MFT National Exam Review Pt. 1
Bowenian belief about emotional fusion and differentiation
"All families fit on a continuum between emotional fusion (unhealthy) and differentiation (healthy)"
Family members are caught up in a
"Dirty Game"
Theory of Dysfunction - Milan
"Dirty Game", problems maintained by behavioral sequences, problems exist when the family's old belief does not fit its current pattern of behavior
Main concept & Emphasis in Contextual Therapy
"Fairness" is major conception close relationships Ledgers and balances
Core problem in Strategic Therapy
"More of the same solutions"
pons
"bridge" between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activities
what question is essential to ask a client in MRI brief therapy?
"what is the least amount of chagne acceptable?"
what does an MRI brief therapist need to determine in early treatment sessions?
"where the patient lives"
Fusion
'lack of differentiation' is where individual choices are set aside in the service of achieving harmony within the system
Key concept & techniques in Solution Focused Therapy
*Belief that the solution is within the client 1. Focus on solutions (mirroring, scaling questions) 2. Identifying exceptions (deconstruction, future plans, de-emphasize history and pathology)
Main goal of EFT *
*Emotional Focused Therapy To help couples reveal underlying primary emotion and create new emotional experiences for people
Bowen's 6 interrelated concepts
1. Differentiation of self 2. Triangles 3. Nuclear family emotional process 4. Family projection process 5. Multi-generational transmission process 6. Sibling position
Name the 6 interlocking concepts of Bowenian or transgenerational theory?
1. Differentiation of self 2. Triangulation 3. Nuclear family emotional process 4. Family projection process 5. Transgenerational (or multigenerational) projection process 6. Sibling position
What 2 two concepts were added to Bowen's 6 interlocking concepts in the 1970s?
1. Emotional Cutoff: the way people manage anxiety between generations 2. Societal emotional process: sexism, class, ethnic prejudice, gender
2 Core problems in Experiential Therapy
1. Emotional suppression (rigid roles, difficulty tolerating relational stress, intolerant of differences) 2. Mystification (non verbal expectations & messages)
4 relationship dimensions to assess in Contextual Therapy
1. Facts (location, health, marital status, etc.) 2. Psychological (cognitive and emotional attributes people are assigned) 3. Transactions & family Relationship patterns 4. Relationship ethics (most important influence on family)
4 basic emotional process or patterns in families (Bowen)
1. Marital conflict 2. Dysfunction in spouse 3. Impared child 4. Emotional Distance
5 main patterns for coping with emotions (experiential therapy)
1. Placating 2. Blaming 3. Computing 4. Distancing 5. Leveling
what two items does MRI take from Erickson?
1. goal is not clarifying the problem, but altering or modifying it by a redefinition 2. taking what the client gives and using this in some positive manner
what two questions are asked in the evaluation of MRI brief therapy?
1. has behavior changed as planned? 2. has the complaint been relieved?
five eras (female based)
1. launch to adulthood (16-25) 2. leveling (26-30) 3. liberation (36-60) 4. regeneration/redirection (61-65) 5. creativity/destructiveness (66+)
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
1. physiological 2. safety 3. belongingness 4. esteem 5. self-actualization
5 key elements of creative people
1. prominent knowledge/expertise 2. imaginative thinking/ability to perceive things differently 3. venturesome personality 4. highly motivated 5. function in creative environment; do not work alone
Gregory Bateson
1950's Double bind theory - researched communication and schizophrenia with in a family system Also connected to Cybernetics Model (belief that families regulate themselves using feedback loops designed to keep the family stable
Pre-contemplation stage of change
1st stage -no intent or bx change in future
Coalition
2 family members join together against a 3rd usually across generational lines
brainwashing
2 phases: physical and pscyhological
pre-operational
2-5 years; the second stage (Piaget) which begins with emergence of symbolic thought
Contemplation stage of change
2nd stage - aware of problem, thinking about making a change
Preparation stage of change
3rd stage - combines intention & behavior Intend to make change in next month
storage
3rd stage LT memory
Alliance
A bond or affiliation between 2 or more family members
Alliances are
A bond or affiliation between two or more family members
Emphasis in Attachment Theory
All people need emotional and psychological attachment to others to survive Attachment to core caregiver will influence adult relationships
I-Postion comes from
Bowen
drive-reduction theory
Clark Hull drive reduction = major cause of learning
Collaborative Couple's Therapy
Dan Wiles
accommodation is
Elements of a system automatically adjust to coordinate their functioning: pepole may gave to work at it
Desentization CBT
Elicit negative feelings while in a relaxed state to reduce feeling of anxiety, anger, etc
4 Therapeutic Goals for victims of sexual abuse
Emotional catharsis (pour out emotions no ?'s) Confrontation (all feeling out and explored, healing begins) Self- identification (rebuild how victim sees self) Self Management (establish personal control moving forward)
Who are the founders of psychoanalytic therapy?
Erik Erikson and Erich Fromm
Autonomy vs. Shame
Erikson's 2nd stage 2-3 years; need to develop sense of personal control over physical skills and sense of independence
Initiative vs. Guilt
Erikson's 3rd stage 3-5 years; need to start asserting control and power over environment; success = sense of purpose those that try and exude too much power = disaproval -guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Erikson's 4th stage 6-11 need to cope with social and academic demands success = competence failure = confusing and diminished sense of self
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erikson's 5th stage 12-18
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erikson's 6th stage 19-40 yrs
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erikson's 7th stage 40-65 need to create/nurture things that will outlast you (children, some positive change)
Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson's 8th and final stage need to look back and feel sense of fulfillment
Fidelity
Ethical principal where therapist makes honest promise and honors commitments to client
Constructivism states that
Every family member's view of the world must be accepted as valid, since it is unique to that person. Therapists can work with clients to help them reconstruct certain views or perceptions that are causing conflict within the family or guide individuals toward constructs that enable better problem solving.
According to Contextual therapy, __________ is a major issue in all close relationships.
Fairness
Goals and progress in Contextual Therapy
Fairness-Based on members perception of fairness within family Restore capacity to give through fair relating and trust
Behavioral & Cognitive Behavioral (CBT) theorists
Falloon, Gottman, Jacobson, Liberman, Patterson, Stuart
Centripetal
Family System dynamic Tight emotional bonds in family members are encouraged to continue
F.I.L.E.
Family inventory of life events Quick measure of family stress Can be completed by more than one person and measures number of stressful life events in a family
Difference in Alliances and Coalitions
Generally within a subsystem and not hidden
Key techniques in Bowenian Therapy
Genograms & process questions
who are the founders of cognitive behavioral therapy?
Gerald Patterson, Robert Liberman, and Richard Stuart
social exchange theory
Gergen social attraction in context of person's rewards from interaction; costs have to < than benefits
Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT)
Greenberg and Johnson
CBT Family Therapy goal
Identify and correct distorted or inaccurate patterns that affect the system
Quid pro quo refers to a family or couple's tendency to take which stance?
If you do X, I will do Y
When Janet, a 26-year-old childhood sexual abuse survivor, was in elementary school, she could not concentrate on her schoolwork, and received barely passing grades. Although she is very bright, she still cannot work up to her intelligence level. She did not resolve the Eriksonian stage of:
Industry versus inferiority
Theory of Dysfunction - Feminist
Inequality of power in relationships, power differentials in gender roles
Theory of Dysfunction - Structural
Inflexible family structures not adequately adjusting to maturational or situational challenges, rigid or diffuse boundaries between subsystems
Thought stopping CBT
Interrupting repetitive cognitions (snap rubber band)
Why is structural therapy so popular?
It's simple, inclusive, and practical
Founder of Contextual Therapy
Ivan Boszormenyl-Nagy
who are the founders of object relations?
James Framo (although he asserts that he is not), Normal Paul, D. Scharff and J. Scarff
what therapists are associated with strategic therapy?
Jay Haley, Cloe Madanes, and Milton Erickson
narrative solutions
Joseph Eron, Thomas Lund
Blaming (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)
Judge mental, comparing or complaining
Founder of General Systems Theory
Ludwig Von Bertalanffy Each family system is part of a larger system in community, culture, etc. More then one possible solution to a problem
Rubber fence theory (who and what)
Lyman Wynne System seems open but designed to keep outsiders out and insiders in
Founders of Collaborative Therapy
M. C. Bateson
who is the founder of collaborative therapy?
MC Bateson
Complimentary Relationship comes from
MRI
Who developed in Systemic Family Therapy (Milan Model)
Mara Salvini Palazzoli
what clinic was Bowen a part of and when?
Menninger Clinic from 1946 to 1954
In the context of brief therapy, what does MRI stands for?
Mental Research Institute
Interventions & Methods in Contextual Therapy
Multi-directional partiality (Tx sides with each member to foster growth) Observing, listening, respond to unconscious material
personology approach to personality
Murray motivation's effects on personality; a taxonomy of needs including achievement, affiliation, dominance, etc.
Founders of Bowenian Therapy
Murray Bowen & James Framo
Bowen Theorists are
Murray Bowen, Fogarty, Guerin
who are the founders of psychodynamic therapy?
Nathan Ackerman, Henry Dicks, and Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
where did Bowen move to in 1954?
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Bowen's theory is also known as
Natural Systems Theory
Theory of Dysfunction - Object Relations/Psychodynamic
Negative aspects of repressed, introjected early "objects" (primarily parents) are projected onto the spouse or children
Theory of Dysfunction - Object Relations
Negative aspects of repressed, introjected early objects (primarily parents) are projected onto the spouse or children
Circular questioning
Non threatening technique to gain insight. And perspective of individual and prompt listening from others "What would mom do if your brother ignores her)
Melanie Klein developed
Object Relations Theory
False Self
Presenting self In a way that does not reflect your true nature or character in order to be accepted
where does object relations therapy stem from?
Principles found in psychoanalysis
Betty Carter
Pushed the value of considering family life cycle in therapy. Increased recognition of other important factors related to family life cycles such as historical documentation of family problems for the current family and past generations as well as the impact of extended family on client' problems.
What is Redefining
Putting a positive connotation on BX that is usually considered undesirable.
3 main Emphasis of structural therapy
Relational Patterns, Subsystems, Boundaries
Homework CBT
Relevant to topic discussed often
How boundaries are classified
Rigid or flexible & diffuse, open, closed
Key techniques in Experiential therapy
Role playing, family sculpting, family art therapy, empty chair, metaphors
social judgment theory
Sherif and Sherif perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes
Key techniques in Psychodynamic Therapy
Silence and interpretation
"Exceptions" to the problem....came from
Solution Focused
Boundaries come from
Structural Therapy
Reflection of feeling
Technique to move therapist from content and focus on feeling in the clients message w/o judgement
Family Rules
Term used in communication theory to describe redundant or repetitive bx patterns in a family
Describe some key concepts with differentiation of self (the cornerstone to Bowen's theory).
The capacity to think and reflect, the ability to be flexible and act wisely, the ability to balance thinking and feeling, intrapsychic and interpersonal concept, and able to take a stand on issues.
Validation (EFT)
Therapist conveys the message that partners emotions and responses are legitimate and understandable - promotors proactive acceptance of each person
Empathic Reflection (EFT)
Therapist gives reflection of each partner's experience both positive and negative that characterizes interaction
Heightening (EFT)
Therapist must intensify, crystallize, and encourage the couple to enact key problems that organize interaction all process
Undifferentiated ego mass (Bowenian)
When individuals are cut off emotionally or geographically from the family of origin (so the more differentiated = less need to be cut off -physically or emotionally)
Blamer-softening (EFT)
When more active and previously hostile spouse risks expressing vulnerabilities and needs
Battle for Initiative - Theorist
Whitaker
Dick and Doris show up for therapy with their children Dick Jr., Dirk, and Dotty, ages 15, 8, and 5. The parents say that 15 year old Dick Jr. is the real problem, since he won't try to get along, argues frequently, and generally does just the opposite of what he should. As the reality trained therapist that you are . . .
You would probably think to yourself, a dysfunctional system is causing behavioral symptoms
What is an alliance?
a bond or affiliation between two or more family members
What is centrifugal?
a family system dynamic in which members are expelled or encouraged to operate at the outer periphery
does the basic self change a little or a lot?
a litle
Nuclear Family Emotional System
a. couple conflict; b. illness in a spouse;c. projection of a problem onto one or more children.
how do many people refer to MRI techniques?
as manipulative
cingulate gyrus
attention and cognitive control
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord with sensory neurons (afferent and efferent)
dendrites
branch-like; receive signals from other neurons and send them to soma
Is psycho educational therapy brief or long term?
brief
how does one demonstrate leadership in contextual therapy?
by following
language universals
children are born with language capacity for general language rules
Formula First Task is
clients are asked to observe their lives between the first and second session to notice what has happened that they would like to continue to have happen so that they begin to identify their strengths
In the post-modern, social constructionist therapists, the therapist and client jointly develop an alternate point of view of a situation. This process is referred to as
co-construction
The role of the therapist is Bowenian therapy is that of
coach
Newell and Simon
cognitive psychologists and computer scientists that helped lead the way for cognitive revolution
What are two dimension of family functioning assessed i the Olson Circumplex Model?
cohesion/adaptability
In Social Construction the therapist
collaborates "with" the individual and/or family to co-construct new ways of being.
Double blind
contradictory messageson different levels of abstraction
Visitor
does not bring a specific problem to therapy and does not have a commitment to participating productively in treatment
James-Lang Theory
emotion = result of physiological arousal event - arousal - interpretation - emotion
episodic memory
experiences we have had
convergent thinking problems
has known solution requires analytical thinking, has solution
Rooting
head turn toward a mild lips/cheek stimulus
describe an example of emotional cutoff
husband emotionally reactive to family keeps emotional distance from wife. She becomes anxiously attached to child. Because this relieves his anxiety, he accepts the overinvolvement reinforcing the entanglement and his distance. This cripples the child emotionally and causes less differentiation of self in child. Child is more prone to anxiety
what are the 3 key concepts in Milan systemic therapy?
hypothesizing; neutrality; and circularity
Boundaries are
hypothetical dividers between or among subsystems within the family or between systems
equipotentiality
idea that any conditioned stimulus could be paired with any conditioned response BUT there are biological constraints on what we can learn
gate control theory
idea that the spinal cord regulates the experience of pain by either opening or closing the neural channels (gates) that transmit pain sensations to the brain
theory of mind
ideas and knowledge about how other people's minds work
In the MRI version of brief therapy, it is essential to
identify the disabling sequence of which the symptom is a vital part
REM Rebound
if REM is disrupted the following night you will enter REM earlier and for longer
what is the MRI brief therapist a specialist in?
influence
how is diagnosis/assessment done in Milan systemic therapy?
information learned before meeting is used in formulating the hypothesis; hypothesis leads directly to interventions
frontal lobe
initiate motor commands, judgment
what are the methods/techniques in object relations?
listening; observing; responding to unconscious mateial; interpreting; developing insight; encourage expression of repressed impulses
hindbrain
medulla, pons, and cerebellum; contains part of reticular formation
what is the libidinal system in object relations characterized by?
need; excitement, longing
central trait
present throughout personality
PET and fMRI
provide info about brain activity
Descartes
reflex action
binocular
requires both eyes
negative skew
scores bunch at right and trail to left
positive skew
scores bunched at left and trail off to right
what theory focuses on in-session enactment?
structural
what theory is straight-forward and confrontive?
structural
Cognitive Affective techniques are
thought-stopping, rational emotional therapy, modeling, retribution, and self-monitoring
Rubber fence is
type of boundaries around some families that may appear open and flexible but which in fact permit little information from the outside to penetrate
according to Nagy and contextual therapy what reaches across generations and greatly affects an individual's present behavior?
unconscious and invisible loyalties or bonds
define loyalties
unconsious commitments that children take on to help their families to the detriment of their own well-being
what was fusion originally coined as?
undifferentiated family ego mass
You are a clinical member of AAMFT. You want to expand your practice to include meditation. You take a day long workshop with an expert in the area and begin to advertise yourself as mediator. Your behavior is
unethical, since it is unethical to misrepresent your skills.
Guttman's scale of measuring attitude
unidimensional approach
A term developed by White and Epston which refers to those situations in the past when clients have resolved their problems but had not previously been aware that they had done so.
unique outcome
what are the stages of therapy in contextual therapy?
unit of treatment is chosen by therapist; enagement; cognition exploration of family history; affective discharge or insight; alter perceptions; expand trust to increase options
what are questions a therapist needs to ask in regards to parentification to determine if its inappropriate?
what part does this place in the relationship? who benefits? how do the benefit? what are its effects on the parent, child, the spouse?
Solution Focus wants people to identify
what they want to continue to happen and what they want to change
terminal button
when AP reaches terminal button the synaptic vesicles fuse with the cell membrane of terminal and release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft and then these are taken up by the receptors in the dendrites
what unconscious things can a genogram bring out?
wishes, fears, values of family members
Therapists working with potentially dangerous clients are recommended to
(1) inform clients of confidentiality limits (2) record steps taken to protect others, if necessary (3) seek consultation
In marital and family therapy, therapists must assess their own values in order to avoid
(1) taking sides with one family member against another (2) Imposing their values on family members (3) Persuading clients the marriage should be maintained
Emotional Reasoning CBT
(10th Cogn. Distrotion) Concluding that negative emotions necessarily offer a reflection of reality
Labeling and mislabeling CBT
(11th Cogn. Distortion) Excessive method of over generalizing
Personalization CBT
(12th Cogn. Distortion) Viewing self as cause of someone else's negative event when in fact was not your responsibility.
All or nothing thinking CBT
(1st cogn. distortion) Black and white or dichotomous thinking Rigid categories
Over generalization CBT
(2nd Cogn. Distortion) Viewing a negative event as persistent pattern of defeat
Mental Filter CBT
(3rd Cogn. Distortion) Fixating on one negative detail and excluding any positive details
Disqualifying the positive CBT
(4th Cogn. Distortion) Insisting that positive experiences do not count - helps to maintain the negative belief system
Jumping to conclusions CBT
(5th Cogn. Distortion) Also called arbitrary inferences Interpreting situation in negative way despite the lack facts to support negative conclusion
Mind Reading CBT
(6th Cogn. distortion) Arbitrarily assuming a negative reaction from someone w/o confirming with the person
Magnification/catastrophizing/minimazation CBT
(7th Cogn. Distortion) Minimization - Also called BInocular trick Exaggerating the importance of things or inappropriate shrinking things until they appear small
The fortune - teller error CBT
(8th Cogn. Distortion) Expecting bad things to happen and feel strongly persuaded that negative predictions are factual
Should statements CBT
(9th Cogn. Distortion) Trying to motivate self with statements like "I should have..." Consequence is often guilt or anger and resentment
Cannon-Bard Theory
(emotion) physiological and emotional change occur simultaneously
MAST
(est 1971) in Michigan Alcoholism screening determines intensity of the drug/alcohol problem
hippocampus
(temporal lobe) learning and memory
hypothalamus
(with CNS and endocrine system) = key role motivated behaviors/drives (eating, drinking, sex, etc.)
Theory of Dysfunction - Structural
- inflexible family structures not adjusting to maturational or situational challenges - rigid or diffuse boundaries between subsystems
neurons at rest
- inside + outside if incoming impulse increases positive charge inside neuron to certain threshold the neuron becomes depolarized and fires action-potential
Stages of therapy - Object Relations
1)Engagement, 2)Projective Identification, 3)Confrontation Stage, 4)Termination, 5)Therapy is often long term
Four Stages of Therapy - Strategic
1)Social stage 2)Problem Identification 3)Interactional stage 4)Goal setting
Theory of Change - Contextual
1)a preventative plan for current and future generations 2)to restore people's capacity to give through fair relating and trust
Contextual Relational Determinants (four dimensions)
1)facts, 2)individual psychology, 3)behavioral transactions, 4)relational ethics
A collaborative therapy is one in which the
1)the expertise of the clients is as much weight as the expertise of the therapist, 2)clients are part of the treatment planning process
according to Bowen, what are three predictable steps in the family reaction to self-differentiation?
1. "You are wrong" or some version of that 2. "Change back" which can be communicated in many ways 3. "If you do not, these are the consequences...."
What two counterbalancing forces drive human relationships according to Bowenian theory?
1. Individuality: independence & 2. Togetherness: companionship
Key assumptions in EFT
1. Need adult intimacy and emotional bond 2. Emotions organize attachment and behaviors 3. Problems continue because of each persons central emotional experience (hiding actual emotion and using defense instead) 4. Change comes from accessing and reprocessing emotional experiences and increasing bond
3 elements of intelligence
1. ability to profit from experience 2. ability to learn new info 3. ability to adjust to new situations
shadow
1. an unconscious aspect of personality which ego does not identify itself 2. entity of the unconscious
2 results of neuron releasing neurotransmitters
1. binding of excitatory neurotransmitter to a receptor that can move that neuron closer to its threshold for having an action potential by causing an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) 2. binding of an inhibitory neurotransmitter to receptor that moves neuron further from its threshold for having an action potential by causing an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) *both referred to as graded potentials
3 major neurotransmitters
1. biological amines (dopamine, epinephrine/norepinephrine, serotonin and acetylcholine (activates muscles) 2. amino acids (glutamate and GABA) 3. peptides (substance P (inflammatory processes and pain), endorphins, *these are technically neuromodulators because their effects can be more similar to hormones than neurotransmitters
what are the 6 overlapping stages of MRI brief therapy?
1. client introduced to treatment arrangement 2. inquiry and definition of the problem. Behavioral picture of problem. 3. estimation of which behaviors maintain the problem. What is top priority? 4. treatment goals set as concrete observable behavior. What is the least amount of change acceptable to client. Set goal by 2nd session. 5. behavior interventions determined and made. Relabel behavior. Suggest change 6. termination usually at end of 10 sessions. Review course of therapy gains and issues.
3 categories of variables for committed relationships
1. degree of positive feelings 2. quality of other options 3. level of investment
2 ways of removing neurotransmitters from synaptic cleft
1. denzymatic degradation: enzymes bind and destroy them 2. reuptake: excess is sent to presynaptic neuron for storage
what are the 2 important steps in the process of self-differentiation from the parental family?
1. develop the person-to-person relationship with each parent 2. understand the emotional system and patterns of the triangle
what 6 interlocking concepts did Bowen say shapes the interplay of indivduality and togetherness?
1. differentiation of self 2. triangles 3. nuclear family emtional process 4. family projection process 5. multigenerational transmission process 6. sibling position
what two additional interlocking concepts did Bowen add in the 1970s?
1. emotional cutoff 2. societal emotional process
what does emotional cutoff tend to produce?
1. emotional distance between the partners 2. physical or emotional dysfunction in one partner 3. marital conflict 4. projection of problems onto the children
what are the 4 dimensions in which observations are made in contextual therapy?
1. facts 2. individual psychology 3. behavioral transactions 4. relational ethics
what is the 4 dimensional framework in contextual therapy?
1. facts 2. individual psychology 3. behavioral transactions 4. relational ethics
as a transgenerational therapist what are your 4 objectives when working with a couple?
1. keep the emotional system meaningful and toned down enough for them to cope objectively without too much emtional reactiveness 2. keep yourself out of the emotional field between the couple 3. establish what Bowen calls an "I" position, part of the differentiation of self 4. Teach the couple how emotional systems operate and encourage them to work toward their respective self-differentiation to their families of origin
dream interpretation
1. manifest content; what actually happened 2. latent content: underlying meaning
what 3 of Bowen's original 6 concepts all refer to how family problems are passed down thru the generations? what do we call this now?
1. nuclear family emotional process 2. family projection process 3. multigenerational transmission process They all combine to one concept: multigenerational emotional process
psychosexual stages
1. oral (possessive-sadistic) 2. anal (retentive-expulsive) 3. phallic (oedipus/electra and castration fear) 4. latency 5. genital
3 common elements of personality
1. relatively enduring qualities in our behavior 2. uniqueness 3. comprehensiveness
determinants of creative problem-solving
1. stimulus pattern 2. knowledge 3. personality - needs to be ably to tolerate frustration and ambiguity
5 steps to form hypothesis
1.Observe family bx 2.Identify role the problem plays in family 3.what keeps family from solving problem 4.determine if presenting problem is connected to trauma 5.develop brief summary of main problem
7 steps in Robert's crisis intervention model
1.Quickly enacted assessment 2.Therapist gains families confidence/joins 3.figure out major issues in family 4.understand each persons emotions 5 help family come up with some options 6 together make a plan 7 long term plan and follow up/continued treatment
what 3 areas will symptoms be expressed in Bowen theory
1.marital conflict 2. dysfunction in one of the partners 3. projection to one or more of the children
Guilford's structure of intelligence
120 factors in 3 classifications 1. contents 2. products 3. operations
taste sensitivity
2 stage process 1. chemical stimulates penetrating taste buds 2. chemical reaction that prompts
what does Bowen suggest as the optimal distance from family of origin?
200 miles to permit visits and yet be far enough away from the emotional field of the family
Sternberg's theory of intelligence
3 abilities 1. analytical 2. creative 3. practical
Amabile
3 cognitive/personality characteristics for creativity 1. expertise in the field 2. creative skills 3. internal motivation
attitude
3 components: 1. cognitive 2. emotional 3. behavioral
middle ear
3-part bone structure (ossicles) including hammer, anvil and stirrup; converts sound waves into vibrations
normal distributions
34% between 1 SD 14% between 2 SDS 2% between 3+
Action Stage of change
4th stage -requires serious commitment of times and energy - people make changes to bx to overcome problem
Maintenance stage of change
5th stage- work to prevent relapse and to consolidate gains made
Thunderstone's multiple factors
7 factors of intelligence (spatial ability, memory, perceptual speed, etc.)
Bogardus' scale of measuring attitudes
7-phrase description range
Positive attachment creates...
A "secure base" from which to explore environment AND A safe haven which buffers effects of stress so development can occur
Triangles
A 3 person relationship which develops to deal with tension between 2 people. Reduces tension and anxiety in order to attempt to stabilize the relationship. Danger is that the conflict can freeze in place and not change
Dysfunctional Schema CBT
A Beck term which blocks person who is depressed from seeing positive aspects of their situation
Second Order Change
A change in the rules that govern the emotions and behavioral patterns of the system resulting in fundamental system reorganization and permanent changes in interactions
Feedback Loops are
A circular mechanism whereby feedback is reintroduced into the system, in a looping chain of events that influence on another
Symmetrical Relationship
A relationship in which there is relatively equal distribution of control and power often resulting in rapid escalation of conflict
Content
A term that describes the topics that people in therapy are discussing
Process
A term used to describe the dynamics of a system often
Founders of Psychodynamic Therapy
Ackerman, Dicks, Boszormenyi-Nagy
Therapist stance in Strategic Therapy
Active and deliberate *short term therapy
Therapists stance in Contextual Therapy
Active, personal, advocate Co-therapy Relational balance
First Order Change
Adaptations and changes in families which may change behavior, but do not affect the system's organization
7 key techniques of CBT
Adaptive self-statements, altering cognitions, behavior modification, desentization, homework, thought stopping, problem solving
Individual approach to personality
Adler basic drive is superiority-striving inferiority complexes social interest as determinant of mental health birth order and personality predisposing situations for mental illness: organ inferiority, pampering, neglect
Ethics Principle 8
Advertising Accurately represent self, scope of practice, training, etc Accurately represent professional affiliations and membership
5 Key Concepts in CBT
Affect, Behaviors, cognitions, cognitive distortions (12) , cognitive schemas
Alliance Building (EFT)
Aim is to create alliance where both partners feel safe and accepted by their therapist
Founder of Crisis intervention Model
Albert Robert 7 steps
McAndrews Scale
Alcoholism scale (est 1965) 49 objective items measures substance abuse
Major Concept - Experiential
Alienation
Reflective listening (4 main components in Rogerian Technique)
All 4 necessary for successful reflective listening... Empathy, Congruence, acceptance, concreteness
Who is seen as problem in CBT Family Therapy?
All family members
Cloe Madanes believe that a major concept of Strategic therapy was
All problems brought to therapy stem from the dilemma between love and violence
Major Concepts - Structural
Alliances
functional autonomy (approach to personality)
Allport traits that once had a survival function now take on a self-perpetuating life of their own; counters psychoanalysis with a positive view of human nature
By giving credit to people, Contextual therapists teach clients to:
Also give credit to each other
According to Minuchin, the common or signature pattern for troubled middle-class families consists of:
An enmeshed mother and a disengaged father
Complimentary Relationship
An interactional pattern in which members of an intimate relationship establish roles and take on behavioral patterns which fulfill the unconscious needs and demands of the other
Collaborative Language Systems theorists
Anderson & Andersen Goolishian Hoffman Bateson
A "problem determined system" is a system whose dominate view serves to maintain the problem. Through conversation the members of the system agree that a problem exists. Which theorist coined this term?
Anderson and Goolishian
Automatic Thoughts (CBT definition)
Arbitrary and immediate beliefs we bring into a situation, often unconsciously
A Bowen Therapist would say
As a child what was your relationship with your parents Ask the parents if they acted out when they were younger
Key concepts in Attachment theory
Attachment style (secure, avoidant/fearful, or avoidant/dismissal) Attachment needs (to be loved, accepted, comforted, understood, validated, receive empathy, trust partner or family will be there in time of need)
Key concepts in EFT
Attachment, consolidation, pursuer, withdrawer
Theory of Dysfunction - MRI Brief
Attempted solutions become the problem, individual/family involved in a vicious cycle of mishandled attempts to solve the problem, Individual/family engages in "more of the same"
Theory of Dysfunction - MRI (Brief Treatment)
Attempted solutions become the problem, individual/family involved in a vicious cycle of mishandled attempts to solve the problem, individual/family engages in "more of the same"
Emphasis in Experiential Therapy
Authenticity and self actualization
Distracting (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)
Avoiding, pretending to not understand, being quiet, weak, helpless
What is Emotional cut off
Avoids emotional issues Can remain physically close or distant Scared or threatened by intimacy Avoidance is caused by anxiety
Goal of Contextual Therapy
Balance fairness in couples/families
Major theory of the Circumplex Model is
Balanced couple and family systems tended to be more functional compared to Unbalanced systems.
reciprocal determinism
Bandura a person's behavior affects the environment which in turn affects the person's behavior
Social approach to personality
Bandura/Rotter focus on expectancies and values of behavior outcomes; stimulus-organism response (as distinct from radical's stimulus-response)
Collaborative Couple's Therapy - Cycles
Based on the three cycles: (1) distant and estranged. (2) oppositional where the partner is seen as the enemy. (3) collaborative with the partner seen as an ally.
who did the Milan team take much of its formulation of systems from?
Bateson
Determining the baseline frequency of the problem behaviors occurring in the family system is necessary in order to:
Be able to accurately measure progress
Cognitive Affective Techniques comes from
Behavioral
Contingency contract comes from
Behavioral
Respondent Condition comes from
Behavioral
Shaping comes from
Behavioral
Coercion comes from
Behavioral Therapy
Quid pro quo comes from
Behavioral Therapy
Mimesis model of trauma
Belief that important for victims to clearly remember the trauma in detail so they can work through the emotions and feelings to move past and not become obsessed or stuck in the event
Constructivism theory
Belief that people understand the world built on own perceptions (senses, beliefs, values, own processing abilities) as well as actual things in the world.
Who is known as the feminist Bowenian therapist?
Betty Carter
Sibling position (Bowen)
Birth order is thought to influence behavior and emotions within and outside of family of origin The view that we take on roles due to birth order from family of origin
what are some similarities of object relations and strategic therapy in the Milan tradition?
Both use history taking, pattern recognition, and working with the mutual impact of the family system
Core problems in Structural Therapy
Boundaries (Enmeshment or disengagement), inadequate parent-child subsystems (hierarchy), Inability of family to adjust to developmental changes, homeostasis keeps families in current relational patterns
The following therapist is most associated with multigenerational process of psychopathology
Bowen
Which theory believes that relative birth order is significant in determining specific characteristics?
Bowen Systems
Detriangle comes from
Bowen Therapy
Emotional Cutoff comes from
Bowen Therapy
Genogram comes from
Bowen Therapy
Multigenerational Transmission Process comes from
Bowen Therapy
Triangles comes from
Bowen Therapy
Triangulation comes from
Bowen Therapy
Undifferentiated ego mass comes from
Bowen Therapy
What is the most comprehensive theory in family therapy?
Bowen Transgenerational Theory
Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass
Bowen term described the inability of a family to experience individual feelings and emotions, instead functioned as one unhealthy being
who are some therapists (and their orientation) whose work reflects many basic concepts of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Bowen who guides the individual through the family projection process. Boszormenyi-Nagy who works with individuals in the context of loyalties and ethics. James Framo who works with transgenerational projected identifications of the introject
Family projection process
Bowen's concept that parents emotional issues are transferred to their children psychologically This can manifest symptoms and disorders in the children
What determines the basic level of self in a person?
Bowen's differentiation of self.
what branch of therapy does object relations come from?
Bowen's transgenerational
In the early stages of group therapy, members begin to complain about not being able to ask questions and having to self-disclose. What would Yalom suggest is the best method to handle the situation?
Bring up resistance as an issue in group dialogue
Theory of Dysfunction - Network Therapy
Broaden the context of treatment beyond the nuclear family to provide greater resources
MRI (brief therapy) assessment
Build view of entire system and how connected Broad problem - specific problem - solution
What is Reality Therapy
CBT approach focuses on what is happening in clients current life and then looks to the future
simultaneous pairing
CS and UCS are presented at the same time
forward pairing
CS precedes the UCS
backward pairing
CS presented after the UCS
Definition of Differentiation of self
Capable of strong emotion and spontaneity, restraint, objectivity Not at risk of losing self but enjoys closeness Balance thinking and feeling Resist impulses (manages emotions)
"Garage Machanic" who created
Carl Whitaker
Who came up with the idea co-therapist
Carl Whitaker
Who created the term garage mechanic?
Carl Whitaker
Who introduced C0-Therapy
Carl Whitaker
Who introduced co-therapy?
Carl Whitaker
Who are the founders of psycho educational therapy?
Carol Anderson and Hogerty
L, Q and T data
Cattell L = life data Q = questions regarding self T = objective test
factor analysis approach to personality
Cattell/Eysenck correlational clusters enable us to identify certain personality traits Cattell: source trait identification Eysenck: typology premised on intro/extroversion stability/neuroticism and impulse control/psychoticism
Circularity
Causality is not linear. Events, behaviors, and interactions are seen in a more complex way
Adaptive Self-Statements CBT
Challenge automatic thoughts about self -record thoughts, discuss how thoughts contribute to symptoms, come up with strategies for alternatives
CTR therapeutic approach to depression
Challenge-test- reward Challenge - offer positive alternative to belief Test -try the new belief Rewards - reward self with positive
Second order change
Change in the structure and function of the family system or change in the rules of the system
Methods/techniques - EFT
Changing interactional positions
4 examples of mandated reporting
Child abuse, elder abuse, Tarrasoff, dependent adult abuse
Filial Loyalty (Contextual)
Children are expected to have an inherent loyalty to parents "Repay" parents by caring for them in old age
According to Psychoanalytic theory, mental conflict arises when:
Children learn that expressing natural impulses brings punishment
Psychoanalytic theory believes conflict arises when?
Children learn that expressing natural impulses brings punishment
Experiential therapists believe that parents attempts to control children's feelings result in what?
Children learn to suppress emotions
Which theorist assumes that all problems presented to therapy result from the dilemma between love and violence?
Chloe Madanas
Anthony and Brenda come to counseling on the advice of Brenda's doctor. Brenda tells you that Anthony sits in front of the television all day and won't pay attention to her at all. Anthony tells you that Brenda is always doing something around the house and ignores him, so he just watches television. A Strategic family therapist would see this interaction as an example of:
Circular causality.
Jay Haley believed that a major concept of Strategic therapy was
Clear rules should govern hierarchy
Anti-Mimesis model of trauma
Clearly opposes the MImesis model. This model Condones forgetting, blocking, and denial as ways to manage the stress level form the trauma.
Transference
Client reassigns emotions or feelings from the true target to a replacement figure due to unresolved conflict
Pretending
Clients are instructed to pretend to have the symptom
Gerald Patterson - theory
Cognitive Behavioral
Richard Stuart - theory
Cognitive Behavioral
Postmodern theory - Which theory
Collaborative
Family life cycle (and who defined it)
Common stages by which families develop and change across the life span Defined by Betty Carter and Monica McGoldrick
MMPI -2 (test/assessment)
Complete psychological inventory Used in addiction treatment To diagnose major psychological or social disorder
Introspection training
Conditioning technique to help client recognize and cope with social cues & early signals of panick attacks
Ethics Principle 2
Confidentiality Inform of confidentiality, written permission to disclose, protect information
Core problems in Psychodynamic Therapy
Conflict, Projective identification, fixation, and regression
Entitlement comes from
Contextual
Boszormenyi-Nagy created
Contextual Therapy
Exoneration comes from
Contextual Therapy
Justice/Fairness
Contextual Therapy
Parentification comes from
Contextual Therapy
Transactions comes from
Contextual Therapy
Which theory focuses on ledgers and balances?
Contextual therapy
Schemas CBT
Core beliefs about the world and how it functions Can distort family members perceptions and effect their responses to each other
Cognitive schemas (CBT definition)
Core beliefs about the world and how it operates. Necessary for functioning - not always negative
What is "accommodation" in the structural process
Couple transitions from courtship to adjusting to partnership
Theory of Dysfunction - Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy
Couples hide their actual emotions and exhibit defensive or coercive emotions leading to negative interacctions
NFT indicates that instead of focusing on reframing client's negative interpretations, it is more effective to focus on:
Creating a new and more positive story
Narrative Therapy indicates that instead of focusing on reframing client's negative interpretations, it is more effective to focus on:
Creating a new and more positive story
Three ways clients are characterized - Solution Focused
Customer, Complainant, Visitor
Circumplex Model written by
David H. Olson
Founder of Feminist Therapy
Deborah Luepnitiz
Who is the founder of the feminist theory?
Deborah Luepnitiz
5 Stages of grief and loss
Denial/isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
A man discussed his difficult and painful childhood with his therapist. When asked by the therapist, if he hoped things would be easier for his children than for him, the man responded: 'Why should they?' According to Contextual therapy, this is an example of:
Destructive entitlement
Haley's model focuses on ...
Determining the context and function of the symptoms Prompting the client to behave in ways that are incompatible with the maladaptive behaviors * connected to strategic theory
Don Jackson
Developed 2 key theories Interactional and Conjoint Family Therapy Introduced the idea of Family Rules (Unspoken, unwritten rules in families)
Dyadic Adjustment scale
Diagnostic test Use in marriage therapy Measures quality of marriage Used to guide therapy based on responses
Object Relations/Psychodynamic is
Dicks, Fairbairn, Framo, Scharf & Scharf
Uniques challenges in same sex couples
Differ from traditional relationships in sex, gender traits, socialization, finances, legal rights, boundaries and expectations of partner, conception of children.
Main Goal of Bowenian Model
Differentiation of self
What is the emphasis in Bowenian therapy?
Differentiation of self
Parentification
Distortion of a relationship that induces spouse or child to assume parental responsibilities for that person
The first clinical director of the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto, CA.
Don Jackson
Founders of Strategic Therapy
Don Jackson & Jay Haley
who are the founders of strategic therapy?
Don Jackson and Jay Haley
Major Concept of Milan
Double bind
Emphasis in Psychodynamic Therapy
Drives, Self objects, internal objects
Circular Questioning is
Each family member comments on the behavior and interactions of two other members. It is hoped that behavior will become less rigid when members are exposed to different perspectives.
Physical reactions to grief
Eating (too much or too little), insomnia, medical (high blood pressure, stomach problems)
Social Constructivists
Emphasize the importance of society or communities in the individuals belief system. Therapists have heavy focus on language in creating new definitions and explainations for events
Key techniques in Structural Therapy
Enactments and boundary making
Jessica, a divorced mother of two adult children, is at your office and tells you that one son moved in with a young woman his age and that they both admit that the young woman "pushed him into it." Jessica's son is very intelligent, attractive, and has a quiet personality. Jessica is angry at the young woman for "trapping my son" and tells you that the young woman has taken over her son's life and she (Jessica) never gets to see him anymore. Jessica wants you to help her with her feelings of resentment and anger at her son and this woman. Jessica's other adult son is also very intelligent and came home to live with his mother after several failed relationships. Jessica resents her son living in her home, "making a mess, not paying for anything and not finishing school." Jessica's ex-husband is a professional man who is successful financially, but has no relationship with his sons. As a structural therapist, which interventions would you use to help this family?
Enactments and boundary making; work with family strengths
In Bowenian therapy, a person who is too close to other members of the family would be referred to as:
Enmeshed
Much in stated that a common pattern for troubled middle class families was...
Enmeshed mother and disengaged father
Balance of power
Equalizing access to power in a couple hierarchy
Founders of Psychoanalytic Therapy
Erick Erickson & Erich Fromm
Industry vs Inferiority
Ericksons stage of development in elementary school kids - Trauma blocks intelligence
Trust vs. Mistrust
Erikson's first stage infancy - 1 year; develop sense of trust when caregiver provides reliability and care (lack = mistrust)
As If Structure comes from
Experiential
Metaphor comes from
Experiential
Parts party comes from
Experiential - Satir
Temperature Reading comes from
Experiential - Satir
Key techniques in Narrative Therapy
Externalization, Identifying uniques outcomes, create audiences of support, dominant story or view
Common questionaires in premarital counseling
FOCCUS, Relate, PREPare
Theory of Dysfunction - Milan
Family members are caught up in an unacknowledged "dirty game", problems maintained by behavioral sequences, problems exist when the family's old espistemology (belief) does not fit its current pattern of behavior
Theory of Dysfunction - Narrative
Family members' participation in the problem, internalization of the problem, family unable to distinguish problem in "time"
Centrifugal
Family system dynamic Members are expelled or encouraged to operate on the periphery
What is the most extreme theory of the family therapy
Feminist theory
motherese
Fernald; the universal way we speak to babies
cognitive dissonance
Festinger tendency for people to seek a state of consonance between attitudes and behavior Aronson: initiation type settings - if we go through unpleasant behavior to join a group we justify it by enhancing the valuation of that group
Ethics Principle 7
Financial Arrangements Decline incentives for referrals, disclose financial rules before services offered, be truthful (supervisor,insurance, eat ) about services, No bartering, not withhold records due to $
MRI Concept is
Find most motivated person in the system
Cognitive reactions to grief
Forgetfulness, in attention, distractable, low self esteem, blame oneself
logotherapy (approach to personality)
Frankl will to meaning; making goals and work towards them rather than a will to power or pleasure
cathexis and anticathexis
Freud investing emotional energy in another person (positive/negative)
defense mechanisms
Freud's interpretation of us dealing with anxiety
Founders of Gestalt Therapy
Fritz & Laura Perls
Key techniques in CBT
Functional analysis and teaching positive control
What therapy is Milton Erickson associated with?
Gestalt therapy (and the Mental Research Institute)
What is an undifferentiated self?
Greater emotional fusion into a common self with others, easily moved to emotionality
In addition, Dr J exaggerates the couple's arguments, calling the "battles" and relationship threatening. He relates to the family is fears that these "battles" are headed straight for the divorce court. Dr. J is most likely practicing from which theorist's model?
Haley
The following theorist is most associated with power and control
Haley
Collaborative Theory was developed by
Harlene Anderson
Who worked with Harlene Anderson
Harold Goolishian
Structural Fam. TX view of a healthy family states that ...
Healthy families accommodate to change in circumstances
Leveling (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)
Healthy option Displaying affect and behavior appropriately Real and authentic
Altering cognitions CBT
Help client alter negative thoughts into healthier useful thoughts ID maladaptive bx, identify logical errors that allow maladaptive cognition to occur, change underlying assumption
Cultural approach to personality
Horney 3 ways of relating to people/the world: moving towards (dependent), against (aggressive) and away (withdrawing)
3 column problem formation
Hx of events, beliefs, problem behavior * Identifies problem and what is causing them to continue
Strategies used in Cognitive Behavioral family therapy are also geared at:
Identifying distorted or inaccurate thinking patterns that affect the system
Dyadic Model
Illustration or connection drawn to explain behavior based on two people EX -"Suzie acts that way because she wants moms attention"
In CBT what are core problems
Inadvertent reinforcement and adversive control
Enmeshment
Inappropriate rigid boundaries with in a family system where everyone is thinking and feeling alike (rigid rules)
Transgenerational Entitlements/ Indebtedness (Contextual)
Inherent rights Ledgers are thought to be maintained by individuals of what is owed to them based on fairness and entitlement
A group whose leader spends her time modeling behaviors such as listening, empathy, and tends to structure the group experience, is in which of the following developmental stages:
Initial
Ledger is
Internal system in which balance of debts and entitlements is kept--balance between debt and self fulfilment
Key terms & Concepts in Object Relations Therapy
Introjects, Good enough parenting, projective identification, splitting, mirroring, false self, Cross-confrontation, self-confrontation
Analytical approach to personality
Jung 4 perceptual approaches to the environment: thinking, feeling, intuiting and sensing
archetypes
Jung highly developed elements of the collective unconscious and can only be deduced through observation (2 = anima and animus)
preconventional level
Kohlberg's first level; focuses on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards
conventional level
Kohlberg's second level; person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as other social order and lawfulness
postconventional level
Kohlberg's third level; the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust immoral local rules
Experiential therapists believe that as a result of parental attempts to control children's feelings, children:
Learn to suppress emotions
Differentiation scale
Level of differentiation measured on scale of 0-100 0=low differentiation (low solid self) 100 = high differentiation (large solid self)
Communications Theory
Looks at verbal and non verbal ways people communicate (grew out of work from Bateson, Erickson, Haley)
Disengagement
Loose internal emotional bonds and rigid boundaries combined with diffuse boundaries with in external system -lack of intimacy between members, little common interest, not understand each other
Devil's Pact comes from
MRI
Reframing comes from
MRI
Symmetrical Relationship comes from
MRI
Utilizating Resistance comes from
MRI
who influenced the Milan Systemic School?
MRI (Mental Research Institute)
Theory of Dysfunction - Behavioral & Cognitive Behavioral
Maladaptive symptomatic behaviors are learned responses, involuntarily acquired and reinforced
MSI -R
Marital Satisfaction inventory Developed by Doug Snyder Reliable indicator of a couples overall marriage situation (shows strengths and areas of change)
Founders of Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth & John Bowlby
Sex theorists
Masters and Johnson Kaplan LoPiccolo
Ethics promotes _____ standards of performance determined by the profession.
Maximum or ideal.
Beaver scales I and II
Measures interaction style (Centripetal - centrifugal) & family competence Competency (optimal - dysfunctional)
Projective Identification theorist
Melanie Klein
Founders and Leading figures in Object Relations Therapy
Melanie Klein, D. Winnecott, James Framo, David & Jill Sharff
what does MRI stand for?
Mental Research Institute
Founders of Narrative Therapy
Michael White & David Epston
who are the founders of narrative therapy?
Michael White & David Epston
Mara Selvini Palazzoli, Juigi Boscolo, Gianfranco Cecchin and Guilana Prata were strategic therapists who based their approach on the work of Gregory Bateson. What is the name of their approach to family therapy?
Milan Systemic Therapy
Family Rituals comes from
Milan Therapy
Known for confusion technique which occupied the conscious mind so that the unconscious mind could take over.
Milton Erickson
paradoxical directives came from
Milton Erickson
Haley was influenced by
Milton Erickson, Gregory Bateson, Salvador Minuchin
Structural Therapy was developed by
Minuchin, Montalvo, Fishman, Aponte
Psychodynamic
Model which emphasizes expectations formed by early experience
The strategies used in Cognitive Behavioral family therapy are designed to:
Modify the specific contingencies of reinforcement for each family
This major model developer believed that, in order for a therapist to remain detached, neutral, and non-anxious with clients, he or she must lower their level of reactivity to their own family of origin. Who was the model developer?
Murray Bowen
Who is the founder of Bowenian therapy?
Murray Bowen & James Framo (follower, although some argue he is more object-relations, he feels he is transgenerational)
what family systems model is the most comprehensive in family therapy?
Murray Bowen's transgenerational model
Leading figures in Bowenian system theory
Murray Bowen, Betty Carter, Michael Kerr, Monica McGoldrick, Phillip Guerin
Intergenerational therapists were
Murray Bowen, Ivan Böszörményi-Nagy, James Framo, and Norman Paul
NFT
Narrative Family Therapy It is thought to be more effective to focus on creating new more positive story rather than focusing on reframing negative interpretations of past
Collaborative Theory is part of
Narrative Therapy
what is the emphasis in narrative therapy?
Narrative theory & social constructionism
Emphasis in Narrative Therapy
Narrative theory and social constructionism
Subjugated stories comes from
Narrative therapy
Unstoried competencies comes from
Narrative therapy
The Big 5
Neuroticism Openness Extroversion Conscientiousness Agreeableness
Stance of Bowen Therapist
Neutral and objective, Coach
Therapist stance in Bowenian or Transgenerational Therapy
Neutral, objective, coach, consultant Focus on Facts instead of feeling
Assessment in Structural Family Therapy
Notice how the behaviors and actions may contribute to the problem behaviors
Creation of a sufficient holding environment is a critical part of which theoretical approach?
Object Relations
Of Bowen's transgenerational model, the contextual model and object relations which is the least directive?
Object relations
Senate Focus
Often used in Sex Therapy to address dysfunction Therapist instructs the couple to avoid sexual intercourse and instead is given non sexual homework involving physical touch without sexual contact - persons receiving is instructed to not reciprocate but to just enjoy and focus on relaxing
John E Bell
One of the first psychologists known to practice family therapy. Proposed that just like other groups, families go through stages in therapy and this therapist came up with a specific plan to treat each stage. Saw the therapist's role as that of a facilitator, encouraging participation of all members and improving family communication.
Ambivalence (in couples therapy)
One or both may be unwilling to forgive past behaviors
Fusion/ emotional fusion (Bowen term)
Over connected emotionally with another family member Results in not being able to make own decisions or have own opinion
Placating (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern )
Pacifying, glossing over differences, defensiveness
who are the Milan systemic theorists?
Palazzoli; Cecchin; Boscolo; and Prata
Contextual Therapy
Past Oriented Pays attention to back ground history, past experiences, in order to assess ways it has effected client
Founders CBT therapy
Paterson, Liberman, Stuart
Founder MRI Brief Therapy
Paul Watzlawick
who is the founder of MRI Brief Therapy?
Paul Watzlawick
Leading figures in CBT
Pavlov, Skinner, Beck, Liberman, Baucom, Stuart
who are two of Bowen's most prominent students?
Philip Guerin and Thomas Fogarty
class inclusion
Piaget kid can look at 4 apples and 6 bananas and identify that there are more fruits than bananas
concrete operational stage
Piaget's 3rd stage age 6-11; during which the child can perform mental operations
formal operations stage
Piaget's final stage; age 11/12 and up when formal logic is possible
sensorimotor stage
Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (ages 0-2) when infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies
Harlene Anderson developed
Postmodern collaborative approach
Medical Family Therapy
Practice of helping families developing strategies to deal with a chronic illness or disability suffered by one or more family members.
Focus/emphasis of strategic theory (also called)
Pragmatic problem solving strategies Focus on homeostasis and feedback loops (Milan Model)
5 stages of change
Pre contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
Core problem in Solution Focused Therapy
Problem Talk (language creates reality and meaning given to behaviors puts limits on any solutions) Inability to see change and solutions
Core problem in Narrative Therapy
Problem saturated stories
Collaborative therapist think
Problems are considered part of everyday living; they are not considered the product of pathological individuals or dysfunctional families
Theory of Dysfunction - Collaborative Language Systems
Problems are maintained in language by a problem-determined system, the view of the problem hampers any successful means of resolution
From the solution-focused therapy perspective
Problems can be solved without knowing their cause.
Multigenerational Transmission Process (Bowen term)
Process of projecting nuclear family emotional experience onto the next generations with in a family
Projective identification
Process of seeing undesirable aspects of ourself in someone else and interacting (unconsciously) in a way to promote undesired characteristics
Problem Solving CBT
Process to learn how to resolve own problems Define problem, divide into managable parts, think of solutions, carry out new solution, select best solution, examine results, modify solution
Ethics Principle 3
Professional Competence and Integrity Maintain competency through education, supervision Know new laws, maintain records, avoid things outside of scope of practice
Reframing (EFT)
Providing alternative and more positive ways to view a clients problem or behaviors
Family ritual technique
Purpose to have family examine and break rigid rules that are dysfunctional and perpetuate the system
Emphasis of Feminist Therapy
Questions system theory, deliberately political
Effective informed consent procedures
Reduce client misunderstanding and liability
Alliance (Domestic Violence Cycle)
Refers to the redemptive phase of the abuse cycle in which the perpetrator promises never to act violently again and the victim agrees to participate in that goal
Key techniques in Strategic Therapy
Reframing directives, enactments, reframing
What is the emphasis in CBT?
Reinforcement, Extinction, Schemas
Behavior modification CBT
Replace unwanted behaviors with more desirable ones ID cues, specify new behavior, reward progress on goal
The choice of a Marital partner is determined by what? (According to Bowen)
Replication of familiar family interaction Similar level of differentiation Choosing their own alter ego
Choice of marital partner is determined, according to Bowen, by way of:
Replication of familiar family interaction; similar levels of differentiation; choosing their own alter ego
Unbalancing
Requires family members to act outside normal boundaries and explore different roles
Ethics principle 1
Responsibility to clients Avoid discrimination, obtain consent, avoid multiple relationships, no sexual contact, not abandon client
Ethics Principle 4
Responsibility to employees, students, supervisee Avoid exploration of students/supervisees No sex (burden on MFT), Avoid multiple relationships
Ethics Principle 5
Responsibility to research participants No therapeutic services, inform participants, protect data collected, participants right to withdraw
Ethics Principle 6
Responsibility to the profession Uphold AAMFT codes above other, credit other authors, no plagiarize, do pro bono
Reflective listening
Rogerian Technique (4 main components( Empathy, congruence, acceptance, concreteness
Client-centered approach to personality
Rogers listen to your feelings. often they are wiser than your intellect
Social Construction therapies are
SFBT (Solution Focused Brief Therapy), Narrative Therapy, Collaborative Therapy, Relational Transactional Analysis (Two-Person Psychology) and Social Therapy
Founder of Structural therapy
Salvador Minuchin
who are the founders of structural therapy?
Salvador Minuchin
A "3-S" pot is a metaphor associated with which model?
Satir
The technique of "temperature reading' or asking a family to set aside a specific time each day to get in touch with each other, was developed by
Satir
Who used sculpting?
Satir
Experiential theorists
Satir and Whitaker
Theory of Dysfunction - Experiential
Scapegoat provides anxiety relief for the family, family cannot tolerate interpersonal natural stress, role rigidity, lack of tolerance for difference, symptoms are nonverbal messages in reaction to the dysfunctional communication working in the system
Positive psychology approach to personality
Seligman 3 pillars: positive emotions, character and groups/communities
Milan Systemic Therapy
Selvini-Palazzoli, Prata, Boscolo, Cecchin
Cross generational coalition
Situation where child and parent or grandparent work together against another family member
Emphasizes the importance of society or communities in the development of an individual's belief system.
Social Constructionism
"You must have a good reason to...." is
Solution Focused
Complimenting comes from
Solution Focused
Formula First Task comes from
Solution Focused
Scaling questions comes from
Solution Focused
Miracle question comes from
Solution focused
More of the same assignments comes from
Solution focused
Describe an example of emotional cutoff.
Some people seek distance by moving away, others seek distance emotionally by avoiding personal conversations or insulating themselves with the presence of third parties.
what are the stages to de-parentify a family member in contextual therapy?
Stage 1) parents begin to attribute "parental" significance to the therapist, pressure on the child to be parent lowers; consequently the identified parent may experience symptom relief (some families may try to terminate therapy early) Stage 2) involves addressing the entire spectrum of family dynamics as the family reveals them
Implosion (flooding) Therapy
Stampfl sudden and all at once; because our sympathetic NS cannot maintain high arousal for long person will eventually come down and feel more relaxed
Founders in Solution Focused Therapy
Steve De Shazer & Insoo Kim Berg
who are the founders of solution-focused therapy?
Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg
Close Madanes is associated with what theory
Strategic
Theory that grew out of communications theory
Strategic
What theory emphasizes positive feedback cycles
Strategic
What theory focuses on out of session behavioral sequences
Strategic
What theory focuses on out-of-session directives
Strategic
What therapy focuses on problem-solving?
Strategic
Which model will sometimes use ordeals to alter symptom expression?
Strategic
Which theory is indirect and no confrontational
Strategic
Reframe is from
Strategic Family Therapy
Haley, Madanes
Strategic Therapy
Paradoxical Intervention comes from
Strategic Therapy
Prescription comes from
Strategic Therapy
Symptom Prescription comes from
Strategic Therapy
Pretending comes from
Strategic Therapy - Madanes
Circular causality
Strategic family therapy Person A blames Person B for bx but then Person B says bx is caused by person A
Therapist stance in Experiential Therapy
Strength Based, Gentle, positive, authentic
What theory emphasizes negative feedback loops and cycles
Structural
What theory focuses on in session immediate behaviors
Structural
Which theory is direct, straightforward and confrontational
Structural
what theory emphasizes negative-feedback loops or cycles?
Structural
accommodation comes from
Structural Family Therapy
Coalitions come from
Structural Therapy
Detouring comes from
Structural Therapy
Disengagement comes from
Structural Therapy
Enmeshment comes from
Structural Therapy
Joining comes from
Structural Therapy
Mimesis comes from
Structural Therapy
Parentified child comes from
Structural Therapy
Subsystem comes from
Structural Therapy
Tracking comes from
Structural Therapy
Alliances comes from
Structural and Strategic
Neuropsychology
Study of the relationship between how the brain works and the way people behave.
Discontinuous change
Sudden change in the family system organization usually brought on by a crisis which effects the perception of the problem
Leading figures in EFT Therapy
Susan Johnson & Leslie Greenburg
Theory of Dysfunction - Strategic
Symptoms are maintained by the family's unsuccessful problem-problem solving efforts, inability to adjust to life-cycle transitions, dysfunctional hierarchy, triangulation or coalitions
Theory of Dysfunction - Strategic
Symptoms are maintained by: - the family's unsuccessful problem-solving efforts - Inability to adjust to life cycle transitions - Dysfunctional hierarchy - Triangulation or coalitions
Allopoetic system
System that can be controlled from the outside (such as machine)
Auto poetic system
System that is self organized, self maintained. - biological & Human systems are example
tricyclics
TCAS; potent, for severely depressed patients, prevent reabsorption of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin imiopramine (Tofranil) amitriptyline (Elavil) fewer side effects and complications than MAO inhibitors
What are examples of mandated reporting?
Tarasoff, child abuse, dependent adult abuse, and elder abuse
What is differentiation of self?
The autonomy of functioning which results in being less reactive to family system dynamics and other members' emotional states.
Relational ethics (Contextual)
The balance of equality around those in relationship
Nuclear family emotional process (Bowen term)
The basic emotional pattern /force that occurs in a family that influences where the problems develop 4 basic processes
Constructivism
The belief that people's understanding of the world is built on a combination of their own perceptions based on senses, beliefs, values, and individual processing abilities, as well as the actual things in the world.
Focus in Communications theory
The exchange of verbal and non verbal messages in relationships
Communications theory is defined as the study of:
The exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages in relationships
Theory of Dysfunction - Psychoeducational
The family has been damaged by insensitive professionals, family has need for information/education, family has need to learn different coping strategies, anxiety about what to do and grief over the issue has rendered family symptomatic
Major Concepts - Milan
The family is viewed as a system that is constantly evolving
Revolving Slate (of injustice)
The generational perpetuation of destructive entitlement where one generation damages the next innocent generation. The process is reinforced by earned destructive entitlement and is the chief factor in family and marital dysfunction
Family Myths (definition)
The ideology with in the family. Common ways of interacting with in a particular family unit (may be unconscious)
Societal emotional Process (Bowen)
The influence of society in which the family exists (sexism, Classism, racism, etc)
Strength of MRI (Mental Research Institute
The interdisciplinary staff
Theory of Dysfunction - Solution-Focused
The meanings people attribute to behavior limits the range of alternatives they will use to deal with the situation, focus remains on problem and restricted set of behaviors
Withdrawer engagement (EFT)
The more withdrawn a partner begins to take more active and engaged role in relationship
Multiversa is term developed by Harlene Anderson. This term refers to
The multitude of ideas that potentially exist.
Cybernetics is
The study of how systems are controlled by information and feedback loops and the means by which they work
Every client has access to alternate stories, or stories that represent a different way of viewing a problem than that of the dominate story. White and Epston refer to this alternate story as
The subjugated story.
Homeostasis is
The tendency of a system to strive for balance in order to achieve stablility and limit the range of behavioral variability
Empiricism
The theory that all of a person's knowledge comes trough sensual experiences.
Essentialism
The theory that everything in the world has one true nature that can be figured out. This theory does not support the belief that things in the world can be interpreted differently based on personal, cultural, or social perspective.
Positivism
The theory that people's observations and insights are a real indication of the world as it exists. Believe in one real truth, which means there can be only one real interpretation of client's problem.
Realism
The theory that the world can only be viewed in one true way. This means there is no room for personal perspectives or interpretations.
Theory of dysfunction - Contextual
The trustworthiness of relationships breaks down because fairness, caring, and accountability are absent
Theory of Dysfunction Contextual Therapy
The trustworthiness of relationships breaks down because of fairness, caring, and accountability are absent
Empiricism
Theory that all a persons knowledge comes form sensual experiences
Essentialism
Theory that everything in the world has one true nature that can be figured out. This does not support the differences in culture, personal or social perspective
Symptom Prescription
Therapist asks the family to continue to perform or even expand a symptom
Assessment in EFT
Therapist looks at how core interactions trigger un acknowledged emotions and underlying patterns (defenses) It is believed that people have primary emotions masked by secondary emotions
What are Milan Interviews
They conducted interviews with family about history to find out why children symptoms become necessary for the system
Theory of Change - Bowen
To find an intellectual/emotional balance by insreasing the ability to distinguish between thinking and feeling within the self and others; learning to use that ability to direct one's life and solve problems
Who came up with the Reflecting Team
Tom Andersen
Disengagement (Family Therapy definition)
Traits of a family, current interactions Disengaged Families lack intimacy, members may feel isolated, limited common interests, may feel not understood by each other
What theory is associated with individuation?
Transgenerational or Bowenian
Revolving state of injustice (contextual)
Transgenerational process by which destructive entitlements are passed from generation to generation
Key concepts in Transgenerational therapy
Transgenerational projection process, geography, triangulation, differentiation, individuation
Bowenian therapy (also called ...)
Transgenerational therapy
Core problem in Bowenian Theory
Triangles and emotional reactivity
Focus of Object Relations Therapy
Uncovering deep motives and drives, long-term therapy
Theory of Dysfunction - Bowen
Undifferentiation results in marital conflict, dysfunction in a spouse, or symptoms of dysfunction in one or more of the children
Emphatic Interpretation (EFT)
Urging one partner to process one step further and expand on his/her present experience - Inferring from the therapists insight or relational context or experience.
Evocative Responding (EFT)
Use on experience to process and reprocess. May be done by repeating certain phrases/metaphors/images/ etc and asking exploratory questions
Computing (experiential therapy emotional coping pattern)
Using logic, lecture, outside authority
Only Female Founder in Family Therapy
Virginia Satir
Who is the only female founder in family therapy?
Virginia Satir
Who used the rescuer, the placator, scapegoat
Virginia Satir
Founders of Experiential Therapy
Virginia Satir & Carl Whitaker
who are the founders of experiential therapy?
Virginia Satir & Carl Whitaker
private speech
Vygotsky children 2-7 talk to themselves
Desensitization (therapy)
Watson pioneered method with child deathly afraid of white rats and removed fear with gradual steps (desensitization process) Wolpe: presents least anxiety inducing situations and get person to relax
Radical (behavioral) approach to personality
Watson/Skinner focus on stimulus-response, observable behavior
Mental Research Instituate - (Brief Treatment) is
Watzlawick, Weakland, Fisch, Jackson, Sluzki
who designed the MRI brief therapy model?
Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch (MRI=WWF)
Merit is
What is earned through accumulation of care and concern toward others
Battle for Structure - Theorist
Whitaker
Use of client's and therapist's "craziness"
Whitaker
Narrative theorists
White, Epson, Hoffman, Anderson
Founder of Reality Therapy
William Glasser
"Battle for structure" (who and what)
Witaker Demand that family change to the therapists way of operating while in therapy
Behavioral reactions to grief
Withdrawn, irritable, low confidence, trouble focusing, hyperactivity, risk of self destructive behaviors
When does fusion happen?
Within a shared relational pattern with others and reaches its greatest intensity in the emotional interdependency of marriage
reductive inhibition
Wolpe the inhibitory effect of fatigue/boredom on the response to stimulus/ability to learn
Rubber Fence - Theorist
Wynn
Who created the rubber fence theory?
Wynn
Founder of group therapy
Yalom Bring up resistance in groups for dialogue
correlation
a co-relation between 2 sets of variables
Craziness is
a concept in which healthy functioning for both therapists and families includes a high proportion of non-ratioinal, creative, right-brain activity
define projection
a defense against unwanted feelings or beliefs about oneself, in which these elements are attributed to others and often inducing them to behave as if these characteristics were true to them
what is a displacement theory?
a device for helping family members achieve sufficient distance to see their own roles in the family system. It's about other families with similar problems
what is introjection?
a dysfunctional process of identity formation in which the person takes on beliefs, percptions, and/or feelings of others and which results in a distorted self image
What is centripetal?
a family system dynamic in which members tightly emotionally bound to one another and encouraged to remain so
who conducts follow-up evaluations in MRI brief therapy?
a group member who was not involved in treatment
what is the hallmark of the fused (emotionally stuck together) anxious attachment families?
a lack of personal autonomy
what is a dynamic ledger in contextual therapy?
a ledger that determines most of the interactions in the nuclear family relationship
Privilege refers to
a legal requirement designed to protect confidential information from being disclosed in a legal proceeding.
Enmeshment is
a loss of autonomy due to diffuse boundaries, resulting in family members being overly involved in one another's emotional lives
what is circular questioning?
a method of interviewing and hypothesis validation. Each family member comments on the behavior and interaction of two other members
how does Bowen define anxious attachment?
a pathological form of closeness driven by anxiety
what is the theory of change (goals of therapy) in contextual therapy?
a preventative plan for current and future generations; restore people's capacity to give thru fair relating and trust; balance behavior and beliefs
Projective identification is
a process whereby parts of the ego are thought of as forced into another person who is then expected to become identified with whatever has been projected'
Sculpting is
a psychodramatic technique where one member acting as director places the family in an enactment of an event, feeling, or family structure in a therapy session.
Narrative Therapy seeks to be
a respectful, non-blaming approach to counselling and community work, which centres people as the experts in their own lives.
what is emotional cutoff?
a rigid boundary which prevents emotional interaction between individuals who otherwise have strong bonds. Often intended to avoid the pain of unresolved emtional conflicts.
Parentified child is
a role set of behaviors and placement in a family sequence which stems from the functional removal of a child from the sibling subsystem
what is the "well-child" according to Nagy?
a silent or seemingly "neutral" role which may contribute to parentification. The child is the epitome of health and good performance
analysis of variance (ANOVA)
a statistical technique used to test a hypothesis concerning the means of 3+ populations
define paradoxical intervention
a strategic intervention that is built around a statement that contains one meaning and which contradicts itself. This subtle contradiction is used to perturb the system and to generate change. Example: Issued as a demand "be independent!"
representative heuristic
a strategy we use to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event
Metaphor is
a symbolic representation of an experience that captures both its basic and essential features by using a description of a completely different category of objects or events
What is a dyad?
a system based on interactions between two people
undifferentiated ego mass is
a term used to describe a family unit whose members possess low differentiation and therefore are emotionally fused
Social constructivism is
a theory of knowledge (epistemology)[1] that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas
what is a genogram?
a tool used to assemble a 3 generational family history. Its a diagram that depicts patterns and influences.
how do differentiated people react?
able to take stands on issues because they're able to think things through, decide what they believe, and then act on those beliefs
describe the differentiated person.
able to take stands on issues; able to balance thinking and feeling; capable of strong emotion and spontaneity but also possessing the self-restraint that comes with the ability to resist the pull of emotional impulses.
ratio
absolute 0; can make statements like twice or 3x's (ex IQ)
The structural family therapy view of health families states that healthy families....
accommodate to change in circumstances
reaction formation
acting in the exact opposite way to one's unacceptable impulses
marijuana
active ingredient -thc; motor impairment; frequent use = memory and reasoning impairment
What is the stance of the therapist in strategic therapy?
active, deliberate, joins with the family, responsible for therapy, focuses on presenting problem, uses language of the family, and observer
what is the contextual therapist's stance?
active, personal engagement, co-therapy, raises issues of relational balances, catalyst of resources, advocate for all within the basic relational context, that is the multgenerational extended family including the dead.
how would you describe the therapist in transgenerational couples therapy?
active, questioning each spouse, yet more like a referee
what are the methods/techniques of MRI brief therapy?
active; clients are viewed as customers; attend to process over content; team and one way mirror often used
sympathetic nervous system
activity organs, "in-sympathy with emotions"; mobilizes fight/flight response
bond morphemes
add meaning/grammatical info to another morpheme (eg: -ing)
positive punishment
addition of stimulus that decreases behavior
Family rituals are designed to
address a family conflict, intervene in establish family patterns, change behavior
In Strategic Therapy, when first starting out with a family in therapy, it is important to
adjust your style to the family's, paying close attention to both verbal and non-verbal cues as you attempt to engage with each member of the family.
Horney (therapy)
adjustment to one's culture and development of effective models of relating within it
give an example of a paradoxicial instruction in MRI brief therapy
advise patient to go slowly. When change is reported ask them to slow down. Paradoxically, this usually produces faster results. When rapid change is produced, suggest a relapse to old behaviors. This increases control.
what is the antilibidinal system in object relations characterized by?
aggression, rage, and contempt
Who is seen as the problem in behavioral family therapy?
all family members
Social Exchange Theory believes
all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology.
what does parentification in contextual therapy allow for children?
allows children to internalize and identify with the responsible role of the parent, allowing for the emotional growth of the child
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
allows many people to function outside hospital setting; fewer side effects, "2nd generation" over 60% depression medication Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil - risk of overprescribing
social identity theory
allows us to enhance our sense of self-esteem by our association with the group to which we belong
Rescolarla and Wagner
amount of learning on each trial is a function of amount of surprise experienced
Contingency contract is
an agreement between two or more family members aimed at increasing mutually rewarding behaviors. The contract is usually written specifies the desired behaviors each will do and under what circumstances
shaping
an animal is taught the correct response through series of successive approximations
what does parentification represent in contextual therapy?
an effort at recreating the past relationship with one's parent in a present relationship with one's child or spouse
How did Bowen view what others termed symbiosis?
an exaggeration of a natural process, a more intense version of the tendency to react emtionally to one another that exists in all relationships.
self-efficacy
an individual's belief in his/her own capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainment
what does problem resolution require in MRI?
an interruption of the positive feedback loops thru substituting different behavior patterns
Subsystem is
an organized component of a system which has a specific role in the functioning of the larger system and is somewhat autonomous from it
Being easily driven by emotionality, lacking a sense of self, inability to express your own thoughts and constantly reacting to those around you, are characteristics of what type of person?
an undifferentiated person
The non-verbal aspect of a communication, which defines the relationship between the participants is called what?
analogic communication
Bowen Therapy's main concept is
anxiety
what is the major influence on the activity of triangles?
anxiety
reciprocal inhibition
anxiety being inhibited by feeling/response that is not compatible the feeling of anxiety
_____ _____ is a pathological form of closeness driven by anxiety
anxious attachment
reinforcement
any consequence that increases the probability of a response
effector
any muscle gland or organ that can respond to stimulation from the nervous system
Premack Principle
any preferred response can be a positive reinforcer
deductive reasoning
applying a logic-based rule to new, specific situation for a single solution
Noam Chomsky
argued that humans have an innate ability/capacity for language and there is a language acquisition device
Constructivism can be viewed
as a general approach to understanding people, conceptualizing psychological distress, and fostering human change
how is loyalty defined in contextual therapy?
as a sense of indebtedness to one's family (debts and entitleness)
how does anxiety influence triangles?
as anxiety increases, people experience a greater need for emotional closeness- or, in reaction to pressures from others, a greater need for distance. The more people are driven by anxiety, the less tolerant they are of one another and the more polarized by differences.
how many family members are treated in contextual therapy?
as many as are interested and willing to come
how are problems viewed in MRI brief therapy?
as problems in interactions with people; as ordinary life difficulties that have been badly handled; as likely to develop if over or under emphasis is put on daily struggles; as normal transitions leading to difficulties
Narrative Therapy views problems
as separate from people and assumes people have many skills, competencies, beliefs, values, commitments and abilities that will assist them to change their relationship with problems in their lives.
what does Nagy see as the role of the therapist in contextual therapy?
as trying to loosen the hold of invisible loyalties and their relationship on the various family symptoms, while ultimately moving family members to new possibilities
what do Milan therapists say is helpful in gathering information?
ask about specific behaviors or interactions from each of the subsystem members
how do undifferentiated people react around anxious issues?
asked what they think, they say what they feel; asked what they believe, they echo what they've heard. They either agree with whatever you say, or argue with everything.
Contextual therapy pays attention to background history and past experiences in order to
assess ways in which individuals have been hurt in the past
PTSD
associated with decreased hippocampal volume
psychoanalysis
assumption: personality's core elements are established in first few years of life and therapy = going back and uncovering those guilts/conflicts change can only occur when patient goes back to those moments requires several years and patient with reasonable intelligence for insight (and money)
Gardner's multiple intelligences
at least 8 distinct capacities (musical, intrapersonal, naturalistic, etc.) think supercamp
what is the theory of dysfunction in MRI brief therapy?
attempts at solutions become the problem; viscious cycles of mishandled attempts to solve the problems; family engages in "more of the same," maintain the problem
exemplification
attempts to make yourself seem virtuous
projection
attributing one's own thoughts on others
What is the emphasis in experiential therapy?
authenticity and self-actualization
attention and controlled operations
automatic processes: several proceeding simultaneously with no conscious attention required dichotic listening: different messages sent to each ear simultaneously
prototype
average representative of concept
beta waves
awake; rapid low-energy waves
vestibular
balance - inner ear semicircular canals contain fluid
Jung (therapy)
balance among psychological functions of sensing, thinking, feeling, and intuiting
Myers-briggs
based on Jung
cardinal trait
basic/central core trait
why, according to Nagy, are ethical, behiavoral, and loyalty inseparable?
because our ethics originate with internalizations of our relationships with our parents
door in the face
begins with huge commitment potentials and relief comes when more modest option is presented
what is the theory of change (goals) in MRI Brief Therapy?
behavior first; then beliefs will change; change the complementary, interdependent nature of the symptoms; 1st order change behavioral tasks; change interactional sequences by identifying the viscious cycle
relational self
behavior that is based on environment that it elicits
Edward Thorndike
behaviorist/classical conditioning experiment with a hungry cat in a box with a lever that would give it food - led to law of effect (responses that produce satisfying effect in particular situations are likely to occur again and vice versa with negative effect)
animistic thinking
belief that inanimate objects are alive
Garcia
belongingness; some associations are easier to learn, hard, and impossible
exemplar
best example of concept
prototypes
best exemplar of a concept (ex: a robin as a prototype for concept of bird)
drive
biological condition that directs and individual's behavior towards a certain goal common elements 1. maintenance of an organism 2. homeostasis *psychological drive = maintaining mental/emotional well-being
Osgood
bipolar statements (good-bad)
Wernicke's area
border of temporal and parietal lobe (but mostly temporal) of left hemisphere; language comprehension
according to Nagy and contextual therapy while examining one's attitudes, beliefs, and feelings about a parent a person'a relationship to their child can become......
both parent and child
Constructivism emphasizes
both personal and social processes of meaning-making,
What are diffuse boundaries?
boundaries that are not clearly defined or maintained. Allows for blurring of generational roles and responsibilities. Can lead to enmeshed relationships.
Customer
brings a problem and a willingness to work toward its resolution
Complainant
brings a specific problem, but is currently unwilling to focus on a solution
how does the therapist represent the dead in contextual therapy?
brings in open chairs
how is basic self defined?
by "I am" statements. Ex: "I am a person who believes in..."
how are problems in families maintained in strategic therapy?
by a faulty hierarchy in the family
how might a therapist accrue authentic information in Milan systemic therapy?
by circular questioning: every member of the system must describe their view of the relationship between other dyads of the system
how is change affected in MRI?
by clearly stating a small goal of change
how is termination performed in MRI?
by reviewing the course of therapy, pointing out the gains and any unresolved issues. The future beyond is discussed.
what is paradoxical in MRI?
came out of Erickson's application of hypnotherapeutic principles to turn resistance to advantage (paradox is self-contradictory)
monocular
can be used by a single eye to suggest depth
What is one of the dangers of triangulation?
can freeze conflict in place
mental set
can help solve problems by providing short-cuts but if you always solve problems the same way you miss obvious and don't think outside the box
framing effects
can occur when person will reach 2 different decisions based on the same set of facts; if those facts are presented in different reference frames (eg. saving or costing lives)
theory of mind
can take perspective of others - 4 years
motion parallax
car example - things closer are going faster and things farther away are going slower
efferent
carrying motor impulses AWAY from central organ/part
afferent
carrying motor impulses TOWARD the central organ/part
PKU
causes amino acid to build up in body; limits amount of protein - intellectual disabilities/social problems
soma
cell body of neuron; contains nucleus; collects and sums incoming signals to determine whether the neuron should initiate its own signal
Narrative therapist believe in
certificates and writing letters
secure attachment
characterized by infants who will gradually explore new situations when the caregiver leaves and initiate contact when the caregiver returns after separation
catecholamines
chemicals released from adrenal glands that function as hormones and neurotransmitters to control ANS activation
accommodation (developmental)
child's schema changes through interactions iwth the environment; accommodates to the environment
define sibling position
children develop personality characteristics based on their position in the family
The Milan approach is characterized by the following techniques:
circular questioning and hypothesizing
Mauer's 2-process theory
classical conditioning (of a fear response to a neutral stimulus) and instrumental conditioning (of a response that decreases that fear)
Solution Focused therapist will ask about
client's story, resources, and strengths as well as exceptions to the problem
cones
color sensitive, requiring bright light
recursivity
combining elements in multiple ways to create unlimited number of messages
what are the major concepts of MRI therapy?
communication theory (levels, rules, and congruence), first vs. second order change; cybernetics/positive feedback; life cycle transition points are significant; focus on the presenting complaint; treatment can be one person; most motivated person in family is used; primary determinant is other people's behavior
what theory did strategic therapy stem from?
communications theory
Unstoried competencies are
competencies that the client possess which are not part of his/her dominant story and therefore are not expressed until the the dominant story is reconstructed
________ relationships are characterized by a high frequency of opposite kinds of behavior.
complementary
infant perceptual preferences
complex over simple curved over straight human faces over random patterns/mixed features
Three factors relevant to the legal definition of informed consent include capacity, voluntariness and
comprehension of information
Sherginton
concept of synapse
the US Supreme Court ruling in the case of Jaffee vs Redmond highlights the importance
confidentiality toward successful treatment
what absorbs huge amounts of the undifferentiation in a marriage?
conflict
what are the core problems in psychodynamic therapy?
conflict projective identification fixation and regression
what are key techniques used in experiential therapy?
confrontation and structured exercises
Ethical concerns about offering "telephone therapy" include
confusion about accepting phone calls from a jurisdiction in which the therapist is not licensed.
according to contextual therapy what is one's greatest unhappiness?
connected to loss or a coming apart (ex: loss of a child)
explicit memory
conscious recall of facts and events (declarative memory and procedural memory)
peripheral nervous system
consisting of somatic (transmitting) info from sense organs to CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles and autonomic controlling the viscera (smooth muscles of blood vessels, digestive system and glands) and cardiac muscles
2 error potentials
content: conclusion undesirable form: conclusion invalid
what therapy includes multigenerational family including the dead?
contextual therapy
what therapy is considered an ethical approach to family therapy?
contextual therapy
Rescorla and Wagner
contingency (vs. contiguity) during classical conditioning
reticular formation
controls general arousal; network of nerve fibers that runs up through both the hindbrain and midbrain; waking up/falling asleep
autonomic nervous system
controls viscera (smooth muscles, blood vessels, digestive system and glands) made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems *link between nervous systems and endocrine system
You have been hired to speak to a group on family therapy. You are introduced as a Ph.D. when in fact you have a MA. I this case you should
correct the mistake yourself as it is your responsibility.
What is the purpose of a negative feed back loop?
corrective; adjusting the input and returning the system to a steady state
morphemes
correspond to a single meaning words can have one (bus) or multiple
what is the most efficient way to reach the goal in transgenerational therapy?
create a new triangle between the two primary people of the dyad and the therapist
what does inappropriate parentification do?
creates distortion in relationships
MRI
creates magnetic fields and records signals that occur when brain molecules respond to these fields *brain images
rationalization
creating false excuses to justify one's thoughts/behavior
methamphetamines
crystal meth and derivative MDMA produces stimulant and psychedelic effects
affect heuristic
current emotion influences/plays into heuristic
The study of feedback mechanisms in self-regulating systems is known as
cybernetics
Solution Focused Therapy theorists
de Shazer, Berg, Weiner-Davis, O'Hanlon
One of the developmental tasks of the middle-age adult stage of the family life cycle is
dealing with the aging of one's own parents
Thanatos/Eros
death/life instinct (drive)
habituation
decrease in responsiveness to a stimulus
stage 4 sleep
deep sleep with delta waves; dreaming and sleepwalking/talking and night terrors
stage 3 sleep
deeper
Bowen therapy first session is to
define the problem
critical features theory (of concept representation)
defines concepts in terms of necessary and sufficient features
stroop effect
delay in reaction time when color of words on a test and their meaning differ
barbituates
depressant, carry "-al" endings, "downers" effects same as alcohol and exponential risk when taken together (can lead to death)
alcohol
depressant, physically addictive, increased tolerance with use, withdrawal symptoms, destruction of brain cells and neurons in CNS, liver damage and other organs
In object relations theory, the latent meaning behind attitudes, behaviors, or feelings that is detected by therapists through analyzing personal reactions to session materials is knows as
derivatives
Opponent-Process theory
describes antagonistic interactions that occur in 3 opponent channels: red/green blue/yellow and black and white (think of american flag trick)
saltatory conduction
describes propagation of action potentials from node-node in myelinated axon
Santiago Ramon Cajal
description of the structure and function of neurons; view of CNS as many but separate communicating nerve cells
describe relationship experiments
designed to help clients experience what it's like to act counter to their usual emotionally drive responses
how might the "well-child" feel?
desperate about their situation and unable to see themselves surviving outside of their designated role
Sandy's parents divorced when she was 10 years old, and her mother went through a depression. Consequently, Sandy often was responsible for the care of her 7 year old brother as well as seeing to family meals and other household chores. Her mother often confided in her about her feelings and interacted with her more like an older sister than her mother. When Sandy became a young adult, her mother, who had recovered somewhat, was surprised to find how irresponsibly Sandy conducted her life and how angry she seemed. According to Bozormenyi-Nagy, Sandy's behavior is an example of
destructive entitlement
what are the major concepts in contextual therapy?
destructive entitlement; entitlement; exoneration; justice/fairness; ledger; loyalty (filial and invisible); merit; multidirectional partiality; parentification; relationship determinants and trustworthiness
flashbulb memories
detailed, especially vivid memories of very specific, highly charged events (eg. 9/11)
Mary's mother often calls her during the week to complain about the behavior of her father. Usually, Mary is highly sympathetic and supportive of her mother's complaints and becomes and remains angry at her father for sometime following the call. After attending therapy with a Bowenian therapist, however, Mary responded to her mother's next complaining phone call with the following statement, That sounds like something really important that dad needs to know. Have you talked about this with him? Mary is attempting to do what in Bowenian terms?
detriangle
James Framo
developed an object relational approach to intergenerational and family-of-origin therapy
cephalocaudal
development pattern: head = most fully developed first; top-down
general to specific
developmental pattern: large motor before fine motor
proximodistal
developmental pattern: torso center towards extremities
Gilligan
developmental psychologist morality emphasized care
Lev Vygotsky
developmental psychologist; focus on the social world and the mind is a product of social/cultural interaction that the mind has had with other minds
This theoretical concept states that normal development should entail a degree of emotional separation from family of origin while remaining in relationship with them. In addition, an individual should be able to separate emotions from cognitions. What is this concept?
differentiation
What is the main goal of the Bowenian model?
differentiation of self
what is the cornerstone of Bowen's theory?
differentiation of self
What are key concepts associated with Transgenerational therapy?
differentiation, individuation, transgenerational projection process, genogram, and triangulation
Ethical concerns about offering "telephone therapy" include
difficulty in assuring confidentiality.
aproxia
difficulty with skilled movements
According to communication theory, the content, or spoken word of a communication is known as
digital communication
what is the therapist stance in MRI?
directive, in charge
Olto Loeuri
discovery of neurotransmitters
Emotional Cutoff
distancing from family relationships or a denial of their importance to resolve emotional conflicts, anxiety, and lack of differentiation
Tulving
distinguished between episodic memory and memories of facts (semantic memory)
Tolman
distinguished between learning and behavior - demonstrated latent learning with cognitive map thru exploration of an environment
Schemas can _____ family member's perceptions and affect their responses to each other's actual behaviors.
distort
Muller (1862)
doctrine of specific nerve energies
A therapist is seeing a 7-year-old girl and she reports that when daddy kisses her he puts his tongue in her mouth. An ethical therapist would
document clearly what daughter has reported in case notes.
The Smith family has presented for therapy with behavioral problems with 9 year old Ann. According to the family, Ann is a bad child, disrespectful, and uncooperative. Although the therapist tries to reframe, the family continues to view Ann as bad and incorrigible. From a narrative perspective, "badness" is Ann's
dominate story
A conflict created when a person perceives contradictory messages on different levels of abstraction in an important relationship, and cannot leave or comment.
double bind
What is the emphasis in psychodynamic therapy?
drives self objects internal objects
Conditioned Aversion Wolpe
drug induced nausea so feeling becomes associated with bad behavior and goal = the nausea is > pleasure
antagonists
drugs that decrease the effect of the neurotransmitter
agonists
drugs that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter
does the strategic model focus more on dysfunction or healthy families?
dysfunction
the sibling position of ___ ____ is an important piece of info when evaluating the family in transgenerational therapy
each parent
describe an undifferentiated person.
easily moved to emotionality; their life is driven by reactivity to those around them; react impetuously with submissiveness or defiance toward other people; find it difficult to maintain their own autonomy; agree with what u say or argue everything.
drugs
effect is at the synapse by mimicking/changing the amount of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron or by modulating the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic neuron
retroactive interference
effect of new info on recalling old info
cocaine
effects similar to amphetamines, increase norepinephrine and dopamine activity
Emotionally Focused Therapy is based on
emotion theory and attachment theory
Anita (23) has had a conflictual relationship with her mother, Sarah (43) throughout her teens. She was rebellious and angry with her mother much of the time. Sarah is a single mother and very anxious about her daughter, so much so that she frequently screamed and used inappropriate punishments in an attempt to get her daughter to "behave". After Anita left home for college, she rarely wrote or called home and only visited on holidays. Now that she has graduated, she took a job several states away from her hometown and continues her pattern of not phoning or calling. A Bowenian therapist would say that Anita is engaged in
emotional cutoff
what is the core problem in experiential therapy?
emotional suppression and mystification
Disengagement is
emotionally distant and uninvolved family members with overly rigid boundaries in which members are isolated and disconnected from one another
Cognitive-Behavioral
emphasis on interpretation of situations and therapist highlights distortions
What are the stages of transgenerational therapy?
emphasize extended family; entire family need not be present; use of genogram; reduce anxiety; increase differentiation; open communication; and resolve triangles
Changing Behavior Consequences Therapy
emphasizes manipulation of positive reinforcement and withdrawal of positive reinforcement from maladaptive behavior and association of positive reinforcement with adaptive behavior (kid screaming and mom giving it attention example)
what is managing countertransference?
emphasizing the neutrality required to avoid triangulation
what does using the "I" position do?
enables one to assume responsibility for one's own behaviors. Avoids holding others accountable for having one's needs met, one's happiness fulfillment, etc
what are key techniques used in structural therapy?
enactments and boundary making
what do Bowenian therapists do when working with individuals?
encourage clients to stay, check ideas, look for new observations that will confirm or deny the hypotheses and develop ways to change reactions
what is the therapeutic double bind in MRI brief therapy?
encouragement of symptomatic or other undesirable behavior in order to lessen such behavior or bring it under control; promotes progress regarding how patient responds
Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of the initial interview? Social Stage, Engagement Stage, Problem Stage, Interaction Stage
engagement stage
what are the stages of object relations therapy?
engagement stage; projected identification stage; confrontation (brings insight); termination; therapy is often long-term
Joining is
engagement technique in which the therapist accepts and accomodates to the family and engages with each family member
what is the core problem in structural therapy?
enmeshment and disengagement
Therapeutic communities (Skinner)
entire environment set up with systematic reinforcement contingencies
assimilation
environment is interpreted in terms of the child's existing schemas
Thurstone - scale of measuring attitude
equal-appearing intervals
what is balancing power?
equalizing access to power in the couple hierarchy
The ability of complex systems to reach a given final goal in a variety of given ways
equifinality
actor-observer bias
errors we make about attributing behaviors to others
sign stimulus
essential feature of a stimulus which is necessary to elicit a response
confidence interval
estimating a pop mean on basis of sample mean and stating our level of confidence that pop mean falls within estimate
according to contextual therapy what are the most forceful determinants of conduct and why?
ethical acounts are the most forceful determinants because their effect is channeled through internalized commitments
For a narrative therapist the word story is
events, linked in sequence, across time,according to a plot
A contextual therapist will frequently attempt to help a client see the positive intent and intergenerational loyalty issues behind even the most destructive behaviors of previous generations. this concept is known as
exoneration
Initial session - Solution Focused
exploring what has been used for solutions in the past, identifying exceptions, establishing goal through use of the miracle question, assigning of tasks, including formula first session task intervention
what is the theory of change in object relations?
expression of repressed objects; resolution of negative aspects of repressed objects; individualization of family members; detachment & differentiation from the "bad" object
what does the information gathered lead the therapist to do with the hypothesis in Milan sytemic therapy?
extend into other hypotheses, confirm a hypothesis or reject a hypothesis
generalization
extension of the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus to include a broad array of similar stimuli
incentive
external stimulus catalyst for behavior
A narrative therapist will often give a symptom a name, such as labeling anorexia as "crazy dieting." Rather than viewing Maria as anorexic, they might discuss the times when "crazy dieting" has control of her, thus separating Maria from the problem. this process is known as
externalization
What are key techniques used in narrative therapy?
externalization, identifying unique outcomes, & creating audiences of support
In Bowenian therapy does the therapist talk more about facts or feelings?
facts
do therapists talk more about facts or feelings in transgenerational therapy?
facts
what are relationship determinanats in contextual therapy?
facts, individual psychology, behavioral transactions, and relational ethics
Battle for Structure is
family capitulates to his/her way of conducting the therapy particularly during the initial stages
what is the theory of dysfunction in MIlan systemic?
family caught up in an unacknowledged "dirty game," problems maintained by behavioral sequences, and family's old epistemology does not fit its current pattern of behavior
Tendency of families to resist change in order to maintain a steady state is known as
family homeostasis
As if structure is
family members are encouraged to freely experiment as if they were in the role of the other, so long as they understand that the role-play is symobolic.
Temperature reading is
family members express their hopes and wishes each day between session to show their appreciation of one another and discuss complaints and solutions
what are the major concepts in Milan systemic therapy?
family system is evolving constantly; hypothesizing; circularity; neutrality; double-bind; invariant prescription; homeostasis; attend to beliefs, not behavior; and positive connotation
Is object relations associated with the objects or the fantasies of the objects?
fantasies of the objects in the psyche
ochlaphobia
fear of crowds
A therapist is seeing a 7-year-old girl and she reports that when daddy kisses her he puts his tongue in her mouth. An ethical therapist would
file a written report to the proper authorities.
Temporary or superficial changes within a system that do not alter the basic organization of the system itself are known as
first order change
neural plasticity
flexibility neurons have in their organization connectivity and function
what are the methods/techniques of contextual therapy?
focus on family resources; observations are made on all 4 dimensions; assessment is an ongoing process; developmental stage and interpersonal loyalties lead to beliefs; triangles assessed
ecological view
focuses on behavior within a particular niche
what are key techniques used in solution-focused therapy?
focusing on solutions and identifying exceptions
t-test
for 1. the difference between sample and pop means 2. 2 independent means 3. related measures
valproic acid
for bipolar, manufactured
Observational learning (therapy)
for fear/anxiety observe someone approaching your fear, then touch, etc. while you watch from a far and because you are at a distance the threat is decreased
define second-order change
from the MRI school; a change in the rules that govern the emotions and behavioral patterns of the system, resulting in fundamental system re-organization
define first-order change.
from the MRI school; adaptations and changes in structure which do not effect the system's organizational principles
rods
function in dim light and perceive achromatic (black and white)
what are key techniques used in cognitive behavioral therapy?
functional analysis and teaching positive control
adrenal cortex
functions in metabolism and system's salt/water balance; produces cortisol (stress-related) and parathyroid
cerebellum
functions of balance and coordination of motor movements and skill learning
Solution-focused family therapists prefer to focus the treatment time on the past, here and now, future, or present?
future, where problems can be solved
synapse
gap between neurons across which they had to communicate
Feminist theory aims to understand
gender inequality
inductive reasoning
generalizing from specific instance
Klinefelter
genetic condition - male born with extra copy of x chromosome
what are Bowenian's key techniques?
genogram and process questions
Client centered therapy (Rogers)
gives client unconditional positive regard and acceptance - clarifies what the client is saying by reflecting it back and helps get him in touch with his feelings
what does the "well-child" do for a family?
gives them an air of propriety, of dignity
psychodynamic analysis (Adler, Jung and Horney)
goal = insight and self understanding as means of behavioral change no free association and decreased timespan
what adoes a therapist need in transgenerational therapy?
good knowledge of triangles and an optimal level of emotional distance
What is the scale used to determmine differentiation of self?
good to poor
scaffolding
gradual removal of supervision as a skill is mastered
learning curve
graph of change in response over time
In the undifferentiated self is there greater of lesser emotional fusion into a common self with others?
greater emotional fusion
substantia nigra
group of neurons which produce dopamine; degenerates = Parkinson's
how long does the team of therapist and observers generally meet in MRI Brief Therapy?
half an hour after each session to discuss. cases are discussed weekly in a longer meeting.
psychedelics
hallucinogens; perception, emotion and mood-altering; body images are distorted and identity may be confused and loss of reality
describe an intervention used in Milan systemic therapy
having the family act out their behaviors thru a ritual (exposing the family to a different way of viewing their problem)
what should you explore with pursuer-distancer patients?
help the pursuer explore their own inner emptiness. Ask "what's in your life other than this person (distancer). Often pursuers need is due in part as a result of unfinished business
what is the goal of working with one spouse in therapy?
help them understand the part their self plays in the family system until the unmotivated spouse is willing to cooperatively join in therapy
what is the theory of change (goals) of Milan systemic therapy?
helping the family develop alternative epistemology (belief) by creating an environment in which new information is introduced into the family system
Construcivism theory
holds that every person constructs the world actively and differently and that construction is a combination of personal characteristics and environment.
A term that addresses the tendency for all systems to gravitate towards remaining the same over time.
homeostasis
What is the emphasis in strategic therapy?
homeostasis and feedback loops
What type of therapeutic setting is psycho educational therapy generally used in?
hospital settings
multi-modal therapy
how much an event stresses someone depends on their interpretation of the event - helps prepare people for possible situations
Social Constructionism means
how our ways of life are constantly socially developing and changing over time. The way we communicate with each other, how we get our needs met, how we organize ourselves, are all constructed relationally and are continually being redefined.
Multigenerational Transmission Process is
how patterns, themes and positions (roles) in a triangle are passed down from generation to generation through the projection from parent to child
inoculation theory
how to keep original attitudes and beliefs consistent in the face of persuasive attempts
limbic system
hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus,
HPA axis
hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex - stress response
what are some methods/techniques in Milan systemic therapy?
hypothesizing; circularity; neutrality; invarian prescription; rituals; paradox; positive connotation
how might parentification "work"?
if both spouses are able to place a similar demand on one another
base-rate fallacy
if presented with related base rate information and then information relating to a specific case, we are more likely to remember the latter and forget the former
arousal-effect model/ excitation transfer
if someone is already aroused (ex from working out) they are more likely to become more aggressive because their arousal transfers over
aphasia
impairments of language affecting language speech/production
Metacommunication is
implied command or qualified part of the message
according to contextual therapy what is one's greatest satisfaction?
in coming together in a relationship (ex: raising a child)
according to contextual therapy what is one's gretest satisfaction?
in coming together in a relationship (ex: raising a child)
is the work done in or out of session in contextual therapy?
in session which is different than Bowen who is more out of session
Constructivists assert
in the act of knowing, it is the human mind that actively gives meaning and order to that reality to which it is responding"
Milton Erickson was actively involved
in the development of strategic therapy while working at MRI.
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall past events
anterograde amnesia
inability to remember info that occur after injury/onset of disease
blocking
inability to retrieve some info once it has been stored
what is the core problem in cognitive behavioral therapy?
inadvertent reinforcement and aversive control
what is enmeshment?
inappropriate rigid boundaries (in a family system everyone is thinking and feeling alike)
stimulants
increase activity in CNS heightening arousal/engergy level; all carry "ine" endings
sensitization
increase in responsiveness to a stimulus
what is the theory of change (goals) in transgenerational therapy?
increase the ability to distinguish between thinking and feeling within self and others. use this skill to direct one's life and solve problems. develop person-to-person relationships; see family members as people rather than emotionally charged images; learning to observe one's self in triangle; and detriangling oneself
ask and you shall be given
increased likelihood people will respond positively to a request on behalf of a charitable cause
levels of processing effect
increased memory for deep vs. shallow processing
what is the cost of parentification to the child?
individual development and autonomy. Child is the role of victim
what did Bowen encourage to avoid the pitfalls of parental "we-ness" in parent-child triangles?
individual relationships between each parent and the child
according to Bowen what 2 counterbalancing life forces drive human relationships?
individuality and togetherness. Each of us needs companionship and a degree of independence
name some key terms in transgenerational therapy
individuation genogram symbiosis anxious attachment displacement story pursuer-distancer managing countertransference
insecure-resistant
infant cannot be comforted by mother upon return and cannot go back to play
insecure-avoidant attachment
infant shows little/no distress in separation episodes; when caregiver returns infant ignores and avoids, instead focusing on something else in the room
insecure - disorganized/disoriented
infant shows odd, conflicting behaviors in strange situations (eg: might approach mother upon reunion but avert head)
encoding
information processing model (3 stages) 1. sensory memory (about 1-2 secs - iconic, echoic) 2. ST memory (about 20 secs); 7+/- 2 (Miller); chunking 3. LT memory (unlimited capacity and duration)
PET scans
injects radioactive isotope tracer in the blood; brain cells take up tracer and emit radiation *looks at functions of different parts of the brain
primary reinforcers
innate, unlearned reinforcers that satisfy biological needs
fixed-action patterns
instinctual behavior sequences that are indivisible and run to completion
what does the MRI approach pay attention to?
interactional sequences rather than hierarchy or power
James Framo's theory was
intergenerational
action-specific energy
internal force that accumulates with an organism and produces motivation for behavior
Sternberg's triangle theory of love
intimacy, passion, commitment passion + commitment = foolish love intimacy + passion = romantic love intimacy + commitment = companionate love
What are key concepts of object relations therapy?
introject, cross-confrontation, and self-confrontation
what are some buzz words in object relations?
introject; cross-confrontation; and self-confrontation
Eysenck's personality traits
introversion/extroversion neuroticism psychoticism
The Smith family comes into therapy with Dr S and presents with behavioral problems with their 10 and 9 year olds. At the end of the session, Dr S directs them to spend time together this week away from the children. Dr S, in fact, gives this directive to all the families she sees that are experiencing problems with children. Dr S is using _____ associated with _____ Therapy.
invariant prescription/Milan Systemic
Bill (50) and Alexandria (43) present for therapy because their son Ralph (13) has developed school phobia. The phobia emerged after a trial separation between Bill and Alexandria. Bill moved back into the home when it became apparent that the only way to get Ralph to attend school was with both parents working together to help him. From Bozormenyi-Nagy's perspective, this is an example of
invisible loyalties
what are the concepts of contextual therapy?
invisible loyalties ledger balances entitlement indebtedness legacies
What are key concepts of contextual family therapy?
invisible loyalties, ledger balances, entitlement, indebtedness, and legacies
basal ganglia
involved in movement, speech, and other complex behaviors
REM sleep
irregular brain wave pattern; gets longer as night goes on; vivid dreams
solution Focused believes that change
is constant
Anti-Mimesis model of trauma intervention
is the belief of some people in this school that reaction to trauma does not really exist and that a traumatic event simply produces consequences like any other event. Excessive grief work or emphasizing a grieving process and pushing remembering is not supported under the belief that this simply encourages stress, anxiety, and fear. Anti-Mimesis theorists believe that symptoms of stress or anxiety most likely result from problems or dysfunction in the family system, not from the traumatic event itself and treatment should look deeply at the whole system.
does entropy decrease or increase as infomration increases? why?
it decreases because one could conclude that the more information in the system, the more organization in the system
can you identify 1 person in circular causality as having caused a problem? why or why not?
it is meaningless to identify one person because all elements of the problem are thought to be coexisting and reciprocally reinforcing problems can't be maintained if even one element is removed.
how does pseudo self differ from basic self?
it is negotiable and fluid
what did Bowen discover about family?
it is with us wherever we go.
how is object relations similar to structural therapy?
it searches for structures underlying the presenting problem
decision making
its heuristical (rules of thumb, focusing on likely solution points) in which decisions are based on recent experiences producing most readily available info
Which of the following represents a key strength of the Mental Research Institute?
its interdisciplinary staff
Narrative therapists are interested in
joining with people to explore the stories they have about their lives and relationships, their effects, their meanings and the context in which they have been formed and authored.
interval
judged equal (ex no difference between 90 and 80 and 10 and 20); no absolute 0
what is the theory of dysfunction in transgenerational therapy?
lack of differentiation results in marital conflict, dysfunction in a spouse or symptoms of dysfuction in one or more children
What is the emphasis in solution-focused therapy?
language creates reality
Whorfian Hypothesis/language determinism theory
language determines the way we think about and perceive the world
Social Constructionism heavy focus on
language in creating new definitions for situations and specific explanations for events.
larynx movements and muscle twitches
larynx = next to voice box and thinking = talking outloud and Watson made argument that thinking/problem-solving = behavior = throat activity and muscle twitches
what does the hypothesis do in Milan systemic therapy?
leads to choices for therapeutic interventions
instinctive drift
learned behavior that shifts toward instinctive, unlearned behavior tendencies
secondary/conditioned reinforcers
learned by association, usually via classical conditioning ($, grades, peer approval)
Seligman
learned helplessness (dog experiment)
mnemonics
learning aids/strategies that train people to use elaboration to make info more memorable (chunking, mental imagery/method of loci, etc.)
Harlow
learning set: our capacity for solving problems we have never encountered before also did terry cloth mother monkey experiment
latent learning
learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later, when reinforcement occurs (Tolman and cognitive maps study)
Kohler
learning that was insightful
Object relations theorists believe that, as a process of normal development parts of caretakers are split off and internalized into a child's developing personality. Expectations of self and other are based on these internal representations. They are known as
ledgers
Broca's area
left frontal lobe; responsible for speech production
Broca's area
left frontal lobe; speech production
is there more or less of the pseudo self in people who have an icreasingly defined level of basic self?
less
MAO inhibitors
less often prescribed because of side effects - when mixed with tyramine = sever hypertension *they act by blocking enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down neurotransmitter molecules
what does circular questioninig accomplish in Milan systemic therapy?
lessens resistance if one part of the system comments on another part. Sheds light on triangulations. Breaks the rule in dysfunctional families about secrets. Extracts relationship information
Communication theory - MRI involves
level, rules, congruence
stage 1 sleep
light, some alpha wave activity
theta waves
lighter non-REM sleep
regression
line drawn on a graph of correlation-distribution to represent a trend
What are some methods and techniques of object relations therapy?
listening, observing, responding to unconscious material, interpreting, developing insight, and encouraging expression of repressed impulses
What is disengagement?
loose internal emotional bonds and rigid boundaries, combined with diffuse boundaries with external systems, such as spouses with families or origin
agraphia
loss of ability to communicate through writing
expressive aphasia
loss of ability to produce speech
Ethical concerns about offering "telephone therapy" include
loss of visual and other non-verbal information
what are the primary goals in a poorly self-differentiated person?
love, happiness, comfort
does the child selected for the family projection process end up with a higher or lower level of differentaition of self?
lower level
audiometric function
lowest audible threshold energy for each frequency
implicit memory
made up of knowledge based on previous experiences, such as skills that we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness
Phenomenological approaches to therapy
main idea = emphasis on individual perception and goal is to change perception of patient (of himself) and the environment both 1:1 with client/patient and group sessions (less $) change perception and behavior will change as a consequence
catatonia
maintaining strange physical postures for hours
suprachiasmatic nucleus
maintains independent circadian rhythms
Theory of Dysfunction - Behavioral
maladaptive symptomatic behaviors are learned responses, involuntarily acquired and reinforced
__________ is a legal concept involving negligence and accompanying client injury or loss.
malpractice
Dr. J is seeing a family in which the husband and wife frequently argue in the bedroom. In fact, the two argue while preparing for bed almost every night. Dr. J does not ask the couple to attempt to stop their arguments, but directs them to only argue in the kitchen. If an argument starts in the bedroom, they have to move to the kitchen to compete it. Dr. J is using what technique?
manipulating the symptom
Sally (32) and Nathan (41) seek help with how to handle their 5 year old son, Timothy. Tim's aggression in school dates back to a biting incident in preschool. Sally and Nathan report a relatively trouble-free marriage with almost no conflict, not at all like their respective parents who fought continually before divorcing. The therapist notices that they are especially cautious about not wanting to contradict one another. Several sessions later, a discussion between Sally and Nathan gives way to a sizable quarrel, complete with yelling and cursing. A Structural Family therapist would interpret the fight as evidence of
marital discord
cardinal rule
mean moves in direction of the skew
blood-brain barrier
mechanism that controls passage of chemicals through capillaries in the brain; regulates which chemicals can enter and how quickly they do
collateral sprouting
mechanism whereby neurons make connections to new areas to change their connectivity
pineal gland
melatonin (in response to daylight signals); circadian rhythms
Ebbinghaus
memorized nonsense syllables; forgetting curve (rapid forgetting in first hour then occurs more slowly with time)
von Rostorff effect
memory increases for unusual/novel things
encoding specificity principle
memory will increase if context at time of encoding is the same as recall (state-dependence)
schemas
mental frameworks that develop from our experiences with particular people, events, objects, etc.
According to Contextual Family Therapy, each family member earns this concept through the accumulation of care and concerns toward others.
merit
thyroid
metabolism
Communicating about communicating is known as what?
metacommunications
Likert scale
method of summated ratings
regression
method used to describe relationship between variables (positive, negative, linear/nonlinear)
cyclothymia
milder than bipolar but longer in duration
dysthymia
milder than depression but longer in duration
lithium carbonate
mineral salt with calming properties; v effective but be careful with dosage
illusion
misperception of a stimulus
Type II
mistakenly ACCEPTING null
Type I error
mistakenly REJECTING null
what is the therapist stance in Milan systemic therapy?
mixed gender treatment teams; neutrality (from Bowen) - maintain a neutral position; focuses on ways to think differently; and generate hypothesis regarding why the family behaves the way it does
aversive conditioning
modifies responses with aversive stimuli
midbrain
more cranial nerves, parts of reticular formation and important for relaying sensory info; contains substantia nigra
rods
more prevalent in peripheral areas of retina
what is the core problem in strategic therapy?
more-of-the-same solutions
The process by which a system changes its structure to adapt to new contexts
morphogenesis
antipsychotics
most frequently prescribed chlorpromazine/Thorazine stelazine/tricluiperazine fluphenazine/proxilin risperodal clorazil/clozapine prolonged use = CNS damage/disorders
transcranial magnetic stimulation (therapy)
most recent approach for very depressed less side effects that ECT noninvasive, uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in frontal lobe used when other treatments have failed
name a commong triangular pattern
mother and child leave dad as outsider
Aronson's Gain-Loss Model
movement from - to + evaluation of a person results in stronger attraction (because their approval is more rewarding) (think wife/stranger/husband)
neural migration
movement of neurons from one part of fetus brain to more permanent destination (3-5 months)
CAT/CT scan
multi-angle brains x rays that are then computer analyzed to produce pics of each slice of the brain *brain images
psilocybin
mushroom, trip similar to peyote
nominal
name
aptitude
narrower and more specific than intelligence; measures specific abilities and potential for successful performance
what is the theory of dysfunction in object relations?
negative aspects of repressed, introjected early "objects" (primarily parents) are projected onto the spouse or children
Cognitive therapy
negative cognitive triad of depression - stem from core beliefs
Information that signals a system to correct a deviation and restore the status quo
negative feedback
Applying more of the same attempted solution, only to provoke an escalation of the problem is an example of what?
negative feedback loop
Major Concepts - EFT
negative interaction cycle, secondary reactive emotions
object-relations therapy is similar to what set of principles
neo-Freudian psychoanalytic
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter; activates sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action
what is the transgenerational therapist stance?
neutral objective coach consultant
What is the therapist stance in Transgenerational or Bowenian Therapy?
neutral, objective, coach, or consultant
retroactive
new experiences interfere with recall of old info
are prescriptions and directives given in contextual therapy?
no
is symptom relief a goal in object relations?
no
avoidance learning
no clear reinforcer
null hypothesis
no difference
is the question of "why" addressed in MRI brief therapy? Why or why not?
no it is not because "why" questions lead into underlying causes of the problem, etc. and attempt to promote insight which isn't he goal of brief therapy
divergent thinking problems
no way of going about it and no solution
The counselor in Collaborative Theory is
non-authoritarian
what is the stance of the object relations therapist?
non-directive (unlike Bowen and Contextual); observer; and fosters insight and understanding
What is the stance of the therapist in object relations therapy?
non-directive, observer, and fosters insight and understanding
How is diagnosis & assessment achieved in strategic therapy?
non-historic, family life cycle, transition points, data from self report, observing family interactions
what type of diagnosis/assessment does MRI use?
non-historic; symptom-focused; sequence of symptom-maintaining behaviors; instances of circular causality
According to the social constructionist's perspective, diagnosis can categorize individuals by labeling them. This process is known as
objectification
what 3 activities are part of the experimental method?
observation; formulation of a hypothesis; and experimentation
fMRI
observes hemoglobin bound to oxygen has different properties than hemoglobin not bound to oxygen and uses tracer indigenous to our bodies *looks at functions of the different parts of the brain
secondary trait
occasional traits, not centrally defined
informational influence/social proof/social influence
occurs when conforming person does so because he believes the others are correct in their judgment
down's syndrome
occurs with full/partial extra 21 chromosome
is contextual therapy short or long-term?
often long-term
is trangenerational therapy short term or long-term?
often long-term
define projected identification?
often the person that is projected upon begins to believe/accept that projection
proactive interference
old info affects new info we're trying to learn
proactive
old info interferes with new info
variable interval (schedule of reinforcement)
on average reward every (n) seconds
with people who have an increasingly defined level of basic self how are their decision smostly based?
on objectivity
where is emphasis in differentiation placed?
on the "I". Every step toward self-differentiation is checked by an opposing emtional force of "togetherness" that is used to keep the emotional system of the family in check
Solution Focused focuses
on the present and future
interdependence theory
one of several social exchange theories based on gains/costs
what is ambivalence in couples therapy?
one or both partners may be unwilling to forgive past behaviors
According to Bowen, when two people have problems they are unable to resolve and they get to the ponit where it's hard to talk about certain things what happens?
one or both partners will turn to someone else for sympathy or the conflict will draw in a third person to try to help. Thus, a triangle is formed.
Coercion is
one person uses aversive stimuli to control the behavior of another
quid pro quo is
one spouse performs some behavior the other spouse wants contingent upon the other spouse performing some behavior they want
for homework in MRI therapy, how many times might a client be asked to enact a changed behavior?
only once or twice until the next session
Sherif and Sherif - robber's cave
only way to bring groups together is with superordinate goal
narcotics/opioids
opium and derivatives (codeine, heroin, morphine) and synthetics = painkillers produce temporary feeling of euphoria and drowsiness/sleep highly addictive bodily damage less than alcohol
parasympathetic nervous system
opposing sympathetic and conserves bodily resources
Jane is struggling with insomnia. She's seeing a therapist who has instructed her that, if she is not asleep with 30 minutes of going to bed, she must get up and mop and wax her kitchen floor. This technique is known as
ordeal therapy
Moro reflex
outstretched arms and legs and crying to a sudden change in environment/loud noise
inner ear
oval window (more like front door letting in messages) cochlea (basilar membrane, hair cells of Organ of Corti, auditory nerve, round window); making conversion to neural transmission
what happens in object relations when there is failure to conceive a child?
painful unconscious object relations are simulated
what are key terms in MRI Brief Therapy?
paradoxical, emphasis and belief
what does Nagy feel are signs of progress in de-parentifying a family member?
parents compete with their children for the therapist's attention as if the therapist were the parent; the children begin to try out new age-appropriate familial roles; children attempt to make their parents respond in parental manner
reality therapy
patient and therapist make commitment and therapist makes patient more proactive in their life
Transactions are
patterns of family organization--hierarchy, triangles, and transactional sequences
Festinger's social comparison theory
people are 1. attracted to persons that are similar 2. they perceive the person they are attracted to as similar than is really the case
deindividualization
people are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors when in a group because they become anonymous
McGuire inoculation theory
people can be "immunized" against subsequent persuasion communication if they have been familiarized in advance with the persuasive arguments they are going to hear and have heard counterarguments
glial cells
perform variety of other functions but do NOT transmit info myelinate connections between neurons
Balance attraction model
persons A and B having attraction to concept/person X; state of balance needs to exist - has to be even number of negative signs
mescaline
peyote, trip after cactus buttons are chewed and juice is swallowed ; 4-6 hours
What is egosyntonic?
phenomena or experiences which are consistent with the perceived needs or ideals of an individual
outer ear
pinnea (visual structure) and ear canal
acromegaly
pituitary gland produces too much growth horomone
opium
poppy plant; derivative = morphine morphine's derivatives = heroin (3x more powerful) and codeine
Bill (50) and Alexandria (43) present for therapy because their son Ralph (13) has developed school phobia. The phobia emerged after a trial separation between Bill and Alexandria. Bill moved back into the home when it became apparent that the only way to get Ralph to attend school was with both parents working together to help him. From a Behavioral Family therapy's perspective, scenario given is an example of
positive reinforcement
standard deviation
positive square root of variance
What is the emphasis of the strategic model?
positive-feedback cycles, maladaptive behavioral sequence of dysfunction
what is a key dimension in contextual therapy?
possession vs. loss of loved ones
what are some ways parentification may occur?
possessively (ex: oral or dependency), aggressively, or sexually
Collaborative Theory is what kind of approach
postmodernist
Young-Helmholtz
postulates there are three types of cones in retina, each having primary sensitivity to different parts of the color spectrum
group polarization
ppl make more extreme decisions after a discussion than they would before "shift"
Strategic family therapy focuses on:
pragmatic problem solving strategies
what are the stages of therapy in Milan systemic therapy?
pre-session; session interview with family behind one way mirror; interventions (ex: paradoxical prescript); hypothesis testing; team discussion of session; therapist presents conclusions; post-session of team and therapist; sessions 1 month apart; short-term
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
premise = our behavior is unconsciously motivated (id-driven)
Gestalt (Perls)
premise: our words speak differently than our bodies therapist points out this contrast in patient - patient gets frustrated = essential part of growth Perls believed we disarm part of our personality (esp sex) and therapist helps them reown it
Logotherapy (Frankl)
premised on paradoxical intent "im going to faint" "ok" "*doesn't faint" therapist and patient build a distinction between thought and reality
How is the first interview conducted in strategic therapy and why?
presented in a "recipe" format, suggesting that although we are concerned with the outcome of therapy it is the beginning that is of importance
what is the decision of who becomes parentified based on?
previous family relationships and by the development background of each family member
Ego analysis (Hartman, White)
primary goal = frees individual from "slavery" to id and promotes importance of ego and understanding of child based conflicts and strengthening of ego childhood moments - relieved by ego emphasis
What is behavioral family therapy based on?
principles of learning and behavior change.
what does the pseudo self contain?
principles, ideas, and beliefs acquired through the relationship
What is the core problem in solution-focused therapy?
problem talk
suggestibility (in terms of memory)
problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, suggestions, etc.
incubation
problem-mulling while engaging in non-problem related activities
what is the core problem in narrative therapy?
problem-saturated stories
can people with amnesia remember any info?
procedural memory is unaffected by amnesia
heuristics
proceeding more rapidly than algorithms by going to most likely solution areas and utilizing subgoal analysis (defining the problem as subgoals, each addressed individually
algorithms
proceeding systematically; step by step; guaranteed solution
spatial and temporal summation
process by which various incoming signals are pooled together by numerous dendrites
chunking
process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units
operant conditioning
process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior
consolidation
process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory; 2nd stage of LT memory formation
sensation
process of informing the brain about some experience occurring outside the CNS (7 types)
what are some methods/techniques in transgenerational therapy?
process over content; process questions; relationship experiments; genogram; taking "I" positions; detriangulation or neutralizing triangles; coaching; displacement stories; and long-term therapy
Amy is discussing her relationship with her father in therapy. She is angry and attributes her father's "unreasonable" behavior to his lack of empathy for others. As she describes the latest argument with her father, her therapist says, "As your father turned around and walked out of the room, what were you thinking?" and "What happened next?" and "How did you respond to that?" Her therapist is probably using _____ and is practicing from a _____
process questions/Bowen
left hemisphere
processing of language, calculation (although right hemisphere is capable of basic language)
what are the major concepts of object relations?
projection of internalized, repressed ego objects; internal objects such as mental images of self and otehrs, and self in relation to others build from experience and expectation; interpersonal view of the introjected objects; peopel relate to people in the present partly on the basis of expectations formed by early experience
Anna (35) and Chuck (40) have been married for ten years and have struggled with sexual issues the whole time. Although Anna probably has a desire disorder and doesn't enjoy sex, she insists that Chuck is the one who never wants to be sexual. She has made appointments with medical doctors and therapists and tells each one that she very much wants to have more sexual relationship with Chuck doesn't want to. According to object relations theory, Anna is probably engaging in what?
projective identification
antidepressants
prolong activity of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin - this prolonged activity stimulates receptors of postsynaptic neuron
Helmholtz's Place ("Piano") Theory
proposed that a given place on the basilar membrane is responsive to a specific pitch
biological constraint model
proposes that some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others
Rutherford's Frequency ("Telephone") Theory
proposes that the basilar membrane vibrates (much like the diaphragm of a telephone)
When having discovered that a client is HIV positive and has withheld this information from his spouse, the therapist's ethical responsibility is to
protect client confidentiality unless mandated by state law to do so.
Sibling Position
provide useful information in understanding the roles individuals tend to take in relationships
determinants of attraction
proximity - functional distance similarity rewardingness (people who care about you) familiarity (mere-exposure effect, matching hypothesis
crack
purified, smokeable form of cocaine; more powerful and addictive
represssion
pushing something out of mind/you can't remember
what is redefining?
putting a positive connotation on behavior that is usually considered to be undesirable
what are process questions?
queries designed to explore what's going on inside people and between them. Designed to slow people down, diminish reactive anxiety & start thinking how they participate in their problems
What is the emphasis of feminist therapy?
questions systems theory, deliberately political
ordinal
rank - does not indicate difference between each
fluid intelligence
raw mental ability; pattern recognition, abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before
Inherent in social constructionism
reality is created through language in an ongoing interactional and relational process.
occipital lobe
rear, vision
One of the developmental tasks of the middle-age adult stage of the family life cycle is
rebuilding the marriage
semantic memory
recalls facts and general knowledge, such as what we learn in school
thalamus
receives info from the senses and relays it to the cerebral cortex for processing
conservation
recognition that when some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant
EEG
records electrical changes across brain with electrodes placed on scalp; reveals abnormalities in electrical patterns
displacement
redirecting unacceptable behavior from original source to safer substitute
Systematic desensitization is
reducing the capacity of conditioned stimuli or activities to evoke anxiety.
what information might a Milan systemic therapist use to forumulate the hypothesis pre-session?
referring person; name, ages, education and jobs of family members; person designated as the IP (identified patient); the problem; information about ther person calling; and other data
What is Bowen's differentiation of self defined?
refers to the autonomy of function which results in being less reactive to family systems dynamics and other members emotional states; the extent to which they have learned to manage emotionality.
plantar
reflex; toes curl unders to a finger press agains the ball of the foot
what are key techniques used in strategic therapy?
reframing directives
medulla
regulates breathing heart rate and blood pressure
pancreas
regulates enzyme discharge into intestines and produces insulin (breaks down glucose for cells to absorb)
variable ratio schedule
reinforcement after random number of responses
fixed ratio schedule
reinforcement follows set number of responses
shaping
reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior
what is the emphasis in cognitive behavioral therapy?
reinforcement, extinction, and schemas
alpha waves
relaxed, drowsy, slower and higher energy than beta
One of the task of the launching stage of the family life cycle is
releasing adult children into work, college, or marriage
negative reinforcement
removal of an aversive stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior
negative punishment
removal of stimulus to decrease behavior
Behaviorists and learning theory (therapy) Skinner
remove faulty learning and replace with adaptive learning little emphasis on insight, goal is to change behavior provide most demonstrate-able results
expectancy value theory
repetition of behaviors bringing outcomes we value
tardive dyskinesia
repetitive, involuntary movements of mouth tongue face etc.
Adler (therapy)
replacing inferiority with self respect and social interest
sublimination
replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behaviors
According to MRI, all communication contains which of the following two levels of functions?
report and command
A therapist is seeing a 7-year-old girl and she reports that when daddy kisses her he puts his tongue in her mouth. An ethical therapist would
report immediately to the proper authorities.
mental maps
represent but often distort reality
Jonathan (47) and Samantha (46) present for help with their daughter Michelle (12) who has a history of depression. The family has also recently moved and Michelle will be entering a new high school this fall. The family spends some time animatedly describing recent events in their lives that they believe deepened Michelle's depression. The conversation begins to wind down. An Object Relations therapist would be most likely to
request details of their earlier histories
descriptive statistics
requires person to specify population of interest and collect measures from all members
Sex therapy is
respondent conditioning
acquisition
response increases gradually until it levels off at asymptote and remains here until situation is changed (which leads to extinction)
grasping
response to objects touching hand/fingers
sucking
response/reflex to objects touching lips
fixed interval schedule
responses are always reinforced after a set amount of time
variable interval schedule
responses reinforced after time periods of different durations have passed
receptors
responsible for the transduction of physical stimulus energy into neural/electrical that are relayed to appropriate cerebral cortex
discrimination
restriction of a conditioned response to only the exact conditioned stimulus to which it was conditioned
Paradoxical directives can also be seen as
reverse psychology
regression and fixation
reverting to immature behavior
fixed ratio
reward every (n) responses
fixed interval (schedule of reinforcement)
reward every (n) seconds
variable ratio
reward on average every (n) responses *high levels of responding
How are boundaries characterized?
rigid or flexible and as diffuse, open or closed
photoreceptors
rods and cones photochemical reaction is triggered in photoreceptors producing neural signals that are transmitted to bipolar cells and ganglion cells
Kaman
role of surprise in learning contingencies with blocking effect of redundant info
counterconditioning (Dollard and Miller)
running an effective response in direct/strong competition with person's current one (therapy) emphasis on insight - ability to realize how faulty one's learning occurred in earlier years and change behavior on basis of knowledge
The double bind theory is a hypothesis about the cause of what?
schizophrenia
Battle for Initiative is
second battle the family takes back from the therapist its authority to make choices about what is discussed and about decisions that affect their lives
A change that constitutes a basic change in the structure and functioning of a system
second order change
Sarah's 15 year old daughter, Rebecca, has a 9 pm bedtime isn't allowed to go to the mall with her friends unless an adult is along. Sarah expresses her fears and concerns that something bad might happen to Rebecca and believes that close monitoring is the only way to keep her safe. Rebecca began to rebel against the rules of the household and Sarah moved her bedtime up to 8:30 and grounded her from going anywhere with friend. The two are now at each other's throats and Rebecca has become increasingly rebellious. Sarah's family therapist suggested that, although close monitoring worked well with Rebecca while she was a pre-schooler and school-aged, that Rebecca is now a teenager. She suggested that Sarah discus with other parents of teenagers might think were reasonable rules. Sarah's therapist is attempting to engender what type of change?
second order change
The idea that anyone attempting to observe and change a system is therefore part of that system
second order cybernetics
chi-sqaured
seeks to determine whether two variables are independent in a pop from which a sample has been obtained deals with discrete categories instead of continuous measurements - 2x2 table obtain phi coefficient for chi squared value goodness of fit and test for independence
what is used for diagnosis/assessment in object relations?
self-report; family of origin history; analyzing the defensive system of the family; analysis of intrapsychic material; and degree of indivdidualization between family members
proprioception
sense of relative position of our body parts
garden-path sentences
sentences that suggest one interpretation that turns out to be wrong
stratified random sampling
set out categories and then randomly sample within those categories
what are the stages of therapy in MRI?
set-up & definition of the problem; identify and interrupt behavior maintaining problems; set goals; behavioral intervention (direct or paradoxical); client position treatment needs maneuverability to find out who is person most wanting to change; prescriptive; what solution tried and discard; what solution being used; termination; short-term therapy
Korsakoff sydrome
severe memory impairment
Emotionally Focused Therapy is
short term
Is Milan systemic therapy short or long-term?
short term
what are the key techniques used in psychodynamic therapy?
silence and interpretation
stage 2 sleep
sleep spindles and k-complexes
parapraxis
slip of the tongue (betraying unconscious motivations)
depressants
slow the CNS functioning (decrease heart rate and breathing) and impairs motor functioning - ultimate effect = sleep
phonemes
smallest structural element of spoken language that distinguishes meaning; corresponds to a single sound
PCP
snythetic, ingested/swallowed
Collaborative Theory says that human reality is created through
social construction and dialogue
Andrew comes to therapy struggling with depression. His therapist asked him to describe the times he is not depressed, or at least a little less depressed than usual. His therapist is most likely practicing from which perspective?
solution Focused
Solution Focsed focuses on
solutions not on problems
How is emotional cutoff achieved?
some people seek distance by moving away, others seek distance emotionally by avoiding personal conversations or insulating themselves with the presence of 3rd parties
Georg von Bekesy
sound wave frequencies are locally dispersed before excitatory nerve fibers in cochlea and get sent to the brain
right hemisphere
spatial and nonverbal functions
Out of earshot of Dad, Mom points out one of his parenting inadequacies to the children. From a Contextual Family Therapy perspective, Mom's actions are evidence for
split filial loyalty
theta waves
stage 1 sleep; lower energy than alpha
delta waves
stage 3; higher energy than theta
object permanence
starts around 9 months
classical conditioning
starts with an unconditioned stimulus that already elicits an unconditioned response; during learning a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually the conditioned stimulus causes the conditioned response, which is similar in nature (or the same) as the unconditioned response
Speilberger's state vs. trait anxiety
state: anxiety with specific situations trait: difference between people in terms of their tendency to experience anxiety in response in anticipation of a threat
I-Position is
statements that reflect the speaker's own thoughts and feelings instead of attempting to blame others
axon
stem-like corridor; transmits neurons signals to dendrites of other neuron; often wrapped in myelin sheath
nicotine
stimulates ANS and increases mood and attention; just as addictive as heroin/cocaine
pituitary gland
stimulates bone growth and produces hormones somatotropin (growth) prolactin thyroid stimulating follicle-stimulating
amphetamines
stimulates brain and sympathetic nervous system
Subjugated stories are
stories about the client that are obscured by the dominant story. Some are helpful and some are not.
What therapy grew out of the communications theory?
strategic
Which therapy is Cloe Madanes associated with?
strategic
in what theory does the therapist often work with only 1 or 2 members of a family system?
strategic
what theory emphasizes out-of-session directives?
strategic
what theory emphasizes positive-feedback cycles?
strategic
what theory emphasizes the importance of maladaptive behavioral sequences in dysfunction?
strategic
what theory focuses on behavioral sequences?
strategic
what theory focuses on problem solving?
strategic
what theory is indirect and nonconfrontive?
strategic
what theory retrospectively focuses on out-of-session behavioral sequences?
strategic
Narrative Solutions is a combination of
strategic and narrative
long-term potentiation
strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron
in what theory does the therapist generally work with the whole family?
structural
what theory emphasizes the importance of structure in dysfunction?
structural
what theory focuses on immediate in-session behaviors?
structural
kinesics
study of body language
epigenetics
study of reversible changes in performance of genes that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA (genes can turn on and off)
cerebral cortex
subcortical structure aka rest of forebrain with 2 hemispheres
what is the emphasis in structural therapy?
subsystems and boundaries
Shaping is
successive approximations to a desired, often more complex, behavior are reinforced until the desired behavior is achieved
What is discontinuous change?
sudden change in family system organization usually brought on by a crisis which effects the perception of a problem.
Paivo
suggests we use dual code of both visual and verbal memory whenever possible
convergence
summation, antagonism
how did others refer to the emotional sensitivity between patients and their mother that attracted Bowen?
symbiosis
what is the emotional sensitivity between patients and their mothers?
symbiosis
________ relationships are characterized by a high frequency of similar kinds of behavior.
symmetrical
Watzlawick would describe couples who are free to pursue careers and share childbearing and household chores as having a
symmetrical relationship
LSD
synthesized from rye fungus by Hofmann *serotonin agonist, enhances action of serotonin across synapse long term use = memory loss, nightmares, paranoia, panic attacks and flashbacks
methadone
synthetic narcotic/opioid *unique because can sometimes be used to treat narcotic addiction but it is just as powerful/addictive so highly controversial
retinoptic path
system by which neurons are organized (in the eye)
endocrine system
system of glands that secretes hormones in the body hypothalamus serves as glandular system "control center" and produces oxytocin and and
Respondent conditioning is
systematic desensitization, assertiveness training, aversion
Milan systemic therapy differs from Haley's strategic in that
systemic therapy helps families to understand the meaning of the symptoms, while strategic just changes the pattern
what are autopoetic systems?
systems that are self-organizing and self-maintaining; biological systems and human systems are an example. Can be described as second order cybernetics
What is an allopoetic system?
systems that can be controlled from the outside, such as machines
Jane doesn't like that intervention and goes to another therapist. This therapist tells Jane she must attempt to stay awake at least three hours each night when she goes to bed. This therapist is
targeting the attempted solution
Rational-Emotive Therapy (Ellis)
targets irrationalities in our thoughts/beliefs that have psychological consequences 11 irrational thoughts in western culture - replace these irrational thoughts with rational
John Garcia
taste aversion studies; we have a predisposition ot make certain associations more rapidly than others
define triangulation
telling a partner in a dyad something about the third person in a triangle
what are firstborn characteristics?
tendency to identify with power and authority, employ size and strength to defend their status, and try to minimize the cost of having siblings by dominating them
availability heuristic
tendency to judge the likelihood of something based on the extent to which that events pops up into our mind
confirmation bias
tendency to seek out info that confirms our beliefs
lowballing
tendency to stay with commitment we've made after the initially low stakes have been raised
forebrain
thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, limbic system (= hypothalamus + amygdala + hippocampus), cerebral cortex
Emotionally Focused Therapy believes
that change involves a new experience of self
Constructionism holds
that learning can happen most effectively when people are also active in making tangible objects in the real world.
what does object relations theory propose?
that parental images are developed by children and assessed as either good or bad
Family Paradigm is
that people can, and do, construct their view of the world and way of knowing differently (families have different ways of knowing
the contextual model is based on what premise?
that the human condition of fairness results in a cross-generational "ledger" that tracks what has been given to the individual and what is owed
Social Constructionism holds the view
that there are no underlying processes at work; everything is in view and nothing is hidden.
Collaborative therapist take the position
that there is no such thing as an objective problem
what is the "well-child" parentified?
the "well-child" contributes to the loyalty system of the family by playing certain prescribed and premature roles and not to live an age-appropriate life
degrees of freedom
the # of frequencies free to vary for any given n chi squared tests
The Solution Focused model grew out of
the Constructivist model
selective attention
the ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others
social referencing
the ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person, especially a caregiver, in an uncertain situation
Transactional Analysis (therapy)
the adult/parent/child roles; want to get patient in "I'm ok, you're ok" mindset
Collaborative Couple's Therapy is based on
the assumption that conflict is inevitable and emphasis should be placed on how couples handles that conflict.
Differentian of self refers to....
the autonomy of function which results in being less reactive to family systems dynamics and other members emotional states; the extent to which they have learned to manage emotionality.
variance
the average of squares of the distance that each value is from the mean
what is the degree of fusion dependent on?
the basic level of differentiation in each of the two people before marriage
what does the degree of differentiation determine?
the basic level of self in a person from poor to good
define differentiation of self
the capacity to think and reflect, to not respond automatically to emotional pressures, internal or external. It's the ability to be flexible and act wisely, even in the face of anxiety.
define circularity
the cause of one event is understood to have been itself caused by others, thus creating an endless (and begin-less) circular chain of events
what is a double-bind in contextual therapy?
the child is expected to be obedient, yet also behave in accordance with his parentifiec position
Transference is
the client's unconscious tendency to attribute to the therapist unresolved drives, attitudes, feelings, and fantasies from previous relationships
law of effect
the consequences of a behavior increase (or decrease) the likelihood that behavior will be repeated
Second order cybernetics investigates
the construction of models of cybernetic systems
what is the battle for structure and who described it?
the demand that the family capitulate to the therapist's way of operating while in therapy. Described by Whitaker.
what is MRI known for?
the development of second-order change and thinking the solution is the problem
Destructive entitlement is
the development of symptomatic behaviors in the pursuit of self-justifying and harmful means to satisfy the perception of what is due as a result of deficient caring and responsibility in parenting
binocular disparity
the difference between the slightly different images that fall on each eye
resting potential
the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest (-70 mV)
zone of proximal development
the distance between what a child can learn alone and what a child can learn assisted by someone, usually an adult
define parentification
the distortion of a relationship in which one's spouse or children are induced to function as if they were one's parent
what is the hallmark of transgenerational therapy?
the emphasis on the powerful influence that past generations have on present
parentification is a dynaimc rooted in what family system?
the family loyalty system
how would the Milan team say the family would describe the therapist who folowed the Milan system?
the family would be unable to tell what the therapist actually "did," but could describe the manner of doing
what method or technique is the main focus in contextual therapy?
the focus on family resources
As Andrew's therapy session draws to a close, his therapist gives him the following homework: "Between now and the next time we meet, I would like for you to notice what is going on in your life, right now, that you would like to see continue, even when this depression has lifted." This intervention is known as
the formula first session task
what is the goal in transgenerational therapy?
the goal is to work on changing or modfying the important triangle in the family, usually the marital couple
Milton Erickson believed
the idea that resistance to change was a key obstacle to success in therapy.
what is the central ego in object relations?
the ideal neutral object free from exciting and rejecting aspects
action potential
the impulse of positive charge that runs down an axon to axon terminal; when it reaches axon terminal is causes neuron to release chemicals that fill the synapse (neurotransmitters) and these attach to receptors in lock and key fashion
crystallized intelligence
the kind of knowledge that one gains from experience and learning, educating, and practicing
levels of processing
the more deeply people encode info, the better they will recall it
in therapy who effects change in the whole system and how the triangle functions?
the most central person
Inherent in constructivism is
the notion that what is 'known' in the external world is determined by our innate mental and sensory structures
How was Bowen different from the rest of family therapy's pioneers?
the others were pragmatists, more concerned with action than insight, more interested in technique than theory. Bowen saw theory as a way of thinking not interventions
working memory
the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand; often used interchangeably with ST memory; only information in conscious awareness and is actively processed - multiple buffers
Define family projection process
the part of the process by which parents project their undifferentiation onto one or more of the children
groupthink phenomenon
the practice of thinking/making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility
Narrative therapy is most interested in:
the present problem
positive reinforcement
the presentation or addition of an appetitive stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur
Narrative therapy believes the problem is
the problem. The person is not the problem.
What is fair exchange?
the process by whereby members of a system act upon each other and the system
what is accommodation in the structural process?
the process by which a couple transitions from courtship and adjusts to a partnership
what is change?
the process by which structural elements of a system are transformed to new states or levels of organization
encoding
the process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new info; first stage of LT memory formation
accommodation (vision)
the process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances
In EFT the therapist is
the process consultant
Who was Bowen's original focus on ?
the relationship between mother and schizophrenic patient
according to parentification and contextual therapy the scapegoat is..
the saddest of all human beings and tremendously powerful in keeping the system intact (some couples "have to" stay together just to handle what the scapegoat child will do next)
A symptom carrier for family dysfunction or pathology is often referred to as
the scapegoat
Hermeneutics is
the science of interpretation and explanation.
Differentiation
the separation of intellectual and emotional functioning which results in being less reactive to family system dynamics and other members emotional states
constitutes
the smaller units we break messages into to better understand them
personas
the social face the individual presents to the world to make an impression/conceal the nature of the individual
what is one of the main tenets in MRI?
the solution is the problem
What is the key concept in solution-focused therapy?
the solution is within the client
what is the "dirty middle" of therapy according to James Framo?
the stage in couples therapy where one of them has to change
Cybernetic is the study of
the structure of regulatory systems
What is cybernetics?
the study of how systems are controlled and how information feedback loops work
spontaneous recovery
the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response
Most strategic tasks have a common characteristic -- they try to manipulate
the symptom
who elects th parentified member in contextual therapy?
the system as a whole
define entropy
the tendency of a system to become disordered and random unless controlled by outside forces
what is entropy?
the tendency of a system to become disordered and random, unless controlled by outside forces
who does the team of therapists consist of in MRI brief therapy?
the therapist and observers
who decides (and how) what family members are seen in contextual therapy?
the therapist based on info. given by the family
how would assessment and therapy initiation be conducted in a structural approach?
the therapist would work with the family to help them realize how their actions or behaviors might be contributing to the problem
Circumplex Model of Family Therapy focuses on
the three central dimensions of marital and family systems: cohesion, flexibility and communication
what is a central element of object relations therapy
the transference of repressed introjects (feelings, beliefs) with both negative and positive ojbect identification onto others
what is the main tenet in transgenerational theory?
the transmission of unresolved conflicts, beliefs, and roles that pass from generation to generation
according to Bowen what is the smallest stable relationship system with emotional forces in constant motion?
the triangle
what is the theory of dysfunction in contextual therapy?
the trustworthiness of relationship breaks down because fairness, caring, and accountability are absent. Fairness and justice isn't equal for all family members
Define Bowen's emotional cutoff.
the way people manage anxiety between generations. The greater emotional fusion between parents and children, the greater the likelihood of cutoff.
extinction
the weakening/disappearing of a conditioned response in the absence of a reinforcement
Spearman's g factor
theory of intelligence in which intelligence is made up of several components that fit tightly together to create one factor (g) of intelligence
balance theory
theory of motivational attitude change; conceptualizes the cognitive consistency motive as a drive towards psychological balance
Fixed Role Therapy
therapist = validator therapist becomes familiar with patients faulty constructs, breaks them down, and reconstructs them and therapist validates new constructs
Exoneration is
therapist attempts to help the client see the positive intent and intergenerational loyalty issues behind even the destructive behaviors of previous generations
Mimesis is
therapist gains acceptance by mimicking the gestures, communication, and behavioral patterns of family members
Tracking is
therapist participates in the existing family dynamic, while privately noting the dysfunctional or unbalanced processes being enacted
Countertransference is
therapist's unconscious emtional reaction to the client which derive from the therapist's own history
Utilizating Resistance is
therapists asks client who is not changing to slow down or not change
what do MRI Brief Family Therapy, Strategic, and Milan Systemic Model have in common?
they all propose that therapy is a kind of human engineering that is strategically designed and implemented by a therapist
Although most constructivists acknowledge that a "real world" exists outside of human consciousness or language
they are much more interested in the nuances in people's construction of the world than they are in evaluating the extent to which such constructions are "true" in representing a presumably external reality.
what is similar about the therapist's stance in transgenerational and Milan Sytemic therapy?
they both are neutral
elaborate rehearsal
things we made vivid with rich imagery associations
conjunction fallacy
thinking the likelihood of two events occurring together is greater than each event occurring individually
information processing
time required to do each mental operation in a fixed sequence
synaptic vesicles
tiny sacs in terminal button that contain neurtransmitters
Milan Systemic attends
to beliefs rather than behavior
Why did the Milan associates interview families about their history?
to find evidence of how the children's symtpoms became necessary for the system
Parts party is
to help clients experience the different parts of their personalities and enable them to see how they operate as an integrated whole
what is the primary purpose of relationship experiments
to help people discover their ability to move against the ways their emotions are driving them
Greg argued with his parents about his curfew and his parents then grounded him. Greg then ran away and stayed with a friend. A first order intervention at this point might be
to help the parents find a more effective punishment to tame this out-of-control child
An MRI-based therapist working with a client with stage fright is most likely to tell the client
to identify the disadvantages of improvement
why is homework used in MRI brief therapy?
