MFT National Exam Review Pt. 1

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Bowenian belief about emotional fusion and differentiation

"All families fit on a continuum between emotional fusion (unhealthy) and differentiation (healthy)"

Family members are caught up in a

"Dirty Game"

Theory of Dysfunction - Milan

"Dirty Game", problems maintained by behavioral sequences, problems exist when the family's old belief does not fit its current pattern of behavior

Main concept & Emphasis in Contextual Therapy

"Fairness" is major conception close relationships Ledgers and balances

Core problem in Strategic Therapy

"More of the same solutions"

pons

"bridge" between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activities

what question is essential to ask a client in MRI brief therapy?

"what is the least amount of chagne acceptable?"

what does an MRI brief therapist need to determine in early treatment sessions?

"where the patient lives"

Fusion

'lack of differentiation' is where individual choices are set aside in the service of achieving harmony within the system

Key concept & techniques in Solution Focused Therapy

*Belief that the solution is within the client 1. Focus on solutions (mirroring, scaling questions) 2. Identifying exceptions (deconstruction, future plans, de-emphasize history and pathology)

Main goal of EFT *

*Emotional Focused Therapy To help couples reveal underlying primary emotion and create new emotional experiences for people

Bowen's 6 interrelated concepts

1. Differentiation of self 2. Triangles 3. Nuclear family emotional process 4. Family projection process 5. Multi-generational transmission process 6. Sibling position

Name the 6 interlocking concepts of Bowenian or transgenerational theory?

1. Differentiation of self 2. Triangulation 3. Nuclear family emotional process 4. Family projection process 5. Transgenerational (or multigenerational) projection process 6. Sibling position

What 2 two concepts were added to Bowen's 6 interlocking concepts in the 1970s?

1. Emotional Cutoff: the way people manage anxiety between generations 2. Societal emotional process: sexism, class, ethnic prejudice, gender

2 Core problems in Experiential Therapy

1. Emotional suppression (rigid roles, difficulty tolerating relational stress, intolerant of differences) 2. Mystification (non verbal expectations & messages)

4 relationship dimensions to assess in Contextual Therapy

1. Facts (location, health, marital status, etc.) 2. Psychological (cognitive and emotional attributes people are assigned) 3. Transactions & family Relationship patterns 4. Relationship ethics (most important influence on family)

4 basic emotional process or patterns in families (Bowen)

1. Marital conflict 2. Dysfunction in spouse 3. Impared child 4. Emotional Distance

5 main patterns for coping with emotions (experiential therapy)

1. Placating 2. Blaming 3. Computing 4. Distancing 5. Leveling

what two items does MRI take from Erickson?

1. goal is not clarifying the problem, but altering or modifying it by a redefinition 2. taking what the client gives and using this in some positive manner

what two questions are asked in the evaluation of MRI brief therapy?

1. has behavior changed as planned? 2. has the complaint been relieved?

five eras (female based)

1. launch to adulthood (16-25) 2. leveling (26-30) 3. liberation (36-60) 4. regeneration/redirection (61-65) 5. creativity/destructiveness (66+)

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

1. physiological 2. safety 3. belongingness 4. esteem 5. self-actualization

5 key elements of creative people

1. prominent knowledge/expertise 2. imaginative thinking/ability to perceive things differently 3. venturesome personality 4. highly motivated 5. function in creative environment; do not work alone

Gregory Bateson

1950's Double bind theory - researched communication and schizophrenia with in a family system Also connected to Cybernetics Model (belief that families regulate themselves using feedback loops designed to keep the family stable

Pre-contemplation stage of change

1st stage -no intent or bx change in future

Coalition

2 family members join together against a 3rd usually across generational lines

brainwashing

2 phases: physical and pscyhological

pre-operational

2-5 years; the second stage (Piaget) which begins with emergence of symbolic thought

Contemplation stage of change

2nd stage - aware of problem, thinking about making a change

Preparation stage of change

3rd stage - combines intention & behavior Intend to make change in next month

storage

3rd stage LT memory

Alliance

A bond or affiliation between 2 or more family members

Alliances are

A bond or affiliation between two or more family members

Emphasis in Attachment Theory

All people need emotional and psychological attachment to others to survive Attachment to core caregiver will influence adult relationships

I-Postion comes from

Bowen

drive-reduction theory

Clark Hull drive reduction = major cause of learning

Collaborative Couple's Therapy

Dan Wiles

accommodation is

Elements of a system automatically adjust to coordinate their functioning: pepole may gave to work at it

Desentization CBT

Elicit negative feelings while in a relaxed state to reduce feeling of anxiety, anger, etc

4 Therapeutic Goals for victims of sexual abuse

Emotional catharsis (pour out emotions no ?'s) Confrontation (all feeling out and explored, healing begins) Self- identification (rebuild how victim sees self) Self Management (establish personal control moving forward)

Who are the founders of psychoanalytic therapy?

Erik Erikson and Erich Fromm

Autonomy vs. Shame

Erikson's 2nd stage 2-3 years; need to develop sense of personal control over physical skills and sense of independence

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's 3rd stage 3-5 years; need to start asserting control and power over environment; success = sense of purpose those that try and exude too much power = disaproval -guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's 4th stage 6-11 need to cope with social and academic demands success = competence failure = confusing and diminished sense of self

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's 5th stage 12-18

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's 6th stage 19-40 yrs

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's 7th stage 40-65 need to create/nurture things that will outlast you (children, some positive change)

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's 8th and final stage need to look back and feel sense of fulfillment

Fidelity

Ethical principal where therapist makes honest promise and honors commitments to client

Constructivism states that

Every family member's view of the world must be accepted as valid, since it is unique to that person. Therapists can work with clients to help them reconstruct certain views or perceptions that are causing conflict within the family or guide individuals toward constructs that enable better problem solving.

According to Contextual therapy, __________ is a major issue in all close relationships.

Fairness

Goals and progress in Contextual Therapy

Fairness-Based on members perception of fairness within family Restore capacity to give through fair relating and trust

Behavioral & Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) theorists

Falloon, Gottman, Jacobson, Liberman, Patterson, Stuart

Centripetal

Family System dynamic Tight emotional bonds in family members are encouraged to continue

F.I.L.E.

Family inventory of life events Quick measure of family stress Can be completed by more than one person and measures number of stressful life events in a family

Difference in Alliances and Coalitions

Generally within a subsystem and not hidden

Key techniques in Bowenian Therapy

Genograms & process questions

who are the founders of cognitive behavioral therapy?

Gerald Patterson, Robert Liberman, and Richard Stuart

social exchange theory

Gergen social attraction in context of person's rewards from interaction; costs have to < than benefits

Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT)

Greenberg and Johnson

CBT Family Therapy goal

Identify and correct distorted or inaccurate patterns that affect the system

Quid pro quo refers to a family or couple's tendency to take which stance?

If you do X, I will do Y

When Janet, a 26-year-old childhood sexual abuse survivor, was in elementary school, she could not concentrate on her schoolwork, and received barely passing grades. Although she is very bright, she still cannot work up to her intelligence level. She did not resolve the Eriksonian stage of:

Industry versus inferiority

Theory of Dysfunction - Feminist

Inequality of power in relationships, power differentials in gender roles

Theory of Dysfunction - Structural

Inflexible family structures not adequately adjusting to maturational or situational challenges, rigid or diffuse boundaries between subsystems

Thought stopping CBT

Interrupting repetitive cognitions (snap rubber band)

Why is structural therapy so popular?

It's simple, inclusive, and practical

Founder of Contextual Therapy

Ivan Boszormenyl-Nagy

who are the founders of object relations?

James Framo (although he asserts that he is not), Normal Paul, D. Scharff and J. Scarff

what therapists are associated with strategic therapy?

Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes, and Milton Erickson

narrative solutions

Joseph Eron, Thomas Lund

Blaming (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)

Judge mental, comparing or complaining

Founder of General Systems Theory

Ludwig Von Bertalanffy Each family system is part of a larger system in community, culture, etc. More then one possible solution to a problem

Rubber fence theory (who and what)

Lyman Wynne System seems open but designed to keep outsiders out and insiders in

Founders of Collaborative Therapy

M. C. Bateson

who is the founder of collaborative therapy?

MC Bateson

Complimentary Relationship comes from

MRI

Who developed in Systemic Family Therapy (Milan Model)

Mara Salvini Palazzoli

what clinic was Bowen a part of and when?

Menninger Clinic from 1946 to 1954

In the context of brief therapy, what does MRI stands for?

Mental Research Institute

Interventions & Methods in Contextual Therapy

Multi-directional partiality (Tx sides with each member to foster growth) Observing, listening, respond to unconscious material

personology approach to personality

Murray motivation's effects on personality; a taxonomy of needs including achievement, affiliation, dominance, etc.

Founders of Bowenian Therapy

Murray Bowen & James Framo

Bowen Theorists are

Murray Bowen, Fogarty, Guerin

who are the founders of psychodynamic therapy?

Nathan Ackerman, Henry Dicks, and Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

where did Bowen move to in 1954?

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

Bowen's theory is also known as

Natural Systems Theory

Theory of Dysfunction - Object Relations/Psychodynamic

Negative aspects of repressed, introjected early "objects" (primarily parents) are projected onto the spouse or children

Theory of Dysfunction - Object Relations

Negative aspects of repressed, introjected early objects (primarily parents) are projected onto the spouse or children

Circular questioning

Non threatening technique to gain insight. And perspective of individual and prompt listening from others "What would mom do if your brother ignores her)

Melanie Klein developed

Object Relations Theory

False Self

Presenting self In a way that does not reflect your true nature or character in order to be accepted

where does object relations therapy stem from?

Principles found in psychoanalysis

Betty Carter

Pushed the value of considering family life cycle in therapy. Increased recognition of other important factors related to family life cycles such as historical documentation of family problems for the current family and past generations as well as the impact of extended family on client' problems.

What is Redefining

Putting a positive connotation on BX that is usually considered undesirable.

3 main Emphasis of structural therapy

Relational Patterns, Subsystems, Boundaries

Homework CBT

Relevant to topic discussed often

How boundaries are classified

Rigid or flexible & diffuse, open, closed

Key techniques in Experiential therapy

Role playing, family sculpting, family art therapy, empty chair, metaphors

social judgment theory

Sherif and Sherif perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes

Key techniques in Psychodynamic Therapy

Silence and interpretation

"Exceptions" to the problem....came from

Solution Focused

Boundaries come from

Structural Therapy

Reflection of feeling

Technique to move therapist from content and focus on feeling in the clients message w/o judgement

Family Rules

Term used in communication theory to describe redundant or repetitive bx patterns in a family

Describe some key concepts with differentiation of self (the cornerstone to Bowen's theory).

The capacity to think and reflect, the ability to be flexible and act wisely, the ability to balance thinking and feeling, intrapsychic and interpersonal concept, and able to take a stand on issues.

Validation (EFT)

Therapist conveys the message that partners emotions and responses are legitimate and understandable - promotors proactive acceptance of each person

Empathic Reflection (EFT)

Therapist gives reflection of each partner's experience both positive and negative that characterizes interaction

Heightening (EFT)

Therapist must intensify, crystallize, and encourage the couple to enact key problems that organize interaction all process

Undifferentiated ego mass (Bowenian)

When individuals are cut off emotionally or geographically from the family of origin (so the more differentiated = less need to be cut off -physically or emotionally)

Blamer-softening (EFT)

When more active and previously hostile spouse risks expressing vulnerabilities and needs

Battle for Initiative - Theorist

Whitaker

Dick and Doris show up for therapy with their children Dick Jr., Dirk, and Dotty, ages 15, 8, and 5. The parents say that 15 year old Dick Jr. is the real problem, since he won't try to get along, argues frequently, and generally does just the opposite of what he should. As the reality trained therapist that you are . . .

You would probably think to yourself, a dysfunctional system is causing behavioral symptoms

What is an alliance?

a bond or affiliation between two or more family members

What is centrifugal?

a family system dynamic in which members are expelled or encouraged to operate at the outer periphery

does the basic self change a little or a lot?

a litle

Nuclear Family Emotional System

a. couple conflict; b. illness in a spouse;c. projection of a problem onto one or more children.

how do many people refer to MRI techniques?

as manipulative

cingulate gyrus

attention and cognitive control

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord with sensory neurons (afferent and efferent)

dendrites

branch-like; receive signals from other neurons and send them to soma

Is psycho educational therapy brief or long term?

brief

how does one demonstrate leadership in contextual therapy?

by following

language universals

children are born with language capacity for general language rules

Formula First Task is

clients are asked to observe their lives between the first and second session to notice what has happened that they would like to continue to have happen so that they begin to identify their strengths

In the post-modern, social constructionist therapists, the therapist and client jointly develop an alternate point of view of a situation. This process is referred to as

co-construction

The role of the therapist is Bowenian therapy is that of

coach

Newell and Simon

cognitive psychologists and computer scientists that helped lead the way for cognitive revolution

What are two dimension of family functioning assessed i the Olson Circumplex Model?

cohesion/adaptability

In Social Construction the therapist

collaborates "with" the individual and/or family to co-construct new ways of being.

Double blind

contradictory messageson different levels of abstraction

Visitor

does not bring a specific problem to therapy and does not have a commitment to participating productively in treatment

James-Lang Theory

emotion = result of physiological arousal event - arousal - interpretation - emotion

episodic memory

experiences we have had

convergent thinking problems

has known solution requires analytical thinking, has solution

Rooting

head turn toward a mild lips/cheek stimulus

describe an example of emotional cutoff

husband emotionally reactive to family keeps emotional distance from wife. She becomes anxiously attached to child. Because this relieves his anxiety, he accepts the overinvolvement reinforcing the entanglement and his distance. This cripples the child emotionally and causes less differentiation of self in child. Child is more prone to anxiety

what are the 3 key concepts in Milan systemic therapy?

hypothesizing; neutrality; and circularity

Boundaries are

hypothetical dividers between or among subsystems within the family or between systems

equipotentiality

idea that any conditioned stimulus could be paired with any conditioned response BUT there are biological constraints on what we can learn

gate control theory

idea that the spinal cord regulates the experience of pain by either opening or closing the neural channels (gates) that transmit pain sensations to the brain

theory of mind

ideas and knowledge about how other people's minds work

In the MRI version of brief therapy, it is essential to

identify the disabling sequence of which the symptom is a vital part

REM Rebound

if REM is disrupted the following night you will enter REM earlier and for longer

what is the MRI brief therapist a specialist in?

influence

how is diagnosis/assessment done in Milan systemic therapy?

information learned before meeting is used in formulating the hypothesis; hypothesis leads directly to interventions

frontal lobe

initiate motor commands, judgment

what are the methods/techniques in object relations?

listening; observing; responding to unconscious mateial; interpreting; developing insight; encourage expression of repressed impulses

hindbrain

medulla, pons, and cerebellum; contains part of reticular formation

what is the libidinal system in object relations characterized by?

need; excitement, longing

central trait

present throughout personality

PET and fMRI

provide info about brain activity

Descartes

reflex action

binocular

requires both eyes

negative skew

scores bunch at right and trail to left

positive skew

scores bunched at left and trail off to right

what theory focuses on in-session enactment?

structural

what theory is straight-forward and confrontive?

structural

Cognitive Affective techniques are

thought-stopping, rational emotional therapy, modeling, retribution, and self-monitoring

Rubber fence is

type of boundaries around some families that may appear open and flexible but which in fact permit little information from the outside to penetrate

according to Nagy and contextual therapy what reaches across generations and greatly affects an individual's present behavior?

unconscious and invisible loyalties or bonds

define loyalties

unconsious commitments that children take on to help their families to the detriment of their own well-being

what was fusion originally coined as?

undifferentiated family ego mass

You are a clinical member of AAMFT. You want to expand your practice to include meditation. You take a day long workshop with an expert in the area and begin to advertise yourself as mediator. Your behavior is

unethical, since it is unethical to misrepresent your skills.

Guttman's scale of measuring attitude

unidimensional approach

A term developed by White and Epston which refers to those situations in the past when clients have resolved their problems but had not previously been aware that they had done so.

unique outcome

what are the stages of therapy in contextual therapy?

unit of treatment is chosen by therapist; enagement; cognition exploration of family history; affective discharge or insight; alter perceptions; expand trust to increase options

what are questions a therapist needs to ask in regards to parentification to determine if its inappropriate?

what part does this place in the relationship? who benefits? how do the benefit? what are its effects on the parent, child, the spouse?

Solution Focus wants people to identify

what they want to continue to happen and what they want to change

terminal button

when AP reaches terminal button the synaptic vesicles fuse with the cell membrane of terminal and release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft and then these are taken up by the receptors in the dendrites

what unconscious things can a genogram bring out?

wishes, fears, values of family members

Therapists working with potentially dangerous clients are recommended to

(1) inform clients of confidentiality limits (2) record steps taken to protect others, if necessary (3) seek consultation

In marital and family therapy, therapists must assess their own values in order to avoid

(1) taking sides with one family member against another (2) Imposing their values on family members (3) Persuading clients the marriage should be maintained

Emotional Reasoning CBT

(10th Cogn. Distrotion) Concluding that negative emotions necessarily offer a reflection of reality

Labeling and mislabeling CBT

(11th Cogn. Distortion) Excessive method of over generalizing

Personalization CBT

(12th Cogn. Distortion) Viewing self as cause of someone else's negative event when in fact was not your responsibility.

All or nothing thinking CBT

(1st cogn. distortion) Black and white or dichotomous thinking Rigid categories

Over generalization CBT

(2nd Cogn. Distortion) Viewing a negative event as persistent pattern of defeat

Mental Filter CBT

(3rd Cogn. Distortion) Fixating on one negative detail and excluding any positive details

Disqualifying the positive CBT

(4th Cogn. Distortion) Insisting that positive experiences do not count - helps to maintain the negative belief system

Jumping to conclusions CBT

(5th Cogn. Distortion) Also called arbitrary inferences Interpreting situation in negative way despite the lack facts to support negative conclusion

Mind Reading CBT

(6th Cogn. distortion) Arbitrarily assuming a negative reaction from someone w/o confirming with the person

Magnification/catastrophizing/minimazation CBT

(7th Cogn. Distortion) Minimization - Also called BInocular trick Exaggerating the importance of things or inappropriate shrinking things until they appear small

The fortune - teller error CBT

(8th Cogn. Distortion) Expecting bad things to happen and feel strongly persuaded that negative predictions are factual

Should statements CBT

(9th Cogn. Distortion) Trying to motivate self with statements like "I should have..." Consequence is often guilt or anger and resentment

Cannon-Bard Theory

(emotion) physiological and emotional change occur simultaneously

MAST

(est 1971) in Michigan Alcoholism screening determines intensity of the drug/alcohol problem

hippocampus

(temporal lobe) learning and memory

hypothalamus

(with CNS and endocrine system) = key role motivated behaviors/drives (eating, drinking, sex, etc.)

