in mice.

first lethal allele that scientists described was associated with

Discordant

if only one member of a pair shows the trait

Phenocopy

it means an environmental mimic of gene action

Complete penetrance

means every person having the allele shows the phenotype.

Penetrance

refers to the proportion of genotypes that show an expected phenotype. It is a statistical concept of the regularity with which the gene is expressed

Epistasis

sometimes genes hide or mask the action of other genes altogether

Expressivity

the degree to which a particular phenotypic effect is expressed by the individual

Lewis Effect or Poison Effect

the phenotype was determined not only by the genotype but also by the position of the different alleles on the chromosome

penetrance

the probability that an individual having a dominant allele will show the associated phenotype.

Simple dominance

when the dominant allele's phenotype, or physical trait masks the presence of the recessive allele.


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