METRO SPEECH STUDY GUIDE

An effective way to keep an audience's attention is to tell a story. According to your text, what are three elements that make a good story?

conflict, action, and suspense

Sally carefully chose the room in which to give her speech, and scheduled it after classes were done for the day to maximize the number of students available to attend. Sally chose the __________ of her speech.

context

Joe is a former champion weightlifter and professional bodybuilder. He is preparing an informative speech on the abuse of steroids in physical fitness. Through his personal experiences, what quality does Joe add to the presentation of his speech?

credibility

The process of evaluating the quality of information, ideas, and arguments presented by a speaker is known as __________.

critical listening

The fact that people from China have a different public speaking style than people from the U.S. is due to __________.

cultural differences

Greek rhetorician Aristotle used the term __________ to refer to a speaker's credibility.

ethos

A speech paying tribute to someone's accomplishments that is delivered when someone has died is known as a __________.

eulogy

The __________ in a presentation is comprised of the facts, examples, opinions and statistics provided.

evidence

With respect to a situational audience analysis, as a general rule, the larger the audience, the more likely they are to __________.

expect a more formal speaking style

A linguistic theory known as __________ holds that the more concrete your words are, the clearer your communication will be.

general semantics

The first function of an introduction is to __________.

get the audience's attention

One purpose of an introduction is to __________.

give your audience a reason to listen

When members of a sales team formally present projections for the coming year to company executives, they are participating in a __________.

group presentation

What is the difference between a purpose statement and a central idea?

A purpose statement focuses on audience behavior, while a central idea focuses on the content of the speech.

What is a principle of adult learning?

Adults should be actively involved in the learning process.

The __________ was the first organization formed to protect free speech in the United States.

American Civil Liberties Union

Carrie is giving a presentation on rock collecting and has brought her own collection to show to the audience. She is not sure about the best way to present the rocks to her audience so that everyone can see them. What approach is suggested by the text?

Carrie should invite the audience to come up and see the rocks after her speech, as long as no other speakers are scheduled to follow her.

__________ refers to a speaker's believability.

Credibility

Dana gave a speech on the Founders' conception of impeachment as described in the U.S. Constitution. Her general purpose was to __________.

Inform

"Deforestation by lumber interests and toxic-waste dumping are major environmental problems in the United States today." What is wrong with this central idea?

It contains more than one idea.

What statement is true about a figurative analogy?

It is inherently interesting.

What is the purpose of making a reference to the introduction in the conclusion?

It provides a sense of closure.

What advice does the text offer when using people as presentation aids in a speech?

Make sure they don't draw attention away from your speech; have them stay seated until they are needed in the speech.

The __________ in public speaking is the speech itself-both what is said and how it is said.

Message

A speech topic that focuses on an issue that needs resolving can most effectively be organized in a __________ pattern.

Problem - Solution

__________ is the process of presenting a spoken message to an audience.

Public speaking

__________ refers to the strategic use of words and symbols to achieve a goal.

Rhetoric

What should be used to indicate main points in a preparation outline?

Roman numerals

When developing an outline, indicate your major ideas by using __________.

Roman numerals

What responsibility must be balanced with the right to free speech?

Speaking ethically

For her informative speech, Abigail wants to tell her audience about three important factors to consider when purchasing a new computer. Which organizational pattern lends itself best to this topic?

Topical

Throughout John's speech on immigration reform, he reviewed and reemphasized points previously discussed. What is the term for this technique?

internal summary

Because much of our day is spent listening, there may be times we "tune out" when information is being sent to us. This process is the result of __________.

listener fatigue

Ron started his speech with what he thought was a humorous story, but when he finished it, the audience just looked at him with blank looks on their faces. This is sometimes called the __________ expression.

listener-stupor

A word that is pronounced like its meaning, such as buzz or splash, is called __________.

onomatopoeia

A speech designed to __________ seeks to change or reinforce listeners' attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior.

persuade

In addition to developing a written outline to use as you speak, consider using __________ to add structure and clarity to your major ideas.

presentation aids

The methods and criteria used to evaluate a speech are the process of __________.

rhetorical criticism

Terms like "finally," "in conclusion," and "in closing" are examples of devices that __________.

signal the end of the speech

When Maria critiqued her classmate's speech, she said, "You did a great job covering all the main points. You could have used some presentation aids, as that was a lot of information and you spoke too fast. Also, you need to work on your eye contact; maybe you should consider getting contacts. But I learned a lot about the topic, so good job!" Which strategy was Maria using to make this criticism effective?

the feedback sandwich

What is included in the style of your speech?

the words you choose and how you use them

Finish drafting your speech outline at least __________ before your speech performance.

two days

When speakers substitute the word "flight attendant" for "stewardess" or "steward," they are using language that is __________.

unbiased

What language strategy for incorporating humor includes relaying a story which takes an unexpected turn at the end?

wit

In a preparation outline, your specific purpose should be __________.

written at the top

In a speech on breast cancer, Keisha decides to use the latest information from the National Breast Cancer Foundation website, www.nationalbreastcancer.org. What is the suggested way to orally cite this source in her speech?