Theory of Dysfunction - Structural

- inflexible family structures not adjusting to maturational or situational challenges - rigid or diffuse boundaries between subsystems

neurons at rest

- inside + outside if incoming impulse increases positive charge inside neuron to certain threshold the neuron becomes depolarized and fires action-potential

Stages of therapy - Object Relations

1)Engagement, 2)Projective Identification, 3)Confrontation Stage, 4)Termination, 5)Therapy is often long term

Four Stages of Therapy - Strategic

1)Social stage 2)Problem Identification 3)Interactional stage 4)Goal setting

Theory of Change - Contextual

1)a preventative plan for current and future generations 2)to restore people's capacity to give through fair relating and trust

Contextual Relational Determinants (four dimensions)

1)facts, 2)individual psychology, 3)behavioral transactions, 4)relational ethics

A collaborative therapy is one in which the

1)the expertise of the clients is as much weight as the expertise of the therapist, 2)clients are part of the treatment planning process

according to Bowen, what are three predictable steps in the family reaction to self-differentiation?

1. "You are wrong" or some version of that 2. "Change back" which can be communicated in many ways 3. "If you do not, these are the consequences...."

What two counterbalancing forces drive human relationships according to Bowenian theory?

1. Individuality: independence & 2. Togetherness: companionship

Key assumptions in EFT

1. Need adult intimacy and emotional bond 2. Emotions organize attachment and behaviors 3. Problems continue because of each persons central emotional experience (hiding actual emotion and using defense instead) 4. Change comes from accessing and reprocessing emotional experiences and increasing bond

3 elements of intelligence

1. ability to profit from experience 2. ability to learn new info 3. ability to adjust to new situations

shadow

1. an unconscious aspect of personality which ego does not identify itself 2. entity of the unconscious

2 results of neuron releasing neurotransmitters

1. binding of excitatory neurotransmitter to a receptor that can move that neuron closer to its threshold for having an action potential by causing an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) 2. binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter to receptor that moves neuron further from its threshold for having an action potential by causing an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) *both referred to as graded potentials

3 major neurotransmitters

1. biological amines (dopamine, epinephrine/norepinephrine, serotonin and acetylcholine (activates muscles) 2. amino acids (glutamate and GABA) 3. peptides (substance P (inflammatory processes and pain), endorphins, *these are technically neuromodulators because their effects can be more similar to hormones than neurotransmitters

what are the 6 overlapping stages of MRI brief therapy?

1. client introduced to treatment arrangement 2. inquiry and definition of the problem. Behavioral picture of problem. 3. estimation of which behaviors maintain the problem. What is top priority? 4. treatment goals set as concrete observable behavior. What is the least amount of change acceptable to client. Set goal by 2nd session. 5. behavior interventions determined and made. Relabel behavior. Suggest change 6. termination usually at end of 10 sessions. Review course of therapy gains and issues.

3 categories of variables for committed relationships

1. degree of positive feelings 2. quality of other options 3. level of investment

2 ways of removing neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft

1. denzymatic degradation: enzymes bind and destroy them 2. reuptake: excess is sent to presynaptic neuron for storage

what are the 2 important steps in the process of self-differentiation from the parental family?

1. develop the person-to-person relationship with each parent 2. understand the emotional system and patterns of the triangle

what 6 interlocking concepts did Bowen say shapes the interplay of indivduality and togetherness?

1. differentiation of self 2. triangles 3. nuclear family emtional process 4. family projection process 5. multigenerational transmission process 6. sibling position

what two additional interlocking concepts did Bowen add in the 1970s?

1. emotional cutoff 2. societal emotional process

what does emotional cutoff tend to produce?

1. emotional distance between the partners 2. physical or emotional dysfunction in one partner 3. marital conflict 4. projection of problems onto the children

what are the 4 dimensions in which observations are made in contextual therapy?

1. facts 2. individual psychology 3. behavioral transactions 4. relational ethics

what is the 4 dimensional framework in contextual therapy?

1. facts 2. individual psychology 3. behavioral transactions 4. relational ethics

as a transgenerational therapist what are your 4 objectives when working with a couple?

1. keep the emotional system meaningful and toned down enough for them to cope objectively without too much emtional reactiveness 2. keep yourself out of the emotional field between the couple 3. establish what Bowen calls an "I" position, part of the differentiation of self 4. Teach the couple how emotional systems operate and encourage them to work toward their respective self-differentiation to their families of origin

dream interpretation

1. manifest content; what actually happened 2. latent content: underlying meaning

what 3 of Bowen's original 6 concepts all refer to how family problems are passed down thru the generations? what do we call this now?

1. nuclear family emotional process 2. family projection process 3. multigenerational transmission process They all combine to one concept: multigenerational emotional process

psychosexual stages

1. oral (possessive-sadistic) 2. anal (retentive-expulsive) 3. phallic (oedipus/electra and castration fear) 4. latency 5. genital

3 common elements of personality

1. relatively enduring qualities in our behavior 2. uniqueness 3. comprehensiveness

determinants of creative problem-solving

1. stimulus pattern 2. knowledge 3. personality - needs to be ably to tolerate frustration and ambiguity

5 steps to form hypothesis

1.Observe family bx 2.Identify role the problem plays in family 3.what keeps family from solving problem 4.determine if presenting problem is connected to trauma 5.develop brief summary of main problem

7 steps in Robert's crisis intervention model

1.Quickly enacted assessment 2.Therapist gains families confidence/joins 3.figure out major issues in family 4.understand each persons emotions 5 help family come up with some options 6 together make a plan 7 long term plan and follow up/continued treatment

what 3 areas will symptoms be expressed in Bowen theory

1.marital conflict 2. dysfunction in one of the partners 3. projection to one or more of the children

Guilford's structure of intelligence

120 factors in 3 classifications 1. contents 2. products 3. operations

taste sensitivity

2 stage process 1. chemical stimulates penetrating taste buds 2. chemical reaction that prompts

what does Bowen suggest as the optimal distance from family of origin?

200 miles to permit visits and yet be far enough away from the emotional field of the family

Sternberg's theory of intelligence

3 abilities 1. analytical 2. creative 3. practical

Amabile

3 cognitive/personality characteristics for creativity 1. expertise in the field 2. creative skills 3. internal motivation

attitude

3 components: 1. cognitive 2. emotional 3. behavioral

middle ear

3-part bone structure (ossicles) including hammer, anvil and stirrup; converts sound waves into vibrations

normal distributions

34% between 1 SD 14% between 2 SDS 2% between 3+

Action Stage of change

4th stage -requires serious commitment of times and energy - people make changes to bx to overcome problem

Maintenance stage of change

5th stage- work to prevent relapse and to consolidate gains made

Thunderstone's multiple factors

7 factors of intelligence (spatial ability, memory, perceptual speed, etc.)

Bogardus' scale of measuring attitudes

7-phrase description range

Positive attachment creates...

A "secure base" from which to explore environment AND A safe haven which buffers effects of stress so development can occur

Triangles

A 3 person relationship which develops to deal with tension between 2 people. Reduces tension and anxiety in order to attempt to stabilize the relationship. Danger is that the conflict can freeze in place and not change

Dysfunctional Schema CBT

A Beck term which blocks person who is depressed from seeing positive aspects of their situation

Second Order Change

A change in the rules that govern the emotions and behavioral patterns of the system resulting in fundamental system reorganization and permanent changes in interactions

Feedback Loops are

A circular mechanism whereby feedback is reintroduced into the system, in a looping chain of events that influence on another

Symmetrical Relationship

A relationship in which there is relatively equal distribution of control and power often resulting in rapid escalation of conflict

Content

A term that describes the topics that people in therapy are discussing

Process

A term used to describe the dynamics of a system often

Founders of Psychodynamic Therapy

Ackerman, Dicks, Boszormenyi-Nagy

Therapist stance in Strategic Therapy

Active and deliberate *short term therapy

Therapists stance in Contextual Therapy

Active, personal, advocate Co-therapy Relational balance

First Order Change

Adaptations and changes in families which may change behavior, but do not affect the system's organization

7 key techniques of CBT

Adaptive self-statements, altering cognitions, behavior modification, desentization, homework, thought stopping, problem solving

Individual approach to personality

Adler basic drive is superiority-striving inferiority complexes social interest as determinant of mental health birth order and personality predisposing situations for mental illness: organ inferiority, pampering, neglect

Ethics Principle 8

Advertising Accurately represent self, scope of practice, training, etc Accurately represent professional affiliations and membership

5 Key Concepts in CBT

Affect, Behaviors, cognitions, cognitive distortions (12) , cognitive schemas

Alliance Building (EFT)

Aim is to create alliance where both partners feel safe and accepted by their therapist

Founder of Crisis intervention Model

Albert Robert 7 steps

McAndrews Scale

Alcoholism scale (est 1965) 49 objective items measures substance abuse

Major Concept - Experiential

Alienation

Reflective listening (4 main components in Rogerian Technique)

All 4 necessary for successful reflective listening... Empathy, Congruence, acceptance, concreteness

Who is seen as problem in CBT Family Therapy?

All family members

Cloe Madanes believe that a major concept of Strategic therapy was

All problems brought to therapy stem from the dilemma between love and violence

Major Concepts - Structural

Alliances

functional autonomy (approach to personality)

Allport traits that once had a survival function now take on a self-perpetuating life of their own; counters psychoanalysis with a positive view of human nature

By giving credit to people, Contextual therapists teach clients to:

Also give credit to each other

According to Minuchin, the common or signature pattern for troubled middle-class families consists of:

An enmeshed mother and a disengaged father

Complimentary Relationship

An interactional pattern in which members of an intimate relationship establish roles and take on behavioral patterns which fulfill the unconscious needs and demands of the other

Collaborative Language Systems theorists

Anderson & Andersen Goolishian Hoffman Bateson

A "problem determined system" is a system whose dominate view serves to maintain the problem. Through conversation the members of the system agree that a problem exists. Which theorist coined this term?

Anderson and Goolishian

Automatic Thoughts (CBT definition)

Arbitrary and immediate beliefs we bring into a situation, often unconsciously

A Bowen Therapist would say

As a child what was your relationship with your parents Ask the parents if they acted out when they were younger

Key concepts in Attachment theory

Attachment style (secure, avoidant/fearful, or avoidant/dismissal) Attachment needs (to be loved, accepted, comforted, understood, validated, receive empathy, trust partner or family will be there in time of need)

Key concepts in EFT

Attachment, consolidation, pursuer, withdrawer

Theory of Dysfunction - MRI Brief

Attempted solutions become the problem, individual/family involved in a vicious cycle of mishandled attempts to solve the problem, Individual/family engages in "more of the same"

Theory of Dysfunction - MRI (Brief Treatment)

Attempted solutions become the problem, individual/family involved in a vicious cycle of mishandled attempts to solve the problem, individual/family engages in "more of the same"

Emphasis in Experiential Therapy

Authenticity and self actualization

Distracting (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)

Avoiding, pretending to not understand, being quiet, weak, helpless

What is Emotional cut off

Avoids emotional issues Can remain physically close or distant Scared or threatened by intimacy Avoidance is caused by anxiety

Goal of Contextual Therapy

Balance fairness in couples/families

Major theory of the Circumplex Model is

Balanced couple and family systems tended to be more functional compared to Unbalanced systems.

reciprocal determinism

Bandura a person's behavior affects the environment which in turn affects the person's behavior

Social approach to personality

Bandura/Rotter focus on expectancies and values of behavior outcomes; stimulus-organism response (as distinct from radical's stimulus-response)

Collaborative Couple's Therapy - Cycles

Based on the three cycles: (1) distant and estranged. (2) oppositional where the partner is seen as the enemy. (3) collaborative with the partner seen as an ally.

who did the Milan team take much of its formulation of systems from?

Bateson

Determining the baseline frequency of the problem behaviors occurring in the family system is necessary in order to:

Be able to accurately measure progress

Cognitive Affective Techniques comes from

Behavioral

Contingency contract comes from

Behavioral

Respondent Condition comes from

Behavioral

Shaping comes from

Behavioral

Coercion comes from

Behavioral Therapy

Quid pro quo comes from

Behavioral Therapy

Mimesis model of trauma

Belief that important for victims to clearly remember the trauma in detail so they can work through the emotions and feelings to move past and not become obsessed or stuck in the event

Constructivism theory

Belief that people understand the world built on own perceptions (senses, beliefs, values, own processing abilities) as well as actual things in the world.

Who is known as the feminist Bowenian therapist?

Betty Carter

Sibling position (Bowen)

Birth order is thought to influence behavior and emotions within and outside of family of origin The view that we take on roles due to birth order from family of origin

what are some similarities of object relations and strategic therapy in the Milan tradition?

Both use history taking, pattern recognition, and working with the mutual impact of the family system

Core problems in Structural Therapy

Boundaries (Enmeshment or disengagement), inadequate parent-child subsystems (hierarchy), Inability of family to adjust to developmental changes, homeostasis keeps families in current relational patterns

The following therapist is most associated with multigenerational process of psychopathology

Bowen

Which theory believes that relative birth order is significant in determining specific characteristics?

Bowen Systems

Detriangle comes from

Bowen Therapy

Emotional Cutoff comes from

Bowen Therapy

Genogram comes from

Bowen Therapy

Multigenerational Transmission Process comes from

Bowen Therapy

Triangles comes from

Bowen Therapy

Triangulation comes from

Bowen Therapy

Undifferentiated ego mass comes from

Bowen Therapy

What is the most comprehensive theory in family therapy?

Bowen Transgenerational Theory

Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass

Bowen term described the inability of a family to experience individual feelings and emotions, instead functioned as one unhealthy being

who are some therapists (and their orientation) whose work reflects many basic concepts of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?

Bowen who guides the individual through the family projection process. Boszormenyi-Nagy who works with individuals in the context of loyalties and ethics. James Framo who works with transgenerational projected identifications of the introject

Family projection process

Bowen's concept that parents emotional issues are transferred to their children psychologically This can manifest symptoms and disorders in the children

What determines the basic level of self in a person?

Bowen's differentiation of self.

what branch of therapy does object relations come from?

Bowen's transgenerational

In the early stages of group therapy, members begin to complain about not being able to ask questions and having to self-disclose. What would Yalom suggest is the best method to handle the situation?

Bring up resistance as an issue in group dialogue

Theory of Dysfunction - Network Therapy

Broaden the context of treatment beyond the nuclear family to provide greater resources

MRI (brief therapy) assessment

Build view of entire system and how connected Broad problem - specific problem - solution

What is Reality Therapy

CBT approach focuses on what is happening in clients current life and then looks to the future

simultaneous pairing

CS and UCS are presented at the same time

forward pairing

CS precedes the UCS

backward pairing

CS presented after the UCS

Definition of Differentiation of self

Capable of strong emotion and spontaneity, restraint, objectivity Not at risk of losing self but enjoys closeness Balance thinking and feeling Resist impulses (manages emotions)

"Garage Machanic" who created

Carl Whitaker

Who came up with the idea co-therapist

Carl Whitaker

Who created the term garage mechanic?

Carl Whitaker

Who introduced C0-Therapy

Carl Whitaker

Who introduced co-therapy?

Carl Whitaker

Who are the founders of psycho educational therapy?

Carol Anderson and Hogerty

L, Q and T data

Cattell L = life data Q = questions regarding self T = objective test

factor analysis approach to personality

Cattell/Eysenck correlational clusters enable us to identify certain personality traits Cattell: source trait identification Eysenck: typology premised on intro/extroversion stability/neuroticism and impulse control/psychoticism

Circularity

Causality is not linear. Events, behaviors, and interactions are seen in a more complex way

Adaptive Self-Statements CBT

Challenge automatic thoughts about self -record thoughts, discuss how thoughts contribute to symptoms, come up with strategies for alternatives

CTR therapeutic approach to depression

Challenge-test- reward Challenge - offer positive alternative to belief Test -try the new belief Rewards - reward self with positive

Second order change

Change in the structure and function of the family system or change in the rules of the system

Methods/techniques - EFT

Changing interactional positions

4 examples of mandated reporting

Child abuse, elder abuse, Tarrasoff, dependent adult abuse

Filial Loyalty (Contextual)

Children are expected to have an inherent loyalty to parents "Repay" parents by caring for them in old age

According to Psychoanalytic theory, mental conflict arises when:

Children learn that expressing natural impulses brings punishment

Psychoanalytic theory believes conflict arises when?

Children learn that expressing natural impulses brings punishment

Experiential therapists believe that parents attempts to control children's feelings result in what?

Children learn to suppress emotions

Which theorist assumes that all problems presented to therapy result from the dilemma between love and violence?

Chloe Madanas

Anthony and Brenda come to counseling on the advice of Brenda's doctor. Brenda tells you that Anthony sits in front of the television all day and won't pay attention to her at all. Anthony tells you that Brenda is always doing something around the house and ignores him, so he just watches television. A Strategic family therapist would see this interaction as an example of:

Circular causality.

Jay Haley believed that a major concept of Strategic therapy was

Clear rules should govern hierarchy

Anti-Mimesis model of trauma

Clearly opposes the MImesis model. This model Condones forgetting, blocking, and denial as ways to manage the stress level form the trauma.

Transference

Client reassigns emotions or feelings from the true target to a replacement figure due to unresolved conflict

Pretending

Clients are instructed to pretend to have the symptom

Gerald Patterson - theory

Cognitive Behavioral

Richard Stuart - theory

Cognitive Behavioral

Postmodern theory - Which theory

Collaborative

Family life cycle (and who defined it)

Common stages by which families develop and change across the life span Defined by Betty Carter and Monica McGoldrick

MMPI -2 (test/assessment)

Complete psychological inventory Used in addiction treatment To diagnose major psychological or social disorder

Introspection training

Conditioning technique to help client recognize and cope with social cues & early signals of panick attacks

Ethics Principle 2

Confidentiality Inform of confidentiality, written permission to disclose, protect information

Core problems in Psychodynamic Therapy

Conflict, Projective identification, fixation, and regression

Entitlement comes from

Contextual

Boszormenyi-Nagy created

Contextual Therapy

Exoneration comes from

Contextual Therapy

Justice/Fairness

Contextual Therapy

Parentification comes from

Contextual Therapy

Transactions comes from

Contextual Therapy

Which theory focuses on ledgers and balances?

