Methods Final Questions

Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? The researchers have the same conceptual definitions. The researchers have the same operational definitions. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions. The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions or the same operational definitions.

The researchers have the same conceptual definitions.

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined. Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing.

The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

Salma conducts a study and finds that her data do not completely support her theory. Which of the following statements should she avoid saying? "My data are inconsistent with my theory." "My data disprove my theory." "My theory needs amending." "My data partially prove my theory."

"My data disprove my theory."

Which of the following is a poll likely to measure? a person's attitude toward their doctor a person's feelings about people diagnosed with cancer a person's thoughts about whether they prefer Advil or Tylenol a person's opinions about a healthcare law

a person's opinions about a healthcare law

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to positive moods. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). If Dr. Reyes wants to present her data on a figure, which of the following figures should she use? A scatterplot with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis A scatterplot with mood on the X-axis and exercise on the Y-axis A bar graph with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis A bar graph with mood on the X-axis and exercise on the Y-axis

A bar graph with exercise on the X-axis and mood on the Y-axis

Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the following professions? A clinical psychologist An intervention program evaluator A political pollster An advertising executive

An advertising executive

A correlation-based statistic called ________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability.

Cronbach's alpha

Tim tells you that the best way to make friends is by opening the conversation with a joke. He can easily recall all the friends he met by telling a joke and also the times he opened with chitchat and didn't befriend the person. You are concerned that Tim is making the blind spot bias. As a researcher, what would you most likely ask him to consider? What about the times you opened with a joke and didn't become friends with the person? Do you think the times you made friends by telling jokes might come more easily to mind? Do you think that you should test this out by opening some conversations with a joke and some conversations with chitchat? Did you go into conversations where you opened with jokes thinking that you would make friends?

Do you think that you should test this out by ope

In which of the following cases would a large sample especially be needed? a study of high school students a study of first-time homeowners a study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year a study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military

a study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military

Dr. Reyes is examining whether exercise is linked to mood. She recruits a sample of college students and asks them to answer whether they exercised at least three times last week (yes or no) and to rate their mood in the last week (1: Not happy at all to 5: Very happy). Which of the following questions should Dr. Reyes ask if she is interrogating the construct validity of her study? Was the manipulation of exercise conducted in a valid way? Was there good test-retest reliability for mood in the study? Was there good internal reliability for mood in the study? Does the measurement of mood correlate with other measures of mood?

Does the measurement of mood correlate with other measures of mood?

Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr. Kushner's study? He does not need to obtain informed consent since participants will not be awake during most of the study. He does not need to obtain informed consent because he is not using deception. He needs to obtain informed consent because the study is anonymous. He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.

He needs to obtain informed consent because there is a likelihood of risk in his study.

Which of the following can be said of the interaction in a study? It can be determined by investigating marginal means. It can exist even if the main effects are not significant. It is usually less important than a study's main effects. There can be only one type of interaction.

It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.

Which of the following is true of sample size? It primarily affects external validity. It primarily affects construct validity. It primarily affects internal validity. It primarily affects statistical validity.

It primarily affects statistical validity.

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report? It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress. It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies. It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe. It was replaced by the APA guidelines.

It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

Why is it important for researchers to replicate a study? Replicating a study gives the researcher additional estimates of the association. Replicating a study gives the researcher larger effect sizes. Replicating a study increases the likelihood of a significant association. Replicating a study reduces the likelihood of outliers.

Replicating a study gives the researcher additional estimates of the association.

Which of the following is true of moderators? They help establish a cause and effect relationship. They decrease effect size. They can inform external validity. They weaken statistical significance.

They can inform external validity. (it allows us to see how the association may not generalize from one situation to the next.)

Dr. Price conducted a study on how toddlers learn their colors. She thinks that the place where the toddlers are asked about colors and the objects they play with while learning the colors will affect the outcome. She wrote this in the results section: "Analyses indicated significant main effects of place and object. However, the place × object interaction was not significant. This latter finding suggests that the benefit of using puzzle pieces to learn about colors is not dependent on where the puzzle is completed." Given this excerpt, which of the following statements could also be found in the paper? Toddlers talked about colors with every toy equally Toddlers talked more about colors in the living room Toddlers talked more about colors in the living room but only when they played with the puzzle pieces Toddlers did not change their answers based on location

Toddlers talked more about colors in the living room

The study that found that two-thirds of Americans had experienced at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE) did not use a random sample. What conclusion should you make about the results of the study? We can generalize the results of the study to all Americans. We can generalize the results of the study only to Americans with adverse childhood experiences. The results are incorrect because the study did not use a random sample. We are uncertain about the generalizability of the results.