"The National Breast Cancer Foundation in 2004 stated..."

Within 24 hours after listening to a lecture or speech, most people will likely recall about __________ percent of the message.

50

In her speech, Martina provided three main points in a chronological pattern. Two of her classmates, Anna and Donna, discussed her speech the next day. Anna remembered Martina's three main points while Donna remembered the story used in the introduction. Who was the better listener, according to the textbook's tips to enhance listening skills?

Anna was the better listener because she followed the tip, "Listen for major ideas."

Which example is the best specific purpose statement?

At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to list the top three causes of global warming.

When Joseph was done speaking, he stayed in the room and made some notes to himself about what he did well and what he believed he needed to improve on. He felt that overall, he did a really good job following the basic principles and practices of public speaking. What did Joseph neglect to do when self-critiquing his speech?

He didn't evaluate his effectiveness based on the speaking situation and audience.

Marcus is concerned about the introductory speech he has to give for the guest speaker at his banquet. What should Marcus keep in mind?

He should introduce the topic and the speaker, briefly and accurately.

Allison has written and rewritten the central idea of her speech on the topic of dog care. She finally came up with "Dog care is very difficult." What is the problem with this central idea?

Her central idea is too vague.

People from __________ cultures are more likely to perceive people in leadership roles, including speakers, as credible.

Higher power

Joe is a member of Future Farmers of America (FFA), so for his demonstration speech he plans show his audience the proper way to groom and care for his prize-winning Holstein cattle. Instead of bringing a Holstein to class, what does the textbook suggest as the best option for Joe?

Joe should use a three-dimensional model of a Holstein along with the items he uses to groom the cattle since the actual object is too large to be easily used as a presentation aid.

If you don't know what to do with your hands during a speech, what is suggested you do when rehearsing?

Keep them at your side.

Jiang was nervous about his first speech in front of his department, particularly because he wasn't confident of his English skills as it was his second language. He enlisted several colleagues to listen to him practice and give him feedback, and then he asked them to sit in the front row to give him courage. Which guideline for building confidence is Jiang using in this example?

Look for positive support.

__________ are detailed points of focus for developing your central idea.

Main ideas

Which statement is accurate regarding the ethical use of hypothetical illustrations in a speech?

Make sure your audience knows from the beginning that your illustration is hypothetical.

Which statement about communication anxiety is true?

Most people are apprehensive about giving a speech.

What is a danger of opening a speech with a rhetorical question?

The audience may answer the question.

Before his speech on organ donation, Nathan gave the audience a handout about the need for organs and the process for becoming an organ donor. Is this an effective use of presentation aids, according to the text's guidelines?

No; Nathan should have waited until the conclusion to hand this out, as audience members will be distracted by what you give them.

__________ is the art and science of teaching children.

Pedagogy

Avery was using a flip chart to explain a concept and it fell off the stand. What should she do?

Pick it up and keep talking.

The news organization __________ assesses the honesty of politicians' claims and publishes its conclusions on a "Truth-O-MeterTM.

PolitiFact

To narrow her topic, Nancy wrote her general topic on a page and then followed it with topics that became increasingly specific. When she got to the bottom, she realized that she couldn't come up with three main points for her final topic. What did Nancy do wrong?

She narrowed her topic too much.

Which action is least likely to make your audience view you as credible before you begin to discuss your topic?

Use a lot of presentation aids filled with statistics.