Contextual therapy

Schemas CBT

Core beliefs about the world and how it functions Can distort family members perceptions and effect their responses to each other

Cognitive schemas (CBT definition)

Core beliefs about the world and how it operates. Necessary for functioning - not always negative

What is "accommodation" in the structural process

Couple transitions from courtship to adjusting to partnership

Theory of Dysfunction - Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy

Couples hide their actual emotions and exhibit defensive or coercive emotions leading to negative interacctions

NFT indicates that instead of focusing on reframing client's negative interpretations, it is more effective to focus on:

Creating a new and more positive story

Narrative Therapy indicates that instead of focusing on reframing client's negative interpretations, it is more effective to focus on:

Creating a new and more positive story

Three ways clients are characterized - Solution Focused

Customer, Complainant, Visitor

Circumplex Model written by

David H. Olson

Founder of Feminist Therapy

Deborah Luepnitiz

Who is the founder of the feminist theory?

Deborah Luepnitiz

5 Stages of grief and loss

Denial/isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

A man discussed his difficult and painful childhood with his therapist. When asked by the therapist, if he hoped things would be easier for his children than for him, the man responded: 'Why should they?' According to Contextual therapy, this is an example of:

Destructive entitlement

Haley's model focuses on ...

Determining the context and function of the symptoms Prompting the client to behave in ways that are incompatible with the maladaptive behaviors * connected to strategic theory

Don Jackson

Developed 2 key theories Interactional and Conjoint Family Therapy Introduced the idea of Family Rules (Unspoken, unwritten rules in families)

Dyadic Adjustment scale

Diagnostic test Use in marriage therapy Measures quality of marriage Used to guide therapy based on responses

Object Relations/Psychodynamic is

Dicks, Fairbairn, Framo, Scharf & Scharf

Uniques challenges in same sex couples

Differ from traditional relationships in sex, gender traits, socialization, finances, legal rights, boundaries and expectations of partner, conception of children.

Main Goal of Bowenian Model

Differentiation of self

What is the emphasis in Bowenian therapy?

Differentiation of self

Parentification

Distortion of a relationship that induces spouse or child to assume parental responsibilities for that person

The first clinical director of the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto, CA.

Don Jackson

Founders of Strategic Therapy

Don Jackson & Jay Haley

who are the founders of strategic therapy?

Don Jackson and Jay Haley

Major Concept of Milan

Double bind

Emphasis in Psychodynamic Therapy

Drives, Self objects, internal objects

Circular Questioning is

Each family member comments on the behavior and interactions of two other members. It is hoped that behavior will become less rigid when members are exposed to different perspectives.

Physical reactions to grief

Eating (too much or too little), insomnia, medical (high blood pressure, stomach problems)

Social Constructivists

Emphasize the importance of society or communities in the individuals belief system. Therapists have heavy focus on language in creating new definitions and explainations for events

Key techniques in Structural Therapy

Enactments and boundary making

Jessica, a divorced mother of two adult children, is at your office and tells you that one son moved in with a young woman his age and that they both admit that the young woman "pushed him into it." Jessica's son is very intelligent, attractive, and has a quiet personality. Jessica is angry at the young woman for "trapping my son" and tells you that the young woman has taken over her son's life and she (Jessica) never gets to see him anymore. Jessica wants you to help her with her feelings of resentment and anger at her son and this woman. Jessica's other adult son is also very intelligent and came home to live with his mother after several failed relationships. Jessica resents her son living in her home, "making a mess, not paying for anything and not finishing school." Jessica's ex-husband is a professional man who is successful financially, but has no relationship with his sons. As a structural therapist, which interventions would you use to help this family?

Enactments and boundary making; work with family strengths

In Bowenian therapy, a person who is too close to other members of the family would be referred to as:

Enmeshed

Much in stated that a common pattern for troubled middle class families was...

Enmeshed mother and disengaged father

Balance of power

Equalizing access to power in a couple hierarchy

Founders of Psychoanalytic Therapy

Erick Erickson & Erich Fromm

Industry vs Inferiority

Ericksons stage of development in elementary school kids - Trauma blocks intelligence

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage infancy - 1 year; develop sense of trust when caregiver provides reliability and care (lack = mistrust)

As If Structure comes from

Experiential

Metaphor comes from

Experiential

Parts party comes from

Experiential - Satir

Temperature Reading comes from

Experiential - Satir

Key techniques in Narrative Therapy

Externalization, Identifying uniques outcomes, create audiences of support, dominant story or view

Common questionaires in premarital counseling

FOCCUS, Relate, PREPare

Theory of Dysfunction - Milan

Family members are caught up in an unacknowledged "dirty game", problems maintained by behavioral sequences, problems exist when the family's old espistemology (belief) does not fit its current pattern of behavior

Theory of Dysfunction - Narrative

Family members' participation in the problem, internalization of the problem, family unable to distinguish problem in "time"

Centrifugal

Family system dynamic Members are expelled or encouraged to operate on the periphery

What is the most extreme theory of the family therapy

Feminist theory

motherese

Fernald; the universal way we speak to babies

cognitive dissonance

Festinger tendency for people to seek a state of consonance between attitudes and behavior Aronson: initiation type settings - if we go through unpleasant behavior to join a group we justify it by enhancing the valuation of that group

Ethics Principle 7

Financial Arrangements Decline incentives for referrals, disclose financial rules before services offered, be truthful (supervisor,insurance, eat ) about services, No bartering, not withhold records due to $

MRI Concept is

Find most motivated person in the system

Cognitive reactions to grief

Forgetfulness, in attention, distractable, low self esteem, blame oneself

logotherapy (approach to personality)

Frankl will to meaning; making goals and work towards them rather than a will to power or pleasure

cathexis and anticathexis

Freud investing emotional energy in another person (positive/negative)

defense mechanisms

Freud's interpretation of us dealing with anxiety

Founders of Gestalt Therapy

Fritz & Laura Perls

Key techniques in CBT

Functional analysis and teaching positive control

What therapy is Milton Erickson associated with?

Gestalt therapy (and the Mental Research Institute)

What is an undifferentiated self?

Greater emotional fusion into a common self with others, easily moved to emotionality

In addition, Dr J exaggerates the couple's arguments, calling the "battles" and relationship threatening. He relates to the family is fears that these "battles" are headed straight for the divorce court. Dr. J is most likely practicing from which theorist's model?

Haley

The following theorist is most associated with power and control

Haley

Collaborative Theory was developed by

Harlene Anderson

Who worked with Harlene Anderson

Harold Goolishian

Structural Fam. TX view of a healthy family states that ...

Healthy families accommodate to change in circumstances

Leveling (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)

Healthy option Displaying affect and behavior appropriately Real and authentic

Altering cognitions CBT

Help client alter negative thoughts into healthier useful thoughts ID maladaptive bx, identify logical errors that allow maladaptive cognition to occur, change underlying assumption

Cultural approach to personality

Horney 3 ways of relating to people/the world: moving towards (dependent), against (aggressive) and away (withdrawing)

3 column problem formation

Hx of events, beliefs, problem behavior * Identifies problem and what is causing them to continue

Strategies used in Cognitive Behavioral family therapy are also geared at:

Identifying distorted or inaccurate thinking patterns that affect the system

Dyadic Model

Illustration or connection drawn to explain behavior based on two people EX -"Suzie acts that way because she wants moms attention"

In CBT what are core problems

Inadvertent reinforcement and adversive control

Enmeshment

Inappropriate rigid boundaries with in a family system where everyone is thinking and feeling alike (rigid rules)

Transgenerational Entitlements/ Indebtedness (Contextual)

Inherent rights Ledgers are thought to be maintained by individuals of what is owed to them based on fairness and entitlement

A group whose leader spends her time modeling behaviors such as listening, empathy, and tends to structure the group experience, is in which of the following developmental stages:

Initial

Ledger is

Internal system in which balance of debts and entitlements is kept--balance between debt and self fulfilment

Key terms & Concepts in Object Relations Therapy

Introjects, Good enough parenting, projective identification, splitting, mirroring, false self, Cross-confrontation, self-confrontation

Analytical approach to personality

Jung 4 perceptual approaches to the environment: thinking, feeling, intuiting and sensing

archetypes

Jung highly developed elements of the collective unconscious and can only be deduced through observation (2 = anima and animus)

preconventional level

Kohlberg's first level; focuses on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards

conventional level

Kohlberg's second level; person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as other social order and lawfulness

postconventional level

Kohlberg's third level; the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust immoral local rules

Experiential therapists believe that as a result of parental attempts to control children's feelings, children:

Learn to suppress emotions

Differentiation scale

Level of differentiation measured on scale of 0-100 0=low differentiation (low solid self) 100 = high differentiation (large solid self)

Communications Theory

Looks at verbal and non verbal ways people communicate (grew out of work from Bateson, Erickson, Haley)

Disengagement

Loose internal emotional bonds and rigid boundaries combined with diffuse boundaries with in external system -lack of intimacy between members, little common interest, not understand each other

Devil's Pact comes from

MRI

Reframing comes from

MRI

Symmetrical Relationship comes from

MRI

Utilizating Resistance comes from

MRI

who influenced the Milan Systemic School?

MRI (Mental Research Institute)

Theory of Dysfunction - Behavioral & Cognitive Behavioral

Maladaptive symptomatic behaviors are learned responses, involuntarily acquired and reinforced

MSI -R

Marital Satisfaction inventory Developed by Doug Snyder Reliable indicator of a couples overall marriage situation (shows strengths and areas of change)

Founders of Attachment Theory

Mary Ainsworth & John Bowlby

Sex theorists

Masters and Johnson Kaplan LoPiccolo

Ethics promotes _____ standards of performance determined by the profession.

Maximum or ideal.

Beaver scales I and II

Measures interaction style (Centripetal - centrifugal) & family competence Competency (optimal - dysfunctional)

Projective Identification theorist

Melanie Klein

Founders and Leading figures in Object Relations Therapy

Melanie Klein, D. Winnecott, James Framo, David & Jill Sharff

what does MRI stand for?

Mental Research Institute

Founders of Narrative Therapy

Michael White & David Epston

who are the founders of narrative therapy?

Michael White & David Epston

Mara Selvini Palazzoli, Juigi Boscolo, Gianfranco Cecchin and Guilana Prata were strategic therapists who based their approach on the work of Gregory Bateson. What is the name of their approach to family therapy?

Milan Systemic Therapy

Family Rituals comes from

Milan Therapy

Known for confusion technique which occupied the conscious mind so that the unconscious mind could take over.

Milton Erickson

paradoxical directives came from

Milton Erickson

Haley was influenced by

Milton Erickson, Gregory Bateson, Salvador Minuchin

Structural Therapy was developed by

Minuchin, Montalvo, Fishman, Aponte

Psychodynamic

Model which emphasizes expectations formed by early experience

The strategies used in Cognitive Behavioral family therapy are designed to:

Modify the specific contingencies of reinforcement for each family

This major model developer believed that, in order for a therapist to remain detached, neutral, and non-anxious with clients, he or she must lower their level of reactivity to their own family of origin. Who was the model developer?

Murray Bowen

Who is the founder of Bowenian therapy?

Murray Bowen & James Framo (follower, although some argue he is more object-relations, he feels he is transgenerational)

what family systems model is the most comprehensive in family therapy?

Murray Bowen's transgenerational model

Leading figures in Bowenian system theory

Murray Bowen, Betty Carter, Michael Kerr, Monica McGoldrick, Phillip Guerin

Intergenerational therapists were

Murray Bowen, Ivan Böszörményi-Nagy, James Framo, and Norman Paul

NFT

Narrative Family Therapy It is thought to be more effective to focus on creating new more positive story rather than focusing on reframing negative interpretations of past

Collaborative Theory is part of

Narrative Therapy

what is the emphasis in narrative therapy?

Narrative theory & social constructionism

Emphasis in Narrative Therapy

Narrative theory and social constructionism

Subjugated stories comes from

Narrative therapy

Unstoried competencies comes from

Narrative therapy

The Big 5

Neuroticism Openness Extroversion Conscientiousness Agreeableness

Stance of Bowen Therapist

Neutral and objective, Coach

Therapist stance in Bowenian or Transgenerational Therapy

Neutral, objective, coach, consultant Focus on Facts instead of feeling

Assessment in Structural Family Therapy

Notice how the behaviors and actions may contribute to the problem behaviors

Creation of a sufficient holding environment is a critical part of which theoretical approach?

Object Relations

Of Bowen's transgenerational model, the contextual model and object relations which is the least directive?

Object relations

Senate Focus

Often used in Sex Therapy to address dysfunction Therapist instructs the couple to avoid sexual intercourse and instead is given non sexual homework involving physical touch without sexual contact - persons receiving is instructed to not reciprocate but to just enjoy and focus on relaxing

John E Bell

One of the first psychologists known to practice family therapy. Proposed that just like other groups, families go through stages in therapy and this therapist came up with a specific plan to treat each stage. Saw the therapist's role as that of a facilitator, encouraging participation of all members and improving family communication.

Ambivalence (in couples therapy)

One or both may be unwilling to forgive past behaviors

Fusion/ emotional fusion (Bowen term)

Over connected emotionally with another family member Results in not being able to make own decisions or have own opinion

Placating (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern )

Pacifying, glossing over differences, defensiveness

who are the Milan systemic theorists?

Palazzoli; Cecchin; Boscolo; and Prata

Contextual Therapy

Past Oriented Pays attention to back ground history, past experiences, in order to assess ways it has effected client

Founders CBT therapy

Paterson, Liberman, Stuart

Founder MRI Brief Therapy

Paul Watzlawick

who is the founder of MRI Brief Therapy?

Paul Watzlawick

Leading figures in CBT

Pavlov, Skinner, Beck, Liberman, Baucom, Stuart

who are two of Bowen's most prominent students?

Philip Guerin and Thomas Fogarty

class inclusion

Piaget kid can look at 4 apples and 6 bananas and identify that there are more fruits than bananas

concrete operational stage

Piaget's 3rd stage age 6-11; during which the child can perform mental operations

formal operations stage

Piaget's final stage; age 11/12 and up when formal logic is possible

sensorimotor stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (ages 0-2) when infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies

Harlene Anderson developed

Postmodern collaborative approach

Medical Family Therapy

Practice of helping families developing strategies to deal with a chronic illness or disability suffered by one or more family members.

Focus/emphasis of strategic theory (also called)

Pragmatic problem solving strategies Focus on homeostasis and feedback loops (Milan Model)

5 stages of change

Pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Core problem in Solution Focused Therapy

Problem Talk (language creates reality and meaning given to behaviors puts limits on any solutions) Inability to see change and solutions

Core problem in Narrative Therapy

Problem saturated stories

Collaborative therapist think

Problems are considered part of everyday living; they are not considered the product of pathological individuals or dysfunctional families

Theory of Dysfunction - Collaborative Language Systems

Problems are maintained in language by a problem-determined system, the view of the problem hampers any successful means of resolution

From the solution-focused therapy perspective

Problems can be solved without knowing their cause.

Multigenerational Transmission Process (Bowen term)

Process of projecting nuclear family emotional experience onto the next generations with in a family

Projective identification

Process of seeing undesirable aspects of ourself in someone else and interacting (unconsciously) in a way to promote undesired characteristics

Problem Solving CBT

Process to learn how to resolve own problems Define problem, divide into managable parts, think of solutions, carry out new solution, select best solution, examine results, modify solution

Ethics Principle 3

Professional Competence and Integrity Maintain competency through education, supervision Know new laws, maintain records, avoid things outside of scope of practice

Reframing (EFT)

Providing alternative and more positive ways to view a clients problem or behaviors

Family ritual technique

Purpose to have family examine and break rigid rules that are dysfunctional and perpetuate the system

Emphasis of Feminist Therapy

Questions system theory, deliberately political

Effective informed consent procedures

Reduce client misunderstanding and liability

Alliance (Domestic Violence Cycle)

Refers to the redemptive phase of the abuse cycle in which the perpetrator promises never to act violently again and the victim agrees to participate in that goal

Key techniques in Strategic Therapy

Reframing directives, enactments, reframing

What is the emphasis in CBT?

Reinforcement, Extinction, Schemas

Behavior modification CBT

Replace unwanted behaviors with more desirable ones ID cues, specify new behavior, reward progress on goal

The choice of a Marital partner is determined by what? (According to Bowen)

Replication of familiar family interaction Similar level of differentiation Choosing their own alter ego

Choice of marital partner is determined, according to Bowen, by way of:

Replication of familiar family interaction; similar levels of differentiation; choosing their own alter ego

Unbalancing

Requires family members to act outside normal boundaries and explore different roles

Ethics principle 1

Responsibility to clients Avoid discrimination, obtain consent, avoid multiple relationships, no sexual contact, not abandon client

Ethics Principle 4

Responsibility to employees, students, supervisee Avoid exploration of students/supervisees No sex (burden on MFT), Avoid multiple relationships

Ethics Principle 5

Responsibility to research participants No therapeutic services, inform participants, protect data collected, participants right to withdraw

Ethics Principle 6

Responsibility to the profession Uphold AAMFT codes above other, credit other authors, no plagiarize, do pro bono

Reflective listening

Rogerian Technique (4 main components( Empathy, congruence, acceptance, concreteness

Client-centered approach to personality

Rogers listen to your feelings. often they are wiser than your intellect

Social Construction therapies are

SFBT (Solution Focused Brief Therapy), Narrative Therapy, Collaborative Therapy, Relational Transactional Analysis (Two-Person Psychology) and Social Therapy

Founder of Structural therapy

Salvador Minuchin

who are the founders of structural therapy?

Salvador Minuchin

A "3-S" pot is a metaphor associated with which model?

Satir

The technique of "temperature reading' or asking a family to set aside a specific time each day to get in touch with each other, was developed by

Satir

Who used sculpting?

Satir

Experiential theorists

Satir and Whitaker

Theory of Dysfunction - Experiential

Scapegoat provides anxiety relief for the family, family cannot tolerate interpersonal natural stress, role rigidity, lack of tolerance for difference, symptoms are nonverbal messages in reaction to the dysfunctional communication working in the system

Positive psychology approach to personality

Seligman 3 pillars: positive emotions, character and groups/communities

Milan Systemic Therapy

Selvini-Palazzoli, Prata, Boscolo, Cecchin

Cross generational coalition

Situation where child and parent or grandparent work together against another family member

Emphasizes the importance of society or communities in the development of an individual's belief system.

Social Constructionism

"You must have a good reason to...." is

Solution Focused

Complimenting comes from

Solution Focused

Formula First Task comes from

Solution Focused

Scaling questions comes from

Solution Focused

Miracle question comes from

Solution focused

More of the same assignments comes from

Solution focused

Describe an example of emotional cutoff.

Some people seek distance by moving away, others seek distance emotionally by avoiding personal conversations or insulating themselves with the presence of third parties.

what are the stages to de-parentify a family member in contextual therapy?