We are uncertain about the generalizability of the results.

Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?

administering an anxiety questionnaire

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can quickly recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following? present/present bias availability heuristic confirmation bias

availability heuristic

Dr. Alfonse, a developmental psychologist, conducts a study to determine whether children prefer books with drawn illustrations or with photographs. A group of 30 preschoolers are shown two copies of a book (Ferdinand the Bull) at the same time. Although the story is the same, one book is illustrated with drawings and the other is illustrated with photos. Students are then asked to indicate which book they prefer. This is an example of which of the following designs? longitudinal design repeated-measures design concurrent-measures design posttest-only design

concurrent-measures design

Prior to conducting the current study, Dr. Lonsbary asked her research assistant to use the same mood manipulation with a sample of 30 college students to determine if people's moods really did change after listening to the music. Running this preliminary study helps establish ________ validity. external statistical internal construct

construct

Which of the following threats to internal validity can apply even when a control group is used? attrition history threats instrumentation threats demand characteristics

demand characteristics

Unsystematic variability in a study is also known as

error variance

Luis has just finished planning a study to explore personality traits that predict how open adults are to altering their beliefs when presented with findings from scientific studies. Before beginning data collection, Luis preregisters his hypothesis. One of the primary benefits of preregistering his hypothesis is that he is less likely to develop an incorrect hypothesis. it allows him to design a rigorous study focused on empirically testing his hypothesis. he is less likely to be suspected of developing his hypotheses after analyzing his findings. it prevents other researchers from testing the same hypothesis.

he is less likely to be suspected of developing his hypotheses after analyzing his findings.

What information should you consider to examine the external validity of the claim, "Two-thirds of American college students sleep less than six hours a day"? if the sample size is large enough if random assignment was used in the study if the study used probability sampling if the sample includes non-American participants

if the study used probability sampling

Observer bias can threaten which of the following big validities? internal validity and construct validity external validity and construct validity internal validity and external validity internal validity only

internal validity and construct validity

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots?interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

What is a confidence interval constructed around? the margin of error the point estimate

margin of error

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)? Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data. r always assumes a zero association. r always assumes a negative relationship.

r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data.

Which of the following sources is most likely to contain only information that has been rigorously peer-reviewed? chapters in edited books full-length books review journal articles

review journal articles

In determining whether the relationship between two of Dr. Guidry's variables was statistically significant, which of the following must be considered? sample size and number of variables analyzed direction of the association and strength of the association sample size and effect size

sample size and effect size

Ceiling effects can lead to

small variance between groups

Matt, Dr. Guidry's research assistant, is discussing the findings of the study with some other students. He claims that the experience of more daily stress causes people to have lower life satisfaction. Which of the following causal criteria did Matt meet?

the covariance of cause and effect

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3: Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish is also curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Manish's concern is addressing which of the following? the study's statistical validity the study's internal validity the study's external validity the study's construct validity

the study's statistical validity

RESEARCH STUDY 1.2: Dr. White reads about a new theory that states that depression is caused by increased levels of estrogen in the womb. To test this theory, she conducted a study comparing the level of estrogen in amniotic fluid in individuals who were later diagnosed with depression with the level of those who did not develop depression. Dr. White found no differences between the groups in estrogen levels in the amniotic fluid. Another depression researcher reads Dr. White's findings. This new researcher is MOST likely to conduct a similar study with improved research design. design a new study to ask a slightly different research question. thoughtfully consider reasons why these findings might not support the new theory. conduct the same study in a different sample of depressed patients.

thoughtfully consider reasons why these findings might not support the new theory.

Vinai learns that people with schizophrenia have a problem labeling their emotions. Using this information, he designs a research study to examine whether teaching patients with schizophrenia to label the emotions of people they see in movie clips helps them to better label their own emotions. Vinai hopes that the findings of this research could then be used to create an intervention to treat schizophrenia. Vinai's study is an example of basic research. applied research. empirical research. translational research.

translational research

A biased sample consists of too many ________ cases. basic ideal complicated unusual

unusual