Taylor is leading a planning session for the marketing department of her company, and she needs a presentation aid that can help her summarize comments from coworkers as she is speaking. Which type of presentation aid would best fit her needs?

a flip chart

Which of these is an example of a two-dimensional presentation aid?

a graph of population growth

The mistaken use of a word that sounds much like the intended word, such as "infatuation" for "inflation," is __________.

a malapropism

What nonverbal strategy especially supports humorous delivery of your after-dinner speech?

a pause

Priya began her speech by saying, "Maya Angelou was more than a poet. She was the voice of women everywhere, especially black women, and she will always be remembered for this." Priya's speech was about __________.

a person

In his speech about drinking and driving, David told the story of what happened to him and three friends on high-school graduation night. He went into detail about how they had been partying, how they wouldn't let anyone sober drive them home, and how one life ended when their car wrapped around a tree in the middle of the night. What kind of supporting material did David use in his speech?

a personal illustration

Transactive communication models focus on communication as __________.

a simultaneous process

What is an example of a speech about an object?

a speech about vintage clothing

If the purpose of your speech was to persuade your listeners to do something, then the best indicators of your speaking success are your listeners' __________.

actions after the speech

The statement, "Now is the time for determination, decisiveness, and dedication" employs what stylistic device?

alliteration

Brad spoke about the time he witnessed and barely survived a tornado. His speech was about __________.

an event

An appropriate commemorative address is likely to contain elements of what other type of speech?

an informative speech

In his speech about registering to vote, Dan discusses new legislation that allows registration to coincide with driver's license renewal. But he concludes by stating that anyone who is not registered should stop by a location listed on the chalkboard to register in time for the next election. Finally, Dan reiterates: "Everyone please register to vote; it's your right and your duty as a citizen." What aspect of effective conclusions has Dan utilized?

an inspirational appeal or challenge to the audience

Which type of listeners make good lawyers because they enjoy debating issues and hearing arguments for and against ideas?

analytical

Lawrence and three of his colleagues are asked to participate in a group presentation on the issue of climate change. Each member of this group must be able to __________.

articulate the purpose, central idea and main ideas

Words such as "dint," "mornin," "gunna," and "wanna" are all examples of poor __________.

articulation

Leonard walked to the podium, made direct eye contact with the audience, then asked the audience: "Have you ever wondered what a hot dog is made of? Do you really want to know?" What introductory device was Leonard using?

asking rhetorical questions

To create an engaging and effective informative speech, one must always start by considering the __________.

audience

A speaker who gathers information about the listeners, analyzes this information, and adapts his or her speech to them is demonstrating the idea of a(n) __________ speaker.

audience-centered

Being __________ involves becoming as aware as possible of others' feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds.

audience-centered

Once you have generated your main ideas, you can add a preview of those main ideas to your central idea to produce a(n) __________ for your speech.

blueprint

The rhythm of language is known as __________.

cadence

Bianca begins her speech by describing a chaotic and overflowing waiting area in an emergency room of a public hospital. After completing the description, she discusses why emergency rooms are the root of a critical problem within the health care system. What organizational pattern can you detect in Bianca's speech?

cause-effect

"The Wheat Belly diet is based on reducing the amount of processed foods that you eat, avoiding all processed flour, and increasing the amount of exercise you get." This statement is an example of a(n) __________.

central idea

When speakers are tense and try to relax their muscles while waiting for their turn to speak, without calling attention to what they are doing, their actions reflect a strategy of coping with nervousness referred to as __________.

channeling your nervous energy

One survey found that more than half of students surveyed admitted to __________.

cheating in a public speaking class

When explaining the progress of molecular discoveries, Shaunte began by discussing Mendel's 1866 studies about inheritance of biological traits in peas, ending with recent information about the human genome project. Which pattern of organization did Shaunte employ in his speech?

chronological

When attempting to discover whether you and your audience members have similar cultural characteristics, are about the same age, and have relatively the same education level, you are primarily trying to establish __________.

common ground

Mary asks John to hand her a pencil, and John hands her a pencil. Simply put, this is an example of the process of __________.

communication

When you are not sure if the information you are using is common knowledge, you should __________.

document the source

When speaking to inform, the speaker's primary goal is to __________.

enhance the audience's knowledge or understanding

In a Q & A session, repeating an audience member's question can help you by __________.

ensuring that you understand the question before you answer

Behaviors such as eye contact, appropriate gestures, and physical closeness that enhance the quality of the relationship between the speaker and listeners are known as __________ behaviors.

immediacy

When asked to deliver a speech at the very last moment, the type of delivery style you will likely use is __________.

impromptu

An audience member is worried about an upcoming exam and is unlikely to remember much of what the speaker says. This is a type of __________ noise.

internal

President George W. Bush, in eulogizing President Reagan, stated when Ronald Reagan was a child, he "knew the world as a place of open plains, quiet streets, gas-lit rooms, and carriages drawn by horses." Which language device was President Bush using when he said, "carriages drawn by horses"?

inversion

A credible speaker is someone who __________.

is personally committed to the topic

Use of words like "selfie," "catfish," and "upvote" are all examples of social media __________.