Stage 1) parents begin to attribute "parental" significance to the therapist, pressure on the child to be parent lowers; consequently the identified parent may experience symptom relief (some families may try to terminate therapy early) Stage 2) involves addressing the entire spectrum of family dynamics as the family reveals them

Implosion (flooding) Therapy

Stampfl sudden and all at once; because our sympathetic NS cannot maintain high arousal for long person will eventually come down and feel more relaxed

Founders in Solution Focused Therapy

Steve De Shazer & Insoo Kim Berg

who are the founders of solution-focused therapy?

Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg

Close Madanes is associated with what theory

Strategic

Theory that grew out of communications theory

Strategic

What theory emphasizes positive feedback cycles

Strategic

What theory focuses on out of session behavioral sequences

Strategic

What theory focuses on out-of-session directives

Strategic

What therapy focuses on problem-solving?

Strategic

Which model will sometimes use ordeals to alter symptom expression?

Strategic

Which theory is indirect and no confrontational

Strategic

Reframe is from

Strategic Family Therapy

Haley, Madanes

Strategic Therapy

Paradoxical Intervention comes from

Strategic Therapy

Prescription comes from

Strategic Therapy

Symptom Prescription comes from

Strategic Therapy

Pretending comes from

Strategic Therapy - Madanes

Circular causality

Strategic family therapy Person A blames Person B for bx but then Person B says bx is caused by person A

Therapist stance in Experiential Therapy

Strength Based, Gentle, positive, authentic

What theory emphasizes negative feedback loops and cycles

Structural

What theory focuses on in session immediate behaviors

Structural

Which theory is direct, straightforward and confrontational

Structural

what theory emphasizes negative-feedback loops or cycles?

Structural

accommodation comes from

Structural Family Therapy

Coalitions come from

Structural Therapy

Detouring comes from

Structural Therapy

Disengagement comes from

Structural Therapy

Enmeshment comes from

Structural Therapy

Joining comes from

Structural Therapy

Mimesis comes from

Structural Therapy

Parentified child comes from

Structural Therapy

Subsystem comes from

Structural Therapy

Tracking comes from

Structural Therapy

Alliances comes from

Structural and Strategic

Neuropsychology

Study of the relationship between how the brain works and the way people behave.

Discontinuous change

Sudden change in the family system organization usually brought on by a crisis which effects the perception of the problem

Leading figures in EFT Therapy

Susan Johnson & Leslie Greenburg

Theory of Dysfunction - Strategic

Symptoms are maintained by the family's unsuccessful problem-problem solving efforts, inability to adjust to life-cycle transitions, dysfunctional hierarchy, triangulation or coalitions

Theory of Dysfunction - Strategic

Symptoms are maintained by: - the family's unsuccessful problem-solving efforts - Inability to adjust to life cycle transitions - Dysfunctional hierarchy - Triangulation or coalitions

Allopoetic system

System that can be controlled from the outside (such as machine)

Auto poetic system

System that is self organized, self maintained. - biological & Human systems are example

tricyclics

TCAS; potent, for severely depressed patients, prevent reabsorption of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin imiopramine (Tofranil) amitriptyline (Elavil) fewer side effects and complications than MAO inhibitors

What are examples of mandated reporting?

Tarasoff, child abuse, dependent adult abuse, and elder abuse

What is differentiation of self?

The autonomy of functioning which results in being less reactive to family system dynamics and other members' emotional states.

Relational ethics (Contextual)

The balance of equality around those in relationship

Nuclear family emotional process (Bowen term)

The basic emotional pattern /force that occurs in a family that influences where the problems develop 4 basic processes

Constructivism

The belief that people's understanding of the world is built on a combination of their own perceptions based on senses, beliefs, values, and individual processing abilities, as well as the actual things in the world.

Focus in Communications theory

The exchange of verbal and non verbal messages in relationships

Communications theory is defined as the study of:

The exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages in relationships

Theory of Dysfunction - Psychoeducational

The family has been damaged by insensitive professionals, family has need for information/education, family has need to learn different coping strategies, anxiety about what to do and grief over the issue has rendered family symptomatic

Major Concepts - Milan

The family is viewed as a system that is constantly evolving

Revolving Slate (of injustice)

The generational perpetuation of destructive entitlement where one generation damages the next innocent generation. The process is reinforced by earned destructive entitlement and is the chief factor in family and marital dysfunction

Family Myths (definition)

The ideology with in the family. Common ways of interacting with in a particular family unit (may be unconscious)

Societal emotional Process (Bowen)

The influence of society in which the family exists (sexism, Classism, racism, etc)

Strength of MRI (Mental Research Institute

The interdisciplinary staff

Theory of Dysfunction - Solution-Focused

The meanings people attribute to behavior limits the range of alternatives they will use to deal with the situation, focus remains on problem and restricted set of behaviors

Withdrawer engagement (EFT)

The more withdrawn a partner begins to take more active and engaged role in relationship

Multiversa is term developed by Harlene Anderson. This term refers to

The multitude of ideas that potentially exist.

Cybernetics is

The study of how systems are controlled by information and feedback loops and the means by which they work

Every client has access to alternate stories, or stories that represent a different way of viewing a problem than that of the dominate story. White and Epston refer to this alternate story as

The subjugated story.

Homeostasis is

The tendency of a system to strive for balance in order to achieve stablility and limit the range of behavioral variability

Empiricism

The theory that all of a person's knowledge comes trough sensual experiences.

Essentialism

The theory that everything in the world has one true nature that can be figured out. This theory does not support the belief that things in the world can be interpreted differently based on personal, cultural, or social perspective.

Positivism

The theory that people's observations and insights are a real indication of the world as it exists. Believe in one real truth, which means there can be only one real interpretation of client's problem.

Realism

The theory that the world can only be viewed in one true way. This means there is no room for personal perspectives or interpretations.

Theory of dysfunction - Contextual

The trustworthiness of relationships breaks down because fairness, caring, and accountability are absent

Theory of Dysfunction Contextual Therapy

The trustworthiness of relationships breaks down because of fairness, caring, and accountability are absent

Empiricism

Theory that all a persons knowledge comes form sensual experiences

Essentialism

Theory that everything in the world has one true nature that can be figured out. This does not support the differences in culture, personal or social perspective

Symptom Prescription

Therapist asks the family to continue to perform or even expand a symptom

Assessment in EFT

Therapist looks at how core interactions trigger un acknowledged emotions and underlying patterns (defenses) It is believed that people have primary emotions masked by secondary emotions

What are Milan Interviews

They conducted interviews with family about history to find out why children symptoms become necessary for the system

Theory of Change - Bowen

To find an intellectual/emotional balance by insreasing the ability to distinguish between thinking and feeling within the self and others; learning to use that ability to direct one's life and solve problems

Who came up with the Reflecting Team

Tom Andersen

Disengagement (Family Therapy definition)

Traits of a family, current interactions Disengaged Families lack intimacy, members may feel isolated, limited common interests, may feel not understood by each other

What theory is associated with individuation?

Transgenerational or Bowenian

Revolving state of injustice (contextual)

Transgenerational process by which destructive entitlements are passed from generation to generation

Key concepts in Transgenerational therapy

Transgenerational projection process, geography, triangulation, differentiation, individuation

Bowenian therapy (also called ...)

Transgenerational therapy

Core problem in Bowenian Theory

Triangles and emotional reactivity

Focus of Object Relations Therapy

Uncovering deep motives and drives, long-term therapy

Theory of Dysfunction - Bowen

Undifferentiation results in marital conflict, dysfunction in a spouse, or symptoms of dysfunction in one or more of the children

Emphatic Interpretation (EFT)

Urging one partner to process one step further and expand on his/her present experience - Inferring from the therapists insight or relational context or experience.

Evocative Responding (EFT)

Use on experience to process and reprocess. May be done by repeating certain phrases/metaphors/images/ etc and asking exploratory questions

Computing (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)

Using logic, lecture, outside authority

Only Female Founder in Family Therapy

Virginia Satir

Who is the only female founder in family therapy?

Virginia Satir

Who used the rescuer, the placator, scapegoat

Virginia Satir

Founders of Experiential Therapy

Virginia Satir & Carl Whitaker

who are the founders of experiential therapy?

Virginia Satir & Carl Whitaker

private speech

Vygotsky children 2-7 talk to themselves

Desensitization (therapy)

Watson pioneered method with child deathly afraid of white rats and removed fear with gradual steps (desensitization process) Wolpe: presents least anxiety inducing situations and get person to relax

Radical (behavioral) approach to personality

Watson/Skinner focus on stimulus-response, observable behavior

Mental Research Instituate - (Brief Treatment) is

Watzlawick, Weakland, Fisch, Jackson, Sluzki

who designed the MRI brief therapy model?

Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch (MRI=WWF)

Merit is

What is earned through accumulation of care and concern toward others

Battle for Structure - Theorist

Whitaker

Use of client's and therapist's "craziness"

Whitaker

Narrative theorists

White, Epson, Hoffman, Anderson

Founder of Reality Therapy

William Glasser

"Battle for structure" (who and what)

Witaker Demand that family change to the therapists way of operating while in therapy

Behavioral reactions to grief

Withdrawn, irritable, low confidence, trouble focusing, hyperactivity, risk of self destructive behaviors

When does fusion happen?

Within a shared relational pattern with others and reaches its greatest intensity in the emotional interdependency of marriage

reductive inhibition

Wolpe the inhibitory effect of fatigue/boredom on the response to stimulus/ability to learn

Rubber Fence - Theorist

Wynn

Who created the rubber fence theory?

Wynn

Founder of group therapy

Yalom Bring up resistance in groups for dialogue

correlation

a co-relation between 2 sets of variables

Craziness is

a concept in which healthy functioning for both therapists and families includes a high proportion of non-ratioinal, creative, right-brain activity

define projection

a defense against unwanted feelings or beliefs about oneself, in which these elements are attributed to others and often inducing them to behave as if these characteristics were true to them

what is a displacement theory?

a device for helping family members achieve sufficient distance to see their own roles in the family system. It's about other families with similar problems

what is introjection?

a dysfunctional process of identity formation in which the person takes on beliefs, percptions, and/or feelings of others and which results in a distorted self image

What is centripetal?

a family system dynamic in which members tightly emotionally bound to one another and encouraged to remain so

who conducts follow-up evaluations in MRI brief therapy?

a group member who was not involved in treatment

what is the hallmark of the fused (emotionally stuck together) anxious attachment families?

a lack of personal autonomy

what is a dynamic ledger in contextual therapy?

a ledger that determines most of the interactions in the nuclear family relationship

Privilege refers to

a legal requirement designed to protect confidential information from being disclosed in a legal proceeding.

Enmeshment is

a loss of autonomy due to diffuse boundaries, resulting in family members being overly involved in one another's emotional lives

what is circular questioning?

a method of interviewing and hypothesis validation. Each family member comments on the behavior and interaction of two other members

how does Bowen define anxious attachment?

a pathological form of closeness driven by anxiety

what is the theory of change (goals of therapy) in contextual therapy?

a preventative plan for current and future generations; restore people's capacity to give thru fair relating and trust; balance behavior and beliefs

Projective identification is

a process whereby parts of the ego are thought of as forced into another person who is then expected to become identified with whatever has been projected'

Sculpting is

a psychodramatic technique where one member acting as director places the family in an enactment of an event, feeling, or family structure in a therapy session.

Narrative Therapy seeks to be

a respectful, non-blaming approach to counselling and community work, which centres people as the experts in their own lives.

what is emotional cutoff?

a rigid boundary which prevents emotional interaction between individuals who otherwise have strong bonds. Often intended to avoid the pain of unresolved emtional conflicts.

Parentified child is

a role set of behaviors and placement in a family sequence which stems from the functional removal of a child from the sibling subsystem

what is the "well-child" according to Nagy?

a silent or seemingly "neutral" role which may contribute to parentification. The child is the epitome of health and good performance

analysis of variance (ANOVA)

a statistical technique used to test a hypothesis concerning the means of 3+ populations

define paradoxical intervention

a strategic intervention that is built around a statement that contains one meaning and which contradicts itself. This subtle contradiction is used to perturb the system and to generate change. Example: Issued as a demand "be independent!"

representative heuristic

a strategy we use to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event

Metaphor is

a symbolic representation of an experience that captures both its basic and essential features by using a description of a completely different category of objects or events

What is a dyad?

a system based on interactions between two people

undifferentiated ego mass is

a term used to describe a family unit whose members possess low differentiation and therefore are emotionally fused

Social constructivism is

a theory of knowledge (epistemology)[1] that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas

what is a genogram?

a tool used to assemble a 3 generational family history. Its a diagram that depicts patterns and influences.

how do differentiated people react?

able to take stands on issues because they're able to think things through, decide what they believe, and then act on those beliefs

describe the differentiated person.

able to take stands on issues; able to balance thinking and feeling; capable of strong emotion and spontaneity but also possessing the self-restraint that comes with the ability to resist the pull of emotional impulses.

ratio

absolute 0; can make statements like twice or 3x's (ex IQ)

The structural family therapy view of health families states that healthy families....

accommodate to change in circumstances

reaction formation

acting in the exact opposite way to one's unacceptable impulses

marijuana

active ingredient -thc; motor impairment; frequent use = memory and reasoning impairment

What is the stance of the therapist in strategic therapy?

active, deliberate, joins with the family, responsible for therapy, focuses on presenting problem, uses language of the family, and observer

what is the contextual therapist's stance?

active, personal engagement, co-therapy, raises issues of relational balances, catalyst of resources, advocate for all within the basic relational context, that is the multgenerational extended family including the dead.

how would you describe the therapist in transgenerational couples therapy?

active, questioning each spouse, yet more like a referee

what are the methods/techniques of MRI brief therapy?

active; clients are viewed as customers; attend to process over content; team and one way mirror often used

sympathetic nervous system

activity organs, "in-sympathy with emotions"; mobilizes fight/flight response

bond morphemes

add meaning/grammatical info to another morpheme (eg: -ing)

positive punishment

addition of stimulus that decreases behavior

Family rituals are designed to

address a family conflict, intervene in establish family patterns, change behavior

In Strategic Therapy, when first starting out with a family in therapy, it is important to

adjust your style to the family's, paying close attention to both verbal and non-verbal cues as you attempt to engage with each member of the family.

Horney (therapy)

adjustment to one's culture and development of effective models of relating within it

give an example of a paradoxicial instruction in MRI brief therapy

advise patient to go slowly. When change is reported ask them to slow down. Paradoxically, this usually produces faster results. When rapid change is produced, suggest a relapse to old behaviors. This increases control.

what is the antilibidinal system in object relations characterized by?

aggression, rage, and contempt

Who is seen as the problem in behavioral family therapy?

all family members

Social Exchange Theory believes

all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology.

what does parentification in contextual therapy allow for children?

allows children to internalize and identify with the responsible role of the parent, allowing for the emotional growth of the child

Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

allows many people to function outside hospital setting; fewer side effects, "2nd generation" over 60% depression medication Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil - risk of overprescribing

social identity theory

allows us to enhance our sense of self-esteem by our association with the group to which we belong

Rescolarla and Wagner

amount of learning on each trial is a function of amount of surprise experienced

Contingency contract is

an agreement between two or more family members aimed at increasing mutually rewarding behaviors. The contract is usually written specifies the desired behaviors each will do and under what circumstances

shaping

an animal is taught the correct response through series of successive approximations

what does parentification represent in contextual therapy?

an effort at recreating the past relationship with one's parent in a present relationship with one's child or spouse

How did Bowen view what others termed symbiosis?

an exaggeration of a natural process, a more intense version of the tendency to react emtionally to one another that exists in all relationships.

self-efficacy

an individual's belief in his/her own capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainment

what does problem resolution require in MRI?

an interruption of the positive feedback loops thru substituting different behavior patterns

Subsystem is

an organized component of a system which has a specific role in the functioning of the larger system and is somewhat autonomous from it

Being easily driven by emotionality, lacking a sense of self, inability to express your own thoughts and constantly reacting to those around you, are characteristics of what type of person?

an undifferentiated person

The non-verbal aspect of a communication, which defines the relationship between the participants is called what?

analogic communication

Bowen Therapy's main concept is

anxiety

what is the major influence on the activity of triangles?

anxiety

reciprocal inhibition

anxiety being inhibited by feeling/response that is not compatible the feeling of anxiety

_____ _____ is a pathological form of closeness driven by anxiety

anxious attachment

reinforcement

any consequence that increases the probability of a response

effector

any muscle gland or organ that can respond to stimulation from the nervous system

Premack Principle

any preferred response can be a positive reinforcer

deductive reasoning

applying a logic-based rule to new, specific situation for a single solution

Noam Chomsky

argued that humans have an innate ability/capacity for language and there is a language acquisition device

Constructivism can be viewed

as a general approach to understanding people, conceptualizing psychological distress, and fostering human change

how is loyalty defined in contextual therapy?

as a sense of indebtedness to one's family (debts and entitleness)

how does anxiety influence triangles?

as anxiety increases, people experience a greater need for emotional closeness- or, in reaction to pressures from others, a greater need for distance. The more people are driven by anxiety, the less tolerant they are of one another and the more polarized by differences.

how many family members are treated in contextual therapy?

as many as are interested and willing to come

how are problems viewed in MRI brief therapy?

as problems in interactions with people; as ordinary life difficulties that have been badly handled; as likely to develop if over or under emphasis is put on daily struggles; as normal transitions leading to difficulties

Narrative Therapy views problems

as separate from people and assumes people have many skills, competencies, beliefs, values, commitments and abilities that will assist them to change their relationship with problems in their lives.

what does Nagy see as the role of the therapist in contextual therapy?

as trying to loosen the hold of invisible loyalties and their relationship on the various family symptoms, while ultimately moving family members to new possibilities

what do Milan therapists say is helpful in gathering information?

ask about specific behaviors or interactions from each of the subsystem members

how do undifferentiated people react around anxious issues?

asked what they think, they say what they feel; asked what they believe, they echo what they've heard. They either agree with whatever you say, or argue with everything.

Contextual therapy pays attention to background history and past experiences in order to

assess ways in which individuals have been hurt in the past

PTSD

associated with decreased hippocampal volume

psychoanalysis

assumption: personality's core elements are established in first few years of life and therapy = going back and uncovering those guilts/conflicts change can only occur when patient goes back to those moments requires several years and patient with reasonable intelligence for insight (and money)

Gardner's multiple intelligences

at least 8 distinct capacities (musical, intrapersonal, naturalistic, etc.) think supercamp

what is the theory of dysfunction in MRI brief therapy?

attempts at solutions become the problem; viscious cycles of mishandled attempts to solve the problems; family engages in "more of the same," maintain the problem

exemplification

attempts to make yourself seem virtuous

projection

attributing one's own thoughts on others

What is the emphasis in experiential therapy?

authenticity and self-actualization

attention and controlled operations

automatic processes: several proceeding simultaneously with no conscious attention required dichotic listening: different messages sent to each ear simultaneously

prototype

average representative of concept

beta waves

awake; rapid low-energy waves

vestibular

balance - inner ear semicircular canals contain fluid

Jung (therapy)

balance among psychological functions of sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting

Myers-briggs

based on Jung

cardinal trait

basic/central core trait

why, according to Nagy, are ethical, behiavoral, and loyalty inseparable?

because our ethics originate with internalizations of our relationships with our parents

door in the face

begins with huge commitment potentials and relief comes when more modest option is presented

what is the theory of change (goals) in MRI Brief Therapy?

behavior first; then beliefs will change; change the complementary, interdependent nature of the symptoms; 1st order change behavioral tasks; change interactional sequences by identifying the viscious cycle

relational self

behavior that is based on environment that it elicits

Edward Thorndike

behaviorist/classical conditioning experiment with a hungry cat in a box with a lever that would give it food - led to law of effect (responses that produce satisfying effect in particular situations are likely to occur again and vice versa with negative effect)

animistic thinking

belief that inanimate objects are alive

Garcia

belongingness; some associations are easier to learn, hard, and impossible

exemplar

best example of concept

prototypes

best exemplar of a concept (ex: a robin as a prototype for concept of bird)

drive

biological condition that directs and individual's behavior towards a certain goal common elements 1. maintenance of an organism 2. homeostasis *psychological drive = maintaining mental/emotional well-being

Osgood

bipolar statements (good-bad)

Wernicke's area

border of temporal and parietal lobe (but mostly temporal) of left hemisphere; language comprehension

according to Nagy and contextual therapy while examining one's attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about a parent a person'a relationship to their child can become......

both parent and child

Constructivism emphasizes

both personal and social processes of meaning-making,

What are diffuse boundaries?

boundaries that are not clearly defined or maintained. Allows for blurring of generational roles and responsibilities. Can lead to enmeshed relationships.

Customer

brings a problem and a willingness to work toward its resolution

Complainant

brings a specific problem, but is currently unwilling to focus on a solution

how does the therapist represent the dead in contextual therapy?

brings in open chairs

how is basic self defined?

by "I am" statements. Ex: "I am a person who believes in..."

how are problems in families maintained in strategic therapy?

by a faulty hierarchy in the family

how might a therapist accrue authentic information in Milan systemic therapy?

by circular questioning: every member of the system must describe their view of the relationship between other dyads of the system

how is change affected in MRI?

by clearly stating a small goal of change

how is termination performed in MRI?

by reviewing the course of therapy, pointing out the gains and any unresolved issues. The future beyond is discussed.

what is paradoxical in MRI?

came out of Erickson's application of hypnotherapeutic principles to turn resistance to advantage (paradox is self-contradictory)

monocular

can be used by a single eye to suggest depth

What is one of the dangers of triangulation?

can freeze conflict in place

mental set

can help solve problems by providing short-cuts but if you always solve problems the same way you miss obvious and don't think outside the box

framing effects

can occur when person will reach 2 different decisions based on the same set of facts; if those facts are presented in different reference frames (eg. saving or costing lives)

theory of mind

can take perspective of others - 4 years

motion parallax

car example - things closer are going faster and things farther away are going slower

efferent

carrying motor impulses AWAY from central organ/part

afferent

carrying motor impulses TOWARD the central organ/part

PKU

causes amino acid to build up in body; limits amount of protein - intellectual disabilities/social problems

soma

cell body of neuron; contains nucleus; collects and sums incoming signals to determine whether the neuron should initiate its own signal

Narrative therapist believe in

certificates and writing letters

secure attachment

characterized by infants who will gradually explore new situations when the caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation

catecholamines

chemicals released from adrenal glands that function as hormones and neurotransmitters to control ANS activation

accommodation (developmental)

child's schema changes through interactions iwth the environment; accommodates to the environment

define sibling position

children develop personality characteristics based on their position in the family

The Milan approach is characterized by the following techniques:

circular questioning and hypothesizing

Mauer's 2-process theory

classical conditioning (of a fear response to a neutral stimulus) and instrumental conditioning (of a response that decreases that fear)

Solution Focused therapist will ask about

client's story, resources, and strengths as well as exceptions to the problem

cones

color sensitive, requiring bright light

recursivity

combining elements in multiple ways to create unlimited number of messages

what are the major concepts of MRI therapy?

communication theory (levels, rules, and congruence), first vs. second order change; cybernetics/positive feedback; life cycle transition points are significant; focus on the presenting complaint; treatment can be one person; most motivated person in family is used; primary determinant is other people's behavior

what theory did strategic therapy stem from?

communications theory

Unstoried competencies are

competencies that the client possess which are not part of his/her dominant story and therefore are not expressed until the the dominant story is reconstructed

________ relationships are characterized by a high frequency of opposite kinds of behavior.

complementary

infant perceptual preferences

complex over simple curved over straight human faces over random patterns/mixed features

Three factors relevant to the legal definition of informed consent include capacity, voluntariness and

comprehension of information

Sherginton

concept of synapse

the US Supreme Court ruling in the case of Jaffee vs Redmond highlights the importance

confidentiality toward successful treatment

what absorbs huge amounts of the undifferentiation in a marriage?

conflict

what are the core problems in psychodynamic therapy?

conflict projective identification fixation and regression

what are key techniques used in experiential therapy?

confrontation and structured exercises

Ethical concerns about offering "telephone therapy" include

confusion about accepting phone calls from a jurisdiction in which the therapist is not licensed.

according to contextual therapy what is one's greatest unhappiness?

connected to loss or a coming apart (ex: loss of a child)

explicit memory

conscious recall of facts and events (declarative memory and procedural memory)

peripheral nervous system

consisting of somatic (transmitting) info from sense organs to CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles and autonomic controlling the viscera (smooth muscles of blood vessels, digestive system and glands) and cardiac muscles

2 error potentials

content: conclusion undesirable form: conclusion invalid

what therapy includes multigenerational family including the dead?

contextual therapy

what therapy is considered an ethical approach to family therapy?

contextual therapy

Rescorla and Wagner

contingency (vs. contiguity) during classical conditioning

reticular formation

controls general arousal; network of nerve fibers that runs up through both the hindbrain and midbrain; waking up/falling asleep

autonomic nervous system

controls viscera (smooth muscles, blood vessels, digestive system and glands) made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems *link between nervous systems and endocrine system

You have been hired to speak to a group on family therapy. You are introduced as a Ph.D. when in fact you have a MA. I this case you should

correct the mistake yourself as it is your responsibility.

What is the purpose of a negative feed back loop?

corrective; adjusting the input and returning the system to a steady state

morphemes

correspond to a single meaning words can have one (bus) or multiple

what is the most efficient way to reach the goal in transgenerational therapy?

create a new triangle between the two primary people of the dyad and the therapist

what does inappropriate parentification do?

creates distortion in relationships

MRI

creates magnetic fields and records signals that occur when brain molecules respond to these fields *brain images

rationalization

creating false excuses to justify one's thoughts/behavior

methamphetamines

crystal meth and derivative MDMA produces stimulant and psychedelic effects

affect heuristic

current emotion influences/plays into heuristic

The study of feedback mechanisms in self-regulating systems is known as

cybernetics

Solution Focused Therapy theorists

de Shazer, Berg, Weiner-Davis, O'Hanlon

One of the developmental tasks of the middle-age adult stage of the family life cycle is

dealing with the aging of one's own parents

Thanatos/Eros

death/life instinct (drive)

habituation

decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus

stage 4 sleep

deep sleep with delta waves; dreaming and sleepwalking/talking and night terrors

stage 3 sleep

deeper

Bowen therapy first session is to

define the problem

critical features theory (of concept representation)

defines concepts in terms of necessary and sufficient features

stroop effect

delay in reaction time when color of words on a test and their meaning differ

barbituates

depressant, carry "-al" endings, "downers" effects same as alcohol and exponential risk when taken together (can lead to death)

alcohol

depressant, physically addictive, increased tolerance with use, withdrawal symptoms, destruction of brain cells and neurons in CNS, liver damage and other organs

In object relations theory, the latent meaning behind attitudes, behaviors, or feelings that is detected by therapists through analyzing personal reactions to session materials is knows as

derivatives

Opponent-Process theory

describes antagonistic interactions that occur in 3 opponent channels: red/green blue/yellow and black and white (think of american flag trick)

saltatory conduction

describes propagation of action potentials from node-node in myelinated axon

Santiago Ramon Cajal

description of the structure and function of neurons; view of CNS as many but separate communicating nerve cells

describe relationship experiments

designed to help clients experience what it's like to act counter to their usual emotionally drive responses

how might the "well-child" feel?

desperate about their situation and unable to see themselves surviving outside of their designated role

Sandy's parents divorced when she was 10 years old, and her mother went through a depression. Consequently, Sandy often was responsible for the care of her 7 year old brother as well as seeing to family meals and other household chores. Her mother often confided in her about her feelings and interacted with her more like an older sister than her mother. When Sandy became a young adult, her mother, who had recovered somewhat, was surprised to find how irresponsibly Sandy conducted her life and how angry she seemed. According to Bozormenyi-Nagy, Sandy's behavior is an example of

destructive entitlement

what are the major concepts in contextual therapy?

destructive entitlement; entitlement; exoneration; justice/fairness; ledger; loyalty (filial and invisible); merit; multidirectional partiality; parentification; relationship determinants and trustworthiness

flashbulb memories

detailed, especially vivid memories of very specific, highly charged events (eg. 9/11)

Mary's mother often calls her during the week to complain about the behavior of her father. Usually, Mary is highly sympathetic and supportive of her mother's complaints and becomes and remains angry at her father for sometime following the call. After attending therapy with a Bowenian therapist, however, Mary responded to her mother's next complaining phone call with the following statement, That sounds like something really important that dad needs to know. Have you talked about this with him? Mary is attempting to do what in Bowenian terms?

detriangle

James Framo

developed an object relational approach to intergenerational and family-of-origin therapy

cephalocaudal

development pattern: head = most fully developed first; top-down

general to specific

developmental pattern: large motor before fine motor

proximodistal

developmental pattern: torso center towards extremities

Gilligan

developmental psychologist morality emphasized care

Lev Vygotsky

developmental psychologist; focus on the social world and the mind is a product of social/cultural interaction that the mind has had with other minds

This theoretical concept states that normal development should entail a degree of emotional separation from family of origin while remaining in relationship with them. In addition, an individual should be able to separate emotions from cognitions. What is this concept?

differentiation

What is the main goal of the Bowenian model?

differentiation of self

what is the cornerstone of Bowen's theory?

differentiation of self

What are key concepts associated with Transgenerational therapy?

differentiation, individuation, transgenerational projection process, genogram, and triangulation

Ethical concerns about offering "telephone therapy" include

difficulty in assuring confidentiality.

aproxia

difficulty with skilled movements

According to communication theory, the content, or spoken word of a communication is known as

digital communication

what is the therapist stance in MRI?

directive, in charge

Olto Loeuri

discovery of neurotransmitters

Emotional Cutoff

distancing from family relationships or a denial of their importance to resolve emotional conflicts, anxiety, and lack of differentiation

Tulving

distinguished between episodic memory and memories of facts (semantic memory)

Tolman

distinguished between learning and behavior - demonstrated latent learning with cognitive map thru exploration of an environment

Schemas can _____ family member's perceptions and affect their responses to each other's actual behaviors.

distort

Muller (1862)

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A therapist is seeing a 7-year-old girl and she reports that when daddy kisses her he puts his tongue in her mouth. An ethical therapist would

document clearly what daughter has reported in case notes.

The Smith family has presented for therapy with behavioral problems with 9 year old Ann. According to the family, Ann is a bad child, disrespectful, and uncooperative. Although the therapist tries to reframe, the family continues to view Ann as bad and incorrigible. From a narrative perspective, "badness" is Ann's

dominate story

A conflict created when a person perceives contradictory messages on different levels of abstraction in an important relationship, and cannot leave or comment.

double bind

What is the emphasis in psychodynamic therapy?

drives self objects internal objects

Conditioned Aversion Wolpe

drug induced nausea so feeling becomes associated with bad behavior and goal = the nausea is > pleasure

antagonists

drugs that decrease the effect of the neurotransmitter

agonists

drugs that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter

does the strategic model focus more on dysfunction or healthy families?

dysfunction

the sibling position of ___ ____ is an important piece of info when evaluating the family in transgenerational therapy

each parent

describe an undifferentiated person.

easily moved to emotionality; their life is driven by reactivity to those around them; react impetuously with submissiveness or defiance toward other people; find it difficult to maintain their own autonomy; agree with what u say or argue everything.

drugs

effect is at the synapse by mimicking/changing the amount of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron or by modulating the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic neuron

retroactive interference

effect of new info on recalling old info

cocaine

effects similar to amphetamines, increase norepinephrine and dopamine activity

Emotionally Focused Therapy is based on

emotion theory and attachment theory

Anita (23) has had a conflictual relationship with her mother, Sarah (43) throughout her teens. She was rebellious and angry with her mother much of the time. Sarah is a single mother and very anxious about her daughter, so much so that she frequently screamed and used inappropriate punishments in an attempt to get her daughter to "behave". After Anita left home for college, she rarely wrote or called home and only visited on holidays. Now that she has graduated, she took a job several states away from her hometown and continues her pattern of not phoning or calling. A Bowenian therapist would say that Anita is engaged in

emotional cutoff

what is the core problem in experiential therapy?

emotional suppression and mystification

Disengagement is

emotionally distant and uninvolved family members with overly rigid boundaries in which members are isolated and disconnected from one another

Cognitive-Behavioral

emphasis on interpretation of situations and therapist highlights distortions

What are the stages of transgenerational therapy?

emphasize extended family; entire family need not be present; use of genogram; reduce anxiety; increase differentiation; open communication; and resolve triangles

Changing Behavior Consequences Therapy

emphasizes manipulation of positive reinforcement and withdrawal of positive reinforcement from maladaptive behavior and association of positive reinforcement with adaptive behavior (kid screaming and mom giving it attention example)

what is managing countertransference?

emphasizing the neutrality required to avoid triangulation

what does using the "I" position do?

enables one to assume responsibility for one's own behaviors. Avoids holding others accountable for having one's needs met, one's happiness fulfillment, etc

what are key techniques used in structural therapy?

enactments and boundary making

what do Bowenian therapists do when working with individuals?

encourage clients to stay, check ideas, look for new observations that will confirm or deny the hypotheses and develop ways to change reactions

what is the therapeutic double bind in MRI brief therapy?

encouragement of symptomatic or other undesirable behavior in order to lessen such behavior or bring it under control; promotes progress regarding how patient responds

Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of the initial interview? Social Stage, Engagement Stage, Problem Stage, Interaction Stage

engagement stage

what are the stages of object relations therapy?

engagement stage; projected identification stage; confrontation (brings insight); termination; therapy is often long-term

Joining is

engagement technique in which the therapist accepts and accomodates to the family and engages with each family member

what is the core problem in structural therapy?

enmeshment and disengagement

Therapeutic communities (Skinner)

entire environment set up with systematic reinforcement contingencies

assimilation

environment is interpreted in terms of the child's existing schemas

Thurstone - scale of measuring attitude

equal-appearing intervals

what is balancing power?

equalizing access to power in the couple hierarchy

The ability of complex systems to reach a given final goal in a variety of given ways

equifinality

actor-observer bias

errors we make about attributing behaviors to others

sign stimulus

essential feature of a stimulus which is necessary to elicit a response

confidence interval

estimating a pop mean on basis of sample mean and stating our level of confidence that pop mean falls within estimate

according to contextual therapy what are the most forceful determinants of conduct and why?

ethical acounts are the most forceful determinants because their effect is channeled through internalized commitments

For a narrative therapist the word story is

events, linked in sequence, across time,according to a plot

A contextual therapist will frequently attempt to help a client see the positive intent and intergenerational loyalty issues behind even the most destructive behaviors of previous generations. this concept is known as

exoneration

Initial session - Solution Focused

exploring what has been used for solutions in the past, identifying exceptions, establishing goal through use of the miracle question, assigning of tasks, including formula first session task intervention

what is the theory of change in object relations?

expression of repressed objects; resolution of negative aspects of repressed objects; individualization of family members; detachment & differentiation from the "bad" object

what does the information gathered lead the therapist to do with the hypothesis in Milan sytemic therapy?

extend into other hypotheses, confirm a hypothesis or reject a hypothesis

generalization

extension of the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus to include a broad array of similar stimuli

incentive

external stimulus catalyst for behavior

A narrative therapist will often give a symptom a name, such as labeling anorexia as "crazy dieting." Rather than viewing Maria as anorexic, they might discuss the times when "crazy dieting" has control of her, thus separating Maria from the problem. this process is known as

externalization

What are key techniques used in narrative therapy?

externalization, identifying unique outcomes, & creating audiences of support

In Bowenian therapy does the therapist talk more about facts or feelings?

facts

do therapists talk more about facts or feelings in transgenerational therapy?

facts

what are relationship determinanats in contextual therapy?

facts, individual psychology, behavioral transactions, and relational ethics

Battle for Structure is

family capitulates to his/her way of conducting the therapy particularly during the initial stages

what is the theory of dysfunction in MIlan systemic?

family caught up in an unacknowledged "dirty game," problems maintained by behavioral sequences, and family's old epistemology does not fit its current pattern of behavior

Tendency of families to resist change in order to maintain a steady state is known as

family homeostasis

As if structure is

family members are encouraged to freely experiment as if they were in the role of the other, so long as they understand that the role-play is symobolic.

Temperature reading is

family members express their hopes and wishes each day between session to show their appreciation of one another and discuss complaints and solutions

what are the major concepts in Milan systemic therapy?

family system is evolving constantly; hypothesizing; circularity; neutrality; double-bind; invariant prescription; homeostasis; attend to beliefs, not behavior; and positive connotation

Is object relations associated with the objects or the fantasies of the objects?

fantasies of the objects in the psyche

ochlaphobia

fear of crowds

A therapist is seeing a 7-year-old girl and she reports that when daddy kisses her he puts his tongue in her mouth. An ethical therapist would

file a written report to the proper authorities.

Temporary or superficial changes within a system that do not alter the basic organization of the system itself are known as

first order change

neural plasticity

flexibility neurons have in their organization connectivity and function

what are the methods/techniques of contextual therapy?

focus on family resources; observations are made on all 4 dimensions; assessment is an ongoing process; developmental stage and interpersonal loyalties lead to beliefs; triangles assessed

ecological view

focuses on behavior within a particular niche

what are key techniques used in solution-focused therapy?

focusing on solutions and identifying exceptions

t-test

for 1. the difference between sample and pop means 2. 2 independent means 3. related measures

valproic acid

for bipolar, manufactured

Observational learning (therapy)

for fear/anxiety observe someone approaching your fear, then touch, etc. while you watch from a far and because you are at a distance the threat is decreased

define second-order change

from the MRI school; a change in the rules that govern the emotions and behavioral patterns of the system, resulting in fundamental system re-organization

define first-order change.

from the MRI school; adaptations and changes in structure which do not effect the system's organizational principles

rods

function in dim light and perceive achromatic (black and white)

what are key techniques used in cognitive behavioral therapy?

functional analysis and teaching positive control

adrenal cortex

functions in metabolism and system's salt/water balance; produces cortisol (stress-related) and parathyroid

cerebellum

functions of balance and coordination of motor movements and skill learning

Solution-focused family therapists prefer to focus the treatment time on the past, here and now, future, or present?

future, where problems can be solved

synapse

gap between neurons across which they had to communicate

Feminist theory aims to understand

gender inequality

inductive reasoning

generalizing from specific instance

Klinefelter

genetic condition - male born with extra copy of x chromosome

what are Bowenian's key techniques?

genogram and process questions

Client centered therapy (Rogers)

gives client unconditional positive regard and acceptance - clarifies what the client is saying by reflecting it back and helps get him in touch with his feelings

what does the "well-child" do for a family?

gives them an air of propriety, of dignity

psychodynamic analysis (Adler, Jung and Horney)

goal = insight and self understanding as means of behavioral change no free association and decreased timespan

what adoes a therapist need in transgenerational therapy?

good knowledge of triangles and an optimal level of emotional distance

What is the scale used to determmine differentiation of self?

good to poor

scaffolding

gradual removal of supervision as a skill is mastered

learning curve

graph of change in response over time

In the undifferentiated self is there greater of lesser emotional fusion into a common self with others?

greater emotional fusion

substantia nigra

group of neurons which produce dopamine; degenerates = Parkinson's

how long does the team of therapist and observers generally meet in MRI Brief Therapy?

half an hour after each session to discuss. cases are discussed weekly in a longer meeting.

psychedelics

hallucinogens; perception, emotion and mood-altering; body images are distorted and identity may be confused and loss of reality

describe an intervention used in Milan systemic therapy

having the family act out their behaviors thru a ritual (exposing the family to a different way of viewing their problem)

what should you explore with pursuer-distancer patients?

help the pursuer explore their own inner emptiness. Ask "what's in your life other than this person (distancer). Often pursuers need is due in part as a result of unfinished business

what is the goal of working with one spouse in therapy?

help them understand the part their self plays in the family system until the unmotivated spouse is willing to cooperatively join in therapy

what is the theory of change (goals) of Milan systemic therapy?

helping the family develop alternative epistemology (belief) by creating an environment in which new information is introduced into the family system

Construcivism theory

holds that every person constructs the world actively and differently and that construction is a combination of personal characteristics and environment.

A term that addresses the tendency for all systems to gravitate towards remaining the same over time.

homeostasis

What is the emphasis in strategic therapy?

homeostasis and feedback loops

What type of therapeutic setting is psycho educational therapy generally used in?

hospital settings

multi-modal therapy

how much an event stresses someone depends on their interpretation of the event - helps prepare people for possible situations

Social Constructionism means

how our ways of life are constantly socially developing and changing over time. The way we communicate with each other, how we get our needs met, how we organize ourselves, are all constructed relationally and are continually being redefined.

Multigenerational Transmission Process is

how patterns, themes and positions (roles) in a triangle are passed down from generation to generation through the projection from parent to child

inoculation theory

how to keep original attitudes and beliefs consistent in the face of persuasive attempts

limbic system

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus,

HPA axis

hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex - stress response

what are some methods/techniques in Milan systemic therapy?

hypothesizing; circularity; neutrality; invarian prescription; rituals; paradox; positive connotation

how might parentification "work"?

if both spouses are able to place a similar demand on one another

base-rate fallacy

if presented with related base rate information and then information relating to a specific case, we are more likely to remember the latter and forget the former

arousal-effect model/ excitation transfer

if someone is already aroused (ex from working out) they are more likely to become more aggressive because their arousal transfers over

aphasia

impairments of language affecting language speech/production

Metacommunication is

implied command or qualified part of the message

according to contextual therapy what is one's greatest satisfaction?

in coming together in a relationship (ex: raising a child)

according to contextual therapy what is one's gretest satisfaction?

in coming together in a relationship (ex: raising a child)

is the work done in or out of session in contextual therapy?

in session which is different than Bowen who is more out of session

Constructivists assert

in the act of knowing, it is the human mind that actively gives meaning and order to that reality to which it is responding"

Milton Erickson was actively involved

in the development of strategic therapy while working at MRI.

retrograde amnesia

inability to recall past events

anterograde amnesia

inability to remember info that occur after injury/onset of disease

blocking

inability to retrieve some info once it has been stored

what is the core problem in cognitive behavioral therapy?

inadvertent reinforcement and aversive control

what is enmeshment?

inappropriate rigid boundaries (in a family system everyone is thinking and feeling alike)

stimulants

increase activity in CNS heightening arousal/engergy level; all carry "ine" endings

sensitization

increase in responsiveness to a stimulus

what is the theory of change (goals) in transgenerational therapy?

increase the ability to distinguish between thinking and feeling within self and others. use this skill to direct one's life and solve problems. develop person-to-person relationships; see family members as people rather than emotionally charged images; learning to observe one's self in triangle; and detriangling oneself

ask and you shall be given

increased likelihood people will respond positively to a request on behalf of a charitable cause

levels of processing effect

increased memory for deep vs. shallow processing

what is the cost of parentification to the child?

individual development and autonomy. Child is the role of victim

what did Bowen encourage to avoid the pitfalls of parental "we-ness" in parent-child triangles?

individual relationships between each parent and the child

according to Bowen what 2 counterbalancing life forces drive human relationships?

individuality and togetherness. Each of us needs companionship and a degree of independence

name some key terms in transgenerational therapy

individuation genogram symbiosis anxious attachment displacement story pursuer-distancer managing countertransference

insecure-resistant

infant cannot be comforted by mother upon return and cannot go back to play

insecure-avoidant attachment

infant shows little/no distress in separation episodes; when caregiver returns infant ignores and avoids, instead focusing on something else in the room

insecure - disorganized/disoriented

infant shows odd, conflicting behaviors in strange situations (eg: might approach mother upon reunion but avert head)

encoding

information processing model (3 stages) 1. sensory memory (about 1-2 secs - iconic, echoic) 2. ST memory (about 20 secs); 7+/- 2 (Miller); chunking 3. LT memory (unlimited capacity and duration)

PET scans

injects radioactive isotope tracer in the blood; brain cells take up tracer and emit radiation *looks at functions of different parts of the brain

primary reinforcers

innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs

fixed-action patterns

instinctual behavior sequences that are indivisible and run to completion

what does the MRI approach pay attention to?

interactional sequences rather than hierarchy or power

James Framo's theory was

intergenerational

action-specific energy

internal force that accumulates with an organism and produces motivation for behavior

Sternberg's triangle theory of love

intimacy, passion, commitment passion + commitment = foolish love intimacy + passion = romantic love intimacy + commitment = companionate love

What are key concepts of object relations therapy?

introject, cross-confrontation, and self-confrontation

what are some buzz words in object relations?

introject; cross-confrontation; and self-confrontation

Eysenck's personality traits

introversion/extroversion neuroticism psychoticism

The Smith family comes into therapy with Dr S and presents with behavioral problems with their 10 and 9 year olds. At the end of the session, Dr S directs them to spend time together this week away from the children. Dr S, in fact, gives this directive to all the families she sees that are experiencing problems with children. Dr S is using _____ associated with _____ Therapy.

invariant prescription/Milan Systemic

Bill (50) and Alexandria (43) present for therapy because their son Ralph (13) has developed school phobia. The phobia emerged after a trial separation between Bill and Alexandria. Bill moved back into the home when it became apparent that the only way to get Ralph to attend school was with both parents working together to help him. From Bozormenyi-Nagy's perspective, this is an example of

invisible loyalties

what are the concepts of contextual therapy?

invisible loyalties ledger balances entitlement indebtedness legacies

What are key concepts of contextual family therapy?

invisible loyalties, ledger balances, entitlement, indebtedness, and legacies

basal ganglia

involved in movement, speech, and other complex behaviors

REM sleep

irregular brain wave pattern; gets longer as night goes on; vivid dreams

solution Focused believes that change

is constant

Anti-Mimesis model of trauma intervention

is the belief of some people in this school that reaction to trauma does not really exist and that a traumatic event simply produces consequences like any other event. Excessive grief work or emphasizing a grieving process and pushing remembering is not supported under the belief that this simply encourages stress, anxiety, and fear. Anti-Mimesis theorists believe that symptoms of stress or anxiety most likely result from problems or dysfunction in the family system, not from the traumatic event itself and treatment should look deeply at the whole system.

does entropy decrease or increase as infomration increases? why?

it decreases because one could conclude that the more information in the system, the more organization in the system

can you identify 1 person in circular causality as having caused a problem? why or why not?

it is meaningless to identify one person because all elements of the problem are thought to be coexisting and reciprocally reinforcing problems can't be maintained if even one element is removed.

how does pseudo self differ from basic self?

it is negotiable and fluid

what did Bowen discover about family?

it is with us wherever we go.

how is object relations similar to structural therapy?

it searches for structures underlying the presenting problem

decision making

its heuristical (rules of thumb, focusing on likely solution points) in which decisions are based on recent experiences producing most readily available info

Which of the following represents a key strength of the Mental Research Institute?

its interdisciplinary staff

Narrative therapists are interested in

joining with people to explore the stories they have about their lives and relationships, their effects, their meanings and the context in which they have been formed and authored.

interval

judged equal (ex no difference between 90 and 80 and 10 and 20); no absolute 0

what is the theory of dysfunction in transgenerational therapy?

lack of differentiation results in marital conflict, dysfunction in a spouse or symptoms of dysfuction in one or more children

What is the emphasis in solution-focused therapy?

language creates reality

Whorfian Hypothesis/language determinism theory

language determines the way we think about and perceive the world

Social Constructionism heavy focus on

language in creating new definitions for situations and specific explanations for events.

larynx movements and muscle twitches

larynx = next to voice box and thinking = talking outloud and Watson made argument that thinking/problem-solving = behavior = throat activity and muscle twitches

what does the hypothesis do in Milan systemic therapy?

leads to choices for therapeutic interventions

instinctive drift

learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned behavior tendencies

secondary/conditioned reinforcers

learned by association, usually via classical conditioning ($, grades, peer approval)

Seligman

learned helplessness (dog experiment)

mnemonics

learning aids/strategies that train people to use elaboration to make info more memorable (chunking, mental imagery/method of loci, etc.)

Harlow

learning set: our capacity for solving problems we have never encountered before also did terry cloth mother monkey experiment

latent learning

learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs (Tolman and cognitive maps study)

Kohler

learning that was insightful

Object relations theorists believe that, as a process of normal development parts of caretakers are split off and internalized into a child's developing personality. Expectations of self and other are based on these internal representations. They are known as

ledgers

Broca's area

left frontal lobe; responsible for speech production

Broca's area

left frontal lobe; speech production

is there more or less of the pseudo self in people who have an icreasingly defined level of basic self?

less

MAO inhibitors

less often prescribed because of side effects - when mixed with tyramine = sever hypertension *they act by blocking enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down neurotransmitter molecules

what does circular questioninig accomplish in Milan systemic therapy?

lessens resistance if one part of the system comments on another part. Sheds light on triangulations. Breaks the rule in dysfunctional families about secrets. Extracts relationship information

Communication theory - MRI involves

level, rules, congruence

stage 1 sleep

light, some alpha wave activity

theta waves

lighter non-REM sleep

regression

line drawn on a graph of correlation-distribution to represent a trend

What are some methods and techniques of object relations therapy?

listening, observing, responding to unconscious material, interpreting, developing insight, and encouraging expression of repressed impulses

What is disengagement?

loose internal emotional bonds and rigid boundaries, combined with diffuse boundaries with external systems, such as spouses with families or origin

agraphia

loss of ability to communicate through writing

expressive aphasia

loss of ability to produce speech

Ethical concerns about offering "telephone therapy" include

loss of visual and other non-verbal information

what are the primary goals in a poorly self-differentiated person?

love, happiness, comfort

does the child selected for the family projection process end up with a higher or lower level of differentaition of self?

lower level

audiometric function

lowest audible threshold energy for each frequency

implicit memory

made up of knowledge based on previous experiences, such as skills that we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness

Phenomenological approaches to therapy

main idea = emphasis on individual perception and goal is to change perception of patient (of himself) and the environment both 1:1 with client/patient and group sessions (less $) change perception and behavior will change as a consequence

catatonia

maintaining strange physical postures for hours

suprachiasmatic nucleus

maintains independent circadian rhythms

Theory of Dysfunction - Behavioral

maladaptive symptomatic behaviors are learned responses, involuntarily acquired and reinforced

__________ is a legal concept involving negligence and accompanying client injury or loss.

malpractice

Dr. J is seeing a family in which the husband and wife frequently argue in the bedroom. In fact, the two argue while preparing for bed almost every night. Dr. J does not ask the couple to attempt to stop their arguments, but directs them to only argue in the kitchen. If an argument starts in the bedroom, they have to move to the kitchen to compete it. Dr. J is using what technique?

manipulating the symptom

Sally (32) and Nathan (41) seek help with how to handle their 5 year old son, Timothy. Tim's aggression in school dates back to a biting incident in preschool. Sally and Nathan report a relatively trouble-free marriage with almost no conflict, not at all like their respective parents who fought continually before divorcing. The therapist notices that they are especially cautious about not wanting to contradict one another. Several sessions later, a discussion between Sally and Nathan gives way to a sizable quarrel, complete with yelling and cursing. A Structural Family therapist would interpret the fight as evidence of

marital discord

cardinal rule

mean moves in direction of the skew

blood-brain barrier

mechanism that controls passage of chemicals through capillaries in the brain; regulates which chemicals can enter and how quickly they do

collateral sprouting

mechanism whereby neurons make connections to new areas to change their connectivity

pineal gland

melatonin (in response to daylight signals); circadian rhythms

Ebbinghaus

memorized nonsense syllables; forgetting curve (rapid forgetting in first hour then occurs more slowly with time)

von Rostorff effect

memory increases for unusual/novel things

encoding specificity principle

memory will increase if context at time of encoding is the same as recall (state-dependence)

schemas

mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, events, objects, etc.

According to Contextual Family Therapy, each family member earns this concept through the accumulation of care and concerns toward others.

merit

thyroid

metabolism

Communicating about communicating is known as what?

metacommunications

Likert scale

method of summated ratings

regression

method used to describe relationship between variables (positive, negative, linear/nonlinear)

cyclothymia

milder than bipolar but longer in duration

dysthymia

milder than depression but longer in duration

lithium carbonate

mineral salt with calming properties; v effective but be careful with dosage

illusion

misperception of a stimulus

Type II

mistakenly ACCEPTING null

Type I error

mistakenly REJECTING null

what is the therapist stance in Milan systemic therapy?

mixed gender treatment teams; neutrality (from Bowen) - maintain a neutral position; focuses on ways to think differently; and generate hypothesis regarding why the family behaves the way it does

aversive conditioning

modifies responses with aversive stimuli

midbrain

more cranial nerves, parts of reticular formation and important for relaying sensory info; contains substantia nigra

rods

more prevalent in peripheral areas of retina

what is the core problem in strategic therapy?

more-of-the-same solutions

The process by which a system changes its structure to adapt to new contexts

morphogenesis

antipsychotics

most frequently prescribed chlorpromazine/Thorazine stelazine/tricluiperazine fluphenazine/proxilin risperodal clorazil/clozapine prolonged use = CNS damage/disorders

transcranial magnetic stimulation (therapy)

most recent approach for very depressed less side effects that ECT noninvasive, uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in frontal lobe used when other treatments have failed

name a commong triangular pattern

mother and child leave dad as outsider

Aronson's Gain-Loss Model

movement from - to + evaluation of a person results in stronger attraction (because their approval is more rewarding) (think wife/stranger/husband)

neural migration

movement of neurons from one part of fetus brain to more permanent destination (3-5 months)

CAT/CT scan

multi-angle brains x rays that are then computer analyzed to produce pics of each slice of the brain *brain images

psilocybin

mushroom, trip similar to peyote

nominal

name

aptitude

narrower and more specific than intelligence; measures specific abilities and potential for successful performance

what is the theory of dysfunction in object relations?

negative aspects of repressed, introjected early "objects" (primarily parents) are projected onto the spouse or children

Cognitive therapy

negative cognitive triad of depression - stem from core beliefs

Information that signals a system to correct a deviation and restore the status quo

negative feedback

Applying more of the same attempted solution, only to provoke an escalation of the problem is an example of what?

negative feedback loop

Major Concepts - EFT

negative interaction cycle, secondary reactive emotions

object-relations therapy is similar to what set of principles

neo-Freudian psychoanalytic

norepinephrine

neurotransmitter; activates sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action

what is the transgenerational therapist stance?

neutral objective coach consultant

What is the therapist stance in Transgenerational or Bowenian Therapy?

neutral, objective, coach, or consultant

retroactive

new experiences interfere with recall of old info

are prescriptions and directives given in contextual therapy?

no

is symptom relief a goal in object relations?

no

avoidance learning

no clear reinforcer

null hypothesis

no difference

is the question of "why" addressed in MRI brief therapy? Why or why not?

no it is not because "why" questions lead into underlying causes of the problem, etc. and attempt to promote insight which isn't he goal of brief therapy

divergent thinking problems

no way of going about it and no solution

The counselor in Collaborative Theory is

non-authoritarian

what is the stance of the object relations therapist?

non-directive (unlike Bowen and Contextual); observer; and fosters insight and understanding

What is the stance of the therapist in object relations therapy?

non-directive, observer, and fosters insight and understanding

How is diagnosis & assessment achieved in strategic therapy?

non-historic, family life cycle, transition points, data from self report, observing family interactions

what type of diagnosis/assessment does MRI use?

non-historic; symptom-focused; sequence of symptom-maintaining behaviors; instances of circular causality

According to the social constructionist's perspective, diagnosis can categorize individuals by labeling them. This process is known as

objectification

what 3 activities are part of the experimental method?

observation; formulation of a hypothesis; and experimentation

fMRI

observes hemoglobin bound to oxygen has different properties than hemoglobin not bound to oxygen and uses tracer indigenous to our bodies *looks at functions of the different parts of the brain

secondary trait

occasional traits, not centrally defined

informational influence/social proof/social influence

occurs when conforming person does so because he believes the others are correct in their judgment

down's syndrome

occurs with full/partial extra 21 chromosome

is contextual therapy short or long-term?

often long-term

is trangenerational therapy short term or long-term?

often long-term

define projected identification?

often the person that is projected upon begins to believe/accept that projection

proactive interference

old info affects new info we're trying to learn

proactive

old info interferes with new info

variable interval (schedule of reinforcement)

on average reward every (n) seconds

with people who have an increasingly defined level of basic self how are their decision smostly based?

on objectivity

where is emphasis in differentiation placed?

on the "I". Every step toward self-differentiation is checked by an opposing emtional force of "togetherness" that is used to keep the emotional system of the family in check

Solution Focused focuses

on the present and future

interdependence theory

one of several social exchange theories based on gains/costs

what is ambivalence in couples therapy?

one or both partners may be unwilling to forgive past behaviors

According to Bowen, when two people have problems they are unable to resolve and they get to the ponit where it's hard to talk about certain things what happens?

one or both partners will turn to someone else for sympathy or the conflict will draw in a third person to try to help. Thus, a triangle is formed.

Coercion is

one person uses aversive stimuli to control the behavior of another

quid pro quo is

one spouse performs some behavior the other spouse wants contingent upon the other spouse performing some behavior they want

for homework in MRI therapy, how many times might a client be asked to enact a changed behavior?

only once or twice until the next session

Sherif and Sherif - robber's cave

only way to bring groups together is with superordinate goal

narcotics/opioids

opium and derivatives (codeine, heroin, morphine) and synthetics = painkillers produce temporary feeling of euphoria and drowsiness/sleep highly addictive bodily damage less than alcohol

parasympathetic nervous system

opposing sympathetic and conserves bodily resources

Jane is struggling with insomnia. She's seeing a therapist who has instructed her that, if she is not asleep with 30 minutes of going to bed, she must get up and mop and wax her kitchen floor. This technique is known as

ordeal therapy

Moro reflex

outstretched arms and legs and crying to a sudden change in environment/loud noise

inner ear

oval window (more like front door letting in messages) cochlea (basilar membrane, hair cells of Organ of Corti, auditory nerve, round window); making conversion to neural transmission

what happens in object relations when there is failure to conceive a child?

painful unconscious object relations are simulated

what are key terms in MRI Brief Therapy?

paradoxical, emphasis and belief

what does Nagy feel are signs of progress in de-parentifying a family member?

parents compete with their children for the therapist's attention as if the therapist were the parent; the children begin to try out new age-appropriate familial roles; children attempt to make their parents respond in parental manner

reality therapy

patient and therapist make commitment and therapist makes patient more proactive in their life

Transactions are

patterns of family organization--hierarchy, triangles, and transactional sequences

Festinger's social comparison theory

people are 1. attracted to persons that are similar 2. they perceive the person they are attracted to as similar than is really the case

deindividualization

people are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors when in a group because they become anonymous

McGuire inoculation theory

people can be "immunized" against subsequent persuasion communication if they have been familiarized in advance with the persuasive arguments they are going to hear and have heard counterarguments

glial cells

perform variety of other functions but do NOT transmit info myelinate connections between neurons

Balance attraction model

persons A and B having attraction to concept/person X; state of balance needs to exist - has to be even number of negative signs

mescaline

peyote, trip after cactus buttons are chewed and juice is swallowed ; 4-6 hours

What is egosyntonic?

phenomena or experiences which are consistent with the perceived needs or ideals of an individual

outer ear

pinnea (visual structure) and ear canal

acromegaly

pituitary gland produces too much growth horomone

opium

poppy plant; derivative = morphine morphine's derivatives = heroin (3x more powerful) and codeine

Bill (50) and Alexandria (43) present for therapy because their son Ralph (13) has developed school phobia. The phobia emerged after a trial separation between Bill and Alexandria. Bill moved back into the home when it became apparent that the only way to get Ralph to attend school was with both parents working together to help him. From a Behavioral Family therapy's perspective, scenario given is an example of

positive reinforcement

standard deviation

positive square root of variance

What is the emphasis of the strategic model?

positive-feedback cycles, maladaptive behavioral sequence of dysfunction

what is a key dimension in contextual therapy?

possession vs. loss of loved ones

what are some ways parentification may occur?

possessively (ex: oral or dependency), aggressively, or sexually

Collaborative Theory is what kind of approach

postmodernist

Young-Helmholtz

postulates there are three types of cones in retina, each having primary sensitivity to different parts of the color spectrum

group polarization

ppl make more extreme decisions after a discussion than they would before "shift"

Strategic family therapy focuses on:

pragmatic problem solving strategies

what are the stages of therapy in Milan systemic therapy?

pre-session; session interview with family behind one way mirror; interventions (ex: paradoxical prescript); hypothesis testing; team discussion of session; therapist presents conclusions; post-session of team and therapist; sessions 1 month apart; short-term

conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

premise = our behavior is unconsciously motivated (id-driven)

Gestalt (Perls)

premise: our words speak differently than our bodies therapist points out this contrast in patient - patient gets frustrated = essential part of growth Perls believed we disarm part of our personality (esp sex) and therapist helps them reown it

Logotherapy (Frankl)

premised on paradoxical intent "im going to faint" "ok" "*doesn't faint" therapist and patient build a distinction between thought and reality

How is the first interview conducted in strategic therapy and why?

presented in a "recipe" format, suggesting that although we are concerned with the outcome of therapy it is the beginning that is of importance

what is the decision of who becomes parentified based on?

previous family relationships and by the development background of each family member

Ego analysis (Hartman, White)

primary goal = frees individual from "slavery" to id and promotes importance of ego and understanding of child based conflicts and strengthening of ego childhood moments - relieved by ego emphasis

What is behavioral family therapy based on?

principles of learning and behavior change.

what does the pseudo self contain?

principles, ideas, and beliefs acquired through the relationship

What is the core problem in solution-focused therapy?

problem talk

suggestibility (in terms of memory)

problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, suggestions, etc.

incubation

problem-mulling while engaging in non-problem related activities

what is the core problem in narrative therapy?

problem-saturated stories

can people with amnesia remember any info?

procedural memory is unaffected by amnesia

heuristics

proceeding more rapidly than algorithms by going to most likely solution areas and utilizing subgoal analysis (defining the problem as subgoals, each addressed individually

algorithms

proceeding systematically; step by step; guaranteed solution

spatial and temporal summation

process by which various incoming signals are pooled together by numerous dendrites

chunking

process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units

operant conditioning

process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior

consolidation

process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory; 2nd stage of LT memory formation

sensation

process of informing the brain about some experience occurring outside the CNS (7 types)

what are some methods/techniques in transgenerational therapy?

process over content; process questions; relationship experiments; genogram; taking "I" positions; detriangulation or neutralizing triangles; coaching; displacement stories; and long-term therapy

Amy is discussing her relationship with her father in therapy. She is angry and attributes her father's "unreasonable" behavior to his lack of empathy for others. As she describes the latest argument with her father, her therapist says, "As your father turned around and walked out of the room, what were you thinking?" and "What happened next?" and "How did you respond to that?" Her therapist is probably using _____ and is practicing from a _____

process questions/Bowen

left hemisphere

processing of language, calculation (although right hemisphere is capable of basic language)

what are the major concepts of object relations?

projection of internalized, repressed ego objects; internal objects such as mental images of self and otehrs, and self in relation to others build from experience and expectation; interpersonal view of the introjected objects; peopel relate to people in the present partly on the basis of expectations formed by early experience

Anna (35) and Chuck (40) have been married for ten years and have struggled with sexual issues the whole time. Although Anna probably has a desire disorder and doesn't enjoy sex, she insists that Chuck is the one who never wants to be sexual. She has made appointments with medical doctors and therapists and tells each one that she very much wants to have more sexual relationship with Chuck doesn't want to. According to object relations theory, Anna is probably engaging in what?

projective identification

antidepressants

prolong activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin - this prolonged activity stimulates receptors of postsynaptic neuron

Helmholtz's Place ("Piano") Theory

proposed that a given place on the basilar membrane is responsive to a specific pitch

biological constraint model

proposes that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others

Rutherford's Frequency ("Telephone") Theory

proposes that the basilar membrane vibrates (much like the diaphragm of a telephone)

When having discovered that a client is HIV positive and has withheld this information from his spouse, the therapist's ethical responsibility is to

protect client confidentiality unless mandated by state law to do so.

Sibling Position

provide useful information in understanding the roles individuals tend to take in relationships

determinants of attraction

proximity - functional distance similarity rewardingness (people who care about you) familiarity (mere-exposure effect, matching hypothesis

crack

purified, smokeable form of cocaine; more powerful and addictive

represssion

pushing something out of mind/you can't remember

what is redefining?

putting a positive connotation on behavior that is usually considered to be undesirable

what are process questions?

queries designed to explore what's going on inside people and between them. Designed to slow people down, diminish reactive anxiety & start thinking how they participate in their problems

What is the emphasis of feminist therapy?

questions systems theory, deliberately political

ordinal

rank - does not indicate difference between each

fluid intelligence

raw mental ability; pattern recognition, abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before

Inherent in social constructionism

reality is created through language in an ongoing interactional and relational process.

occipital lobe

rear, vision

One of the developmental tasks of the middle-age adult stage of the family life cycle is

rebuilding the marriage

semantic memory

recalls facts and general knowledge, such as what we learn in school

thalamus

receives info from the senses and relays it to the cerebral cortex for processing

conservation

recognition that when some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant

EEG

records electrical changes across brain with electrodes placed on scalp; reveals abnormalities in electrical patterns

displacement

redirecting unacceptable behavior from original source to safer substitute

Systematic desensitization is

reducing the capacity of conditioned stimuli or activities to evoke anxiety.

what information might a Milan systemic therapist use to forumulate the hypothesis pre-session?

referring person; name, ages, education and jobs of family members; person designated as the IP (identified patient); the problem; information about ther person calling; and other data

What is Bowen's differentiation of self defined?

refers to the autonomy of function which results in being less reactive to family systems dynamics and other members emotional states; the extent to which they have learned to manage emotionality.

plantar

reflex; toes curl unders to a finger press agains the ball of the foot

what are key techniques used in strategic therapy?

reframing directives

medulla

regulates breathing heart rate and blood pressure

pancreas

regulates enzyme discharge into intestines and produces insulin (breaks down glucose for cells to absorb)

variable ratio schedule

reinforcement after random number of responses

fixed ratio schedule

reinforcement follows set number of responses

shaping

reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior

what is the emphasis in cognitive behavioral therapy?

reinforcement, extinction, and schemas

alpha waves

relaxed, drowsy, slower and higher energy than beta

One of the task of the launching stage of the family life cycle is

releasing adult children into work, college, or marriage

negative reinforcement

removal of an aversive stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior

negative punishment

removal of stimulus to decrease behavior

Behaviorists and learning theory (therapy) Skinner

remove faulty learning and replace with adaptive learning little emphasis on insight, goal is to change behavior provide most demonstrate-able results

expectancy value theory

repetition of behaviors bringing outcomes we value

tardive dyskinesia

repetitive, involuntary movements of mouth tongue face etc.

Adler (therapy)

replacing inferiority with self respect and social interest

sublimination

replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviors

According to MRI, all communication contains which of the following two levels of functions?

report and command

A therapist is seeing a 7-year-old girl and she reports that when daddy kisses her he puts his tongue in her mouth. An ethical therapist would

report immediately to the proper authorities.

mental maps

represent but often distort reality

Jonathan (47) and Samantha (46) present for help with their daughter Michelle (12) who has a history of depression. The family has also recently moved and Michelle will be entering a new high school this fall. The family spends some time animatedly describing recent events in their lives that they believe deepened Michelle's depression. The conversation begins to wind down. An Object Relations therapist would be most likely to

request details of their earlier histories

descriptive statistics

requires person to specify population of interest and collect measures from all members

Sex therapy is

respondent conditioning

acquisition

response increases gradually until it levels off at asymptote and remains here until situation is changed (which leads to extinction)

grasping

response to objects touching hand/fingers

sucking

response/reflex to objects touching lips

fixed interval schedule

responses are always reinforced after a set amount of time

variable interval schedule

responses reinforced after time periods of different durations have passed

receptors

responsible for the transduction of physical stimulus energy into neural/electrical that are relayed to appropriate cerebral cortex

discrimination

restriction of a conditioned response to only the exact conditioned stimulus to which it was conditioned

Paradoxical directives can also be seen as

reverse psychology

regression and fixation

reverting to immature behavior

fixed ratio

reward every (n) responses

fixed interval (schedule of reinforcement)

reward every (n) seconds

variable ratio

reward on average every (n) responses *high levels of responding

How are boundaries characterized?

rigid or flexible and as diffuse, open or closed

photoreceptors

rods and cones photochemical reaction is triggered in photoreceptors producing neural signals that are transmitted to bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Kaman

role of surprise in learning contingencies with blocking effect of redundant info

counterconditioning (Dollard and Miller)

running an effective response in direct/strong competition with person's current one (therapy) emphasis on insight - ability to realize how faulty one's learning occurred in earlier years and change behavior on basis of knowledge

The double bind theory is a hypothesis about the cause of what?

schizophrenia

Battle for Initiative is

second battle the family takes back from the therapist its authority to make choices about what is discussed and about decisions that affect their lives

A change that constitutes a basic change in the structure and functioning of a system

second order change

Sarah's 15 year old daughter, Rebecca, has a 9 pm bedtime isn't allowed to go to the mall with her friends unless an adult is along. Sarah expresses her fears and concerns that something bad might happen to Rebecca and believes that close monitoring is the only way to keep her safe. Rebecca began to rebel against the rules of the household and Sarah moved her bedtime up to 8:30 and grounded her from going anywhere with friend. The two are now at each other's throats and Rebecca has become increasingly rebellious. Sarah's family therapist suggested that, although close monitoring worked well with Rebecca while she was a pre-schooler and school-aged, that Rebecca is now a teenager. She suggested that Sarah discus with other parents of teenagers might think were reasonable rules. Sarah's therapist is attempting to engender what type of change?

second order change

The idea that anyone attempting to observe and change a system is therefore part of that system

second order cybernetics

chi-sqaured

seeks to determine whether two variables are independent in a pop from which a sample has been obtained deals with discrete categories instead of continuous measurements - 2x2 table obtain phi coefficient for chi squared value goodness of fit and test for independence

what is used for diagnosis/assessment in object relations?

self-report; family of origin history; analyzing the defensive system of the family; analysis of intrapsychic material; and degree of indivdidualization between family members

proprioception

sense of relative position of our body parts

garden-path sentences

sentences that suggest one interpretation that turns out to be wrong

stratified random sampling

set out categories and then randomly sample within those categories

what are the stages of therapy in MRI?

set-up & definition of the problem; identify and interrupt behavior maintaining problems; set goals; behavioral intervention (direct or paradoxical); client position treatment needs maneuverability to find out who is person most wanting to change; prescriptive; what solution tried and discard; what solution being used; termination; short-term therapy

Korsakoff sydrome

severe memory impairment

Emotionally Focused Therapy is

short term

Is Milan systemic therapy short or long-term?

short term

what are the key techniques used in psychodynamic therapy?

silence and interpretation

stage 2 sleep

sleep spindles and k-complexes

parapraxis

slip of the tongue (betraying unconscious motivations)

depressants

slow the CNS functioning (decrease heart rate and breathing) and impairs motor functioning - ultimate effect = sleep

phonemes

smallest structural element of spoken language that distinguishes meaning; corresponds to a single sound

PCP

snythetic, ingested/swallowed

Collaborative Theory says that human reality is created through

social construction and dialogue

Andrew comes to therapy struggling with depression. His therapist asked him to describe the times he is not depressed, or at least a little less depressed than usual. His therapist is most likely practicing from which perspective?

solution Focused

Solution Focsed focuses on

solutions not on problems

How is emotional cutoff achieved?

some people seek distance by moving away, others seek distance emotionally by avoiding personal conversations or insulating themselves with the presence of 3rd parties

Georg von Bekesy

sound wave frequencies are locally dispersed before excitatory nerve fibers in cochlea and get sent to the brain

right hemisphere

spatial and nonverbal functions

Out of earshot of Dad, Mom points out one of his parenting inadequacies to the children. From a Contextual Family Therapy perspective, Mom's actions are evidence for

split filial loyalty

theta waves

stage 1 sleep; lower energy than alpha

delta waves

stage 3; higher energy than theta

object permanence

starts around 9 months

classical conditioning

starts with an unconditioned stimulus that already elicits an unconditioned response; during learning a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually the conditioned stimulus causes the conditioned response, which is similar in nature (or the same) as the unconditioned response

Speilberger's state vs. trait anxiety

state: anxiety with specific situations trait: difference between people in terms of their tendency to experience anxiety in response in anticipation of a threat

I-Position is

statements that reflect the speaker's own thoughts and feelings instead of attempting to blame others

axon

stem-like corridor; transmits neurons signals to dendrites of other neuron; often wrapped in myelin sheath

nicotine

stimulates ANS and increases mood and attention; just as addictive as heroin/cocaine

pituitary gland

stimulates bone growth and produces hormones somatotropin (growth) prolactin thyroid stimulating follicle-stimulating

amphetamines

stimulates brain and sympathetic nervous system

Subjugated stories are

stories about the client that are obscured by the dominant story. Some are helpful and some are not.

What therapy grew out of the communications theory?

strategic

Which therapy is Cloe Madanes associated with?

strategic

in what theory does the therapist often work with only 1 or 2 members of a family system?

strategic

what theory emphasizes out-of-session directives?

strategic

what theory emphasizes positive-feedback cycles?

strategic

what theory emphasizes the importance of maladaptive behavioral sequences in dysfunction?

strategic

what theory focuses on behavioral sequences?

strategic

what theory focuses on problem solving?

strategic

what theory is indirect and nonconfrontive?

strategic

what theory retrospectively focuses on out-of-session behavioral sequences?

strategic

Narrative Solutions is a combination of

strategic and narrative

long-term potentiation

strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron

in what theory does the therapist generally work with the whole family?

structural

what theory emphasizes the importance of structure in dysfunction?

structural

what theory focuses on immediate in-session behaviors?

structural

kinesics

study of body language

epigenetics

study of reversible changes in performance of genes that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA (genes can turn on and off)

cerebral cortex

subcortical structure aka rest of forebrain with 2 hemispheres

what is the emphasis in structural therapy?

subsystems and boundaries

Shaping is

successive approximations to a desired, often more complex, behavior are reinforced until the desired behavior is achieved

What is discontinuous change?

sudden change in family system organization usually brought on by a crisis which effects the perception of a problem.