jargon

When using a literary quotation as supporting material, it is best to __________.

keep the quote brief

When using computer-generated presentation aids, you should __________.

keep visuals and sounds simple

Not only should a speaker's choice of topic be relevant to the interests and expectations of his or her listeners, it should also take into account the __________.

knowledge listeners already have about the subject

A mother who speaks about the death of her child due to influenza is providing __________ testimony.

lay

Oral style tends to be __________ than written style.

less formal

In Tim's speech on the election, he said that since the Democrat was polling better than the Republican candidate, the Democrat would be elected. How did Tim arrive at this conclusion?

made an inference

In a persuasive speech on the growing incidence of severe weather attributed to climate change, you cite many experts who support this idea. With this material, you are utilizing the principle of __________.

magnitude

During a Q & A session, the text suggests that an effective speaker should listen __________.

nonjudgmentally

Veronica was watching her audience carefully during her speech. After a few minutes, she noticed several class members staring at her with a glazed look in their eyes. She immediately picked up the speed of her speech and introduced a colorful visual. What was Veronica responding to?

nonverbal audience cues

What is most important when a speaker is communicating emotional feelings, attitudes, likes, and dislikes to an audience?

nonverbal communication

According to __________ theory, listeners have certain expectations about how speakers should communicate. If these expectations are violated, listeners will feel less favorable toward the communicator of the message.

nonverbal expectancy

A __________ is a circular graph divided into wedges that show each part's percentage of the whole.

pie graph

If a speaker says, "Tonight, I'm going to discuss with you two reasons why everyone should recycle, including cost-saving benefits and the problems waste creates in the environment," you recognize this as a(n) __________.

preview of the main ideas

Tabitha opened her speech to expectant parents with the following statistic: "Group B strep bacteria are the leading cause of meningitis in a newborn's first week of life, and 1 in 4 pregnant women carries these bacteria." This is an effective tool to establish __________.

proximity

If your topic is timely, a reference to a __________ can be a good way to begin your speech.

recent event

When Kiko reviewed the main points in her informative speech, she stood in the front of the room making eye contact with the audience, decreased her volume, and paused dramatically between each point. What technique of enhancing audience recall did Kiko effectively employ?

reinforcing key ideas nonverbally

When you analyze an audience's income, occupation, and education you are analyzing their __________.

socioeconomic status

What is the correct format for speaking notes?

standard outline form

"So we must all do something to end domestic violence; we must all be prepared to confront this issue in our own neighborhoods and homes, so that we become part of the solution, not part of the problem." The preceding statement is an example of a __________.

statement to motivate the audience to respond

The most common type of microphone is the __________ microphone, often used in public speaking.

stationary

Dick started his speech on the Holocaust with a humorous story. Which criteria for supporting material does this violate?

suitability

Kareem gathered facts, examples, definitions, and quotations for his speech. These are all types of __________.

supporting materials

Anthony begins his speech about forensic evidence with a story about a suspicious restaurant fire that occurred last weekend. He is engaging the audience by creating __________.

suspense

In 1989, the Supreme Court overturned a statute that made burning the United States flag illegal because __________.

they found it to be a "speech act" protected by the First Amendment

Stuart has been asked to present his colleague with a special award. What is important for him to remember to say in this speech?

to briefly refer to the occasion and mention the significance of the award

What is the primary purpose of a presentation aid?

to increase audience understanding

What are the three types of general purposes for speeches?

to inform, to persuade, to entertain

When adding stylistic devices to your speech such as antithesis, suspension, or omission, you should use them __________.

to keep sentences from becoming too complex

A good reason to conduct a survey after your speech is __________.

to obtain specific reactions to your speech

An example of cadence is to __________.

to use parallelism in sentences or phrases

Patrick scored three goals in the toughest soccer match of the season, including scoring the tiebreaker for the win. During a press conference, when a reporter asked Patrick to assess his performance he responded, "I did all right." This is an example of __________.

understatement

When creating your preparation outline, you should __________.

use at least two subdivisions, if any, for each point

Which criteria for supporting material relates to using a mix of illustrations, opinions, definitions, and statistics in your speech to make it more interesting?

variety

At the end of his speech on the mating habits of baboons, an audience member asked Roger why he chose that particular topic. He began his answer with, "I have two reasons. The first is ..." Roger was using a __________.

verbal signpost

Words and phrases such as "in addition," "in other words," and "therefore," are examples of __________.

verbal transitions

A Web site that indexes information in a specific field is known as a __________.

vertical search engine