Paivo

suggests we use dual code of both visual and verbal memory whenever possible

convergence

summation, antagonism

how did others refer to the emotional sensitivity between patients and their mother that attracted Bowen?

symbiosis

what is the emotional sensitivity between patients and their mothers?

symbiosis

________ relationships are characterized by a high frequency of similar kinds of behavior.

symmetrical

Watzlawick would describe couples who are free to pursue careers and share childbearing and household chores as having a

symmetrical relationship

LSD

synthesized from rye fungus by Hofmann *serotonin agonist, enhances action of serotonin across synapse long term use = memory loss, nightmares, paranoia, panic attacks and flashbacks

methadone

synthetic narcotic/opioid *unique because can sometimes be used to treat narcotic addiction but it is just as powerful/addictive so highly controversial

retinoptic path

system by which neurons are organized (in the eye)

endocrine system

system of glands that secretes hormones in the body hypothalamus serves as glandular system "control center" and produces oxytocin and and

Respondent conditioning is

systematic desensitization, assertiveness training, aversion

Milan systemic therapy differs from Haley's strategic in that

systemic therapy helps families to understand the meaning of the symptoms, while strategic just changes the pattern

what are autopoetic systems?

systems that are self-organizing and self-maintaining; biological systems and human systems are an example. Can be described as second order cybernetics

What is an allopoetic system?

systems that can be controlled from the outside, such as machines

Jane doesn't like that intervention and goes to another therapist. This therapist tells Jane she must attempt to stay awake at least three hours each night when she goes to bed. This therapist is

targeting the attempted solution

Rational-Emotive Therapy (Ellis)

targets irrationalities in our thoughts/beliefs that have psychological consequences 11 irrational thoughts in western culture - replace these irrational thoughts with rational

John Garcia

taste aversion studies; we have a predisposition ot make certain associations more rapidly than others

define triangulation

telling a partner in a dyad something about the third person in a triangle

what are firstborn characteristics?

tendency to identify with power and authority, employ size and strength to defend their status, and try to minimize the cost of having siblings by dominating them

availability heuristic

tendency to judge the likelihood of something based on the extent to which that events pops up into our mind

confirmation bias

tendency to seek out info that confirms our beliefs

lowballing

tendency to stay with commitment we've made after the initially low stakes have been raised

forebrain

thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, limbic system (= hypothalamus + amygdala + hippocampus), cerebral cortex

Emotionally Focused Therapy believes

that change involves a new experience of self

Constructionism holds

that learning can happen most effectively when people are also active in making tangible objects in the real world.

what does object relations theory propose?

that parental images are developed by children and assessed as either good or bad

Family Paradigm is

that people can, and do, construct their view of the world and way of knowing differently (families have different ways of knowing

the contextual model is based on what premise?

that the human condition of fairness results in a cross-generational "ledger" that tracks what has been given to the individual and what is owed

Social Constructionism holds the view

that there are no underlying processes at work; everything is in view and nothing is hidden.

Collaborative therapist take the position

that there is no such thing as an objective problem

what is the "well-child" parentified?

the "well-child" contributes to the loyalty system of the family by playing certain prescribed and premature roles and not to live an age-appropriate life

degrees of freedom

the # of frequencies free to vary for any given n chi squared tests

The Solution Focused model grew out of

the Constructivist model

selective attention

the ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others

social referencing

the ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person, especially a caregiver, in an uncertain situation

Transactional Analysis (therapy)

the adult/parent/child roles; want to get patient in "I'm ok, you're ok" mindset

Collaborative Couple's Therapy is based on

the assumption that conflict is inevitable and emphasis should be placed on how couples handles that conflict.

Differentian of self refers to....

the autonomy of function which results in being less reactive to family systems dynamics and other members emotional states; the extent to which they have learned to manage emotionality.

variance

the average of squares of the distance that each value is from the mean

what is the degree of fusion dependent on?

the basic level of differentiation in each of the two people before marriage

what does the degree of differentiation determine?

the basic level of self in a person from poor to good

define differentiation of self

the capacity to think and reflect, to not respond automatically to emotional pressures, internal or external. It's the ability to be flexible and act wisely, even in the face of anxiety.

define circularity

the cause of one event is understood to have been itself caused by others, thus creating an endless (and begin-less) circular chain of events

what is a double-bind in contextual therapy?

the child is expected to be obedient, yet also behave in accordance with his parentifiec position

Transference is

the client's unconscious tendency to attribute to the therapist unresolved drives, attitudes, feelings, and fantasies from previous relationships

law of effect

the consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that behavior will be repeated

Second order cybernetics investigates

the construction of models of cybernetic systems

what is the battle for structure and who described it?

the demand that the family capitulate to the therapist's way of operating while in therapy. Described by Whitaker.

what is MRI known for?

the development of second-order change and thinking the solution is the problem

Destructive entitlement is

the development of symptomatic behaviors in the pursuit of self-justifying and harmful means to satisfy the perception of what is due as a result of deficient caring and responsibility in parenting

binocular disparity

the difference between the slightly different images that fall on each eye

resting potential

the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest (-70 mV)

zone of proximal development

the distance between what a child can learn alone and what a child can learn assisted by someone, usually an adult

define parentification

the distortion of a relationship in which one's spouse or children are induced to function as if they were one's parent

what is the hallmark of transgenerational therapy?

the emphasis on the powerful influence that past generations have on present

parentification is a dynaimc rooted in what family system?

the family loyalty system

how would the Milan team say the family would describe the therapist who folowed the Milan system?

the family would be unable to tell what the therapist actually "did," but could describe the manner of doing

what method or technique is the main focus in contextual therapy?

the focus on family resources

As Andrew's therapy session draws to a close, his therapist gives him the following homework: "Between now and the next time we meet, I would like for you to notice what is going on in your life, right now, that you would like to see continue, even when this depression has lifted." This intervention is known as

the formula first session task

what is the goal in transgenerational therapy?

the goal is to work on changing or modfying the important triangle in the family, usually the marital couple

Milton Erickson believed

the idea that resistance to change was a key obstacle to success in therapy.

what is the central ego in object relations?

the ideal neutral object free from exciting and rejecting aspects

action potential

the impulse of positive charge that runs down an axon to axon terminal; when it reaches axon terminal is causes neuron to release chemicals that fill the synapse (neurotransmitters) and these attach to receptors in lock and key fashion

crystallized intelligence

the kind of knowledge that one gains from experience and learning, educating, and practicing

levels of processing

the more deeply people encode info, the better they will recall it

in therapy who effects change in the whole system and how the triangle functions?

the most central person

Inherent in constructivism is

the notion that what is 'known' in the external world is determined by our innate mental and sensory structures

How was Bowen different from the rest of family therapy's pioneers?

the others were pragmatists, more concerned with action than insight, more interested in technique than theory. Bowen saw theory as a way of thinking not interventions

working memory

the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand; often used interchangeably with ST memory; only information in conscious awareness and is actively processed - multiple buffers

Define family projection process

the part of the process by which parents project their undifferentiation onto one or more of the children

groupthink phenomenon

the practice of thinking/making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility

Narrative therapy is most interested in:

the present problem

positive reinforcement

the presentation or addition of an appetitive stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur

Narrative therapy believes the problem is

the problem. The person is not the problem.

What is fair exchange?

the process by whereby members of a system act upon each other and the system

what is accommodation in the structural process?

the process by which a couple transitions from courtship and adjusts to a partnership

what is change?

the process by which structural elements of a system are transformed to new states or levels of organization

encoding

the process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new info; first stage of LT memory formation

accommodation (vision)

the process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances

In EFT the therapist is

the process consultant

Who was Bowen's original focus on ?

the relationship between mother and schizophrenic patient

according to parentification and contextual therapy the scapegoat is..

the saddest of all human beings and tremendously powerful in keeping the system intact (some couples "have to" stay together just to handle what the scapegoat child will do next)

A symptom carrier for family dysfunction or pathology is often referred to as

the scapegoat

Hermeneutics is

the science of interpretation and explanation.

Differentiation

the separation of intellectual and emotional functioning which results in being less reactive to family system dynamics and other members emotional states

constitutes

the smaller units we break messages into to better understand them

personas

the social face the individual presents to the world to make an impression/conceal the nature of the individual

what is one of the main tenets in MRI?

the solution is the problem

What is the key concept in solution-focused therapy?

the solution is within the client

what is the "dirty middle" of therapy according to James Framo?

the stage in couples therapy where one of them has to change

Cybernetic is the study of

the structure of regulatory systems

What is cybernetics?

the study of how systems are controlled and how information feedback loops work

spontaneous recovery

the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response

Most strategic tasks have a common characteristic -- they try to manipulate

the symptom

who elects th parentified member in contextual therapy?

the system as a whole

define entropy

the tendency of a system to become disordered and random unless controlled by outside forces

what is entropy?

the tendency of a system to become disordered and random, unless controlled by outside forces

who does the team of therapists consist of in MRI brief therapy?

the therapist and observers

who decides (and how) what family members are seen in contextual therapy?

the therapist based on info. given by the family

how would assessment and therapy initiation be conducted in a structural approach?

the therapist would work with the family to help them realize how their actions or behaviors might be contributing to the problem

Circumplex Model of Family Therapy focuses on

the three central dimensions of marital and family systems: cohesion, flexibility and communication

what is a central element of object relations therapy

the transference of repressed introjects (feelings, beliefs) with both negative and positive ojbect identification onto others

what is the main tenet in transgenerational theory?

the transmission of unresolved conflicts, beliefs, and roles that pass from generation to generation

according to Bowen what is the smallest stable relationship system with emotional forces in constant motion?

the triangle

what is the theory of dysfunction in contextual therapy?

the trustworthiness of relationship breaks down because fairness, caring, and accountability are absent. Fairness and justice isn't equal for all family members

Define Bowen's emotional cutoff.

the way people manage anxiety between generations. The greater emotional fusion between parents and children, the greater the likelihood of cutoff.

extinction

the weakening/disappearing of a conditioned response in the absence of a reinforcement

Spearman's g factor

theory of intelligence in which intelligence is made up of several components that fit tightly together to create one factor (g) of intelligence

balance theory

theory of motivational attitude change; conceptualizes the cognitive consistency motive as a drive towards psychological balance

Fixed Role Therapy

therapist = validator therapist becomes familiar with patients faulty constructs, breaks them down, and reconstructs them and therapist validates new constructs

Exoneration is

therapist attempts to help the client see the positive intent and intergenerational loyalty issues behind even the destructive behaviors of previous generations

Mimesis is

therapist gains acceptance by mimicking the gestures, communication, and behavioral patterns of family members

Tracking is

therapist participates in the existing family dynamic, while privately noting the dysfunctional or unbalanced processes being enacted

Countertransference is

therapist's unconscious emtional reaction to the client which derive from the therapist's own history

Utilizating Resistance is

therapists asks client who is not changing to slow down or not change

what do MRI Brief Family Therapy, Strategic, and Milan Systemic Model have in common?

they all propose that therapy is a kind of human engineering that is strategically designed and implemented by a therapist

Although most constructivists acknowledge that a "real world" exists outside of human consciousness or language

they are much more interested in the nuances in people's construction of the world than they are in evaluating the extent to which such constructions are "true" in representing a presumably external reality.

what is similar about the therapist's stance in transgenerational and Milan Sytemic therapy?

they both are neutral

elaborate rehearsal

things we made vivid with rich imagery associations

conjunction fallacy

thinking the likelihood of two events occurring together is greater than each event occurring individually

information processing

time required to do each mental operation in a fixed sequence

synaptic vesicles

tiny sacs in terminal button that contain neurtransmitters

Milan Systemic attends

to beliefs rather than behavior

Why did the Milan associates interview families about their history?

to find evidence of how the children's symtpoms became necessary for the system

Parts party is

to help clients experience the different parts of their personalities and enable them to see how they operate as an integrated whole

what is the primary purpose of relationship experiments

to help people discover their ability to move against the ways their emotions are driving them

Greg argued with his parents about his curfew and his parents then grounded him. Greg then ran away and stayed with a friend. A first order intervention at this point might be

to help the parents find a more effective punishment to tame this out-of-control child

An MRI-based therapist working with a client with stage fright is most likely to tell the client

to identify the disadvantages of improvement

why is homework used in MRI brief therapy?

to promote the best use of time in between sessions and put the change out in the patient's real word

what is a goal in object relations therapy?

to try to help members of a couple identify and own their introjects (feelings, beliefs), noting when they are projecting them onto one another

Babinski reflex

toes outward and upward to a sole of the foot touch

halo effect

too much emphasis on small number of desirable attributes while looking over the more important things

parietal lobe

top, somatosensation

haptic code

touch

Introjection can only be detected by

trained therapists

anxiolytics

tranquilizers/anti-anxiety meprobamate (decrease anxiety or sleep or death) librium, xanax, klonapin (also used to treat OCD) benzodiazepines - sedation same risks of physical and psychological addiction

contextual therapy comes from what model of therapy?

transgenerational

what therapy is emotional cutoff associated with?

transgenerational or Bowenian

neurons

transmit info in for of electrochemical changes

what is the core problem in Bowenian theory?

triangles and emotional reactivity

Bob (45) and Marianne (38) argue about what is the proper age for their daughter Jill (14) to begin dating. Jill hears the fighting and enters the room. Marianne draws Jill into the argument to side with her against Bob. From a Bowen Systems perspective, what has occurred?

triangulation

According to Bowenian transgenerational theory, the past generations have a powerful influence on the present. (true or false)

true

Bowen was an exception in that he was more committed to systems theory as a way of thinking than as a set of interventions (true or false)

true

Transgenerational therapsits work with the family of origin, true or false?

true

True or false: People with a high degree of self-differentiation about tte different thinings and feeling

true

true or false. Bowen believed there is no discontinuity between normal and disturbed families but that all families vary along a continuum from emotional fusion to differentiation

true

true or false: Bowen believed that understanding how family systems operate is more important than procedures

true

true or false: Bowen looked at techniques with disdain

true

true or false: Milan Systemic Therapy attends more to beliefs, the way things are perceived and how people learn

true

true or false: both MRI and strategic believe that the therapist's role is to engineer change

true

true or false: both MRI and strategic view the family's problems as essentially a fixed behavioral reality needing to be changed.

true

true or false: children who grow up outside the family projection process may emerge with a higher level of differentiation of self than the parents

true

true or false: in object relations it isn't objects that are in the psyche, but fantasies of objects

true

true or false: in some families members take turns being parentified?

true

true or false: object relations ascribes to the theory that insight is necessary for change to occur and that working thru is necessary to fully master the gains made from change

true

true or false: the genogram can be used as a third party-tool to help a dyad stabilize?

true

Coalitions are

two family members form a covert alliance either temporary or durable against a third - form usually across generational boundaries

What are coalitions?

two family members joined together against a third. Usually formed across generational boundaries. Described by Minuchin's structural model

how many positive sides are in a triangel? How many negative sides are in a triangel?

two positive sides and one negative side

what are characteristics of laterborns?

underdogs in the family, identify with oppressed and question the status quo, more open to experience

propositions

units of meaning in a sentence had subject and predicate incorporated into sentences of varying structure and meaning

according to Bowen what is the most important unfinished business of our lives?

unresolved emotional reactivity

punishment

use of aversive stimulus to decrease responding

Pearson's product-movement correlation

used if researcher wants to determine if there is a relationship between 2 groups of paired numbers

problem-solving

uses productive (new approach) and reproductive (old approach) thought processes, encompasses incubation (problem-mulling while engaged in non-problem based activitities

when is termination performed in MRI?

usually by the end of ten sessions

binomial distribution

values are either 0 or 1

wit

vehicle for getting the forbidden thoughts/urges past the defense mechanism

egocentrism

viewing the world from one's own perspective and not being capable of seeings things from another perspective

Gibson and Walk

visual cliff experiment - infants have sense of depth perception

social referencing

watching the emotional response of others

timbre

wave complexity overtones

z-scores

way of translating different SDs and means into common language that facilitates comparison score-mean divided by SD compares multiple distributions

Family Projection Process

way parents transmit their emotional problems to a child.

foot-in-the-door

we are more likely to agree to large commitment type requests if we have agreed in advance to smaller commitments requests

according to Bowen, do we have more or less autonomy in our emotional lives than we assume? why?

we have less autonomy because most of us are more dependent and reactive to one another than we like to think

correspondance bias

we make dispositional attributions even when we are fully aware of the power of the situation

One of the developmental tasks of the middle-age adult stage of the family life cycle is

welcoming children's spouses, grandchildren in the family

Solution Focused concentrates on

what clients want to achieve in therapy not what the problem is.

Entitlement is

what each person is inherently and fairly due and what each accrues based on his/her behavior toward others and other's behavior toward him/her

what does the cross-generational ledger track?

what has been given to an individual and what is owed

what is destructive entitlement? Give and example

when fairness is not present. Ex: father is absent and oldest son takes on the role as father. When he has a child of his own he feels that he can be absent himself..."I've already done that role"

perceptual constancies

when our perception is unaltered by environmental changes that affect properties of a stimulus (lightness and color, size, and shape)

normative influence

when person wishes to avoid negative consequences from differing with the group

is self-differentiating more successful when the family is in emotional equilibrium or in crisis?

when the family is in crisis

Triangulation

when the inevitable anxiety in a dyad is relieved by involving a vulnerable third party who either takes sides or provides a detour for the anxiety

when do parentification attempts become pathologic?

when they begin to seriously hinder a child's emotional development

Detouring is

when two family members attempt to preserve their relationship by defining their conflict as a disagreement about a third person, keeping the focus on that person rather than themselves and their problem

give an example of a process question

when your boyfriend neglects you, how do you deal with it? What about you wife's criticism hurts you most?

according to Nagy where do our ethics originate?

with internalizations of our relationships with our parents

parsing

words in spoken/written message are transformed into a mental representation of the meaning of the message

Social Constructionism therapists

work with clients to build or construct new understanding of the world and their problem. This can help the client explore new options for approaching the problem.

Did Jay Haley feel symptoms were meaningful to solve problems?

yes

Does Bowenian theory believe that family is with us everywhere we go?

yes

Does Bowenian therapy belive that the best way to treat a child is to treat the parent?

yes

can the degree of differentiatiion of self be used as an over-all assessment in the life processs

yes

do Bowenian therapists move in occasionally to challenge, confront, and explain?

yes

do Milan systemic therapists see the entire family?

yes

does contextual therapy follow the premise that while we give we receive?

yes

in Milan systemic therapy is therapy an evolving process and the family and evolving system?

yes

in family therapy is hypothesis building considered experimental?

yes

is brief therapy symptom oriented?

yes

is co-therapy encouraged in contextual therapy?

yes

is homework utilized in MRI brief therapy?

yes

is it important to help the family recognize the trustworthiness that resides within each of its members?

yes

If you are poorly self-dfferentiated and move with the pseudo self does your heart or your head rule?

your heart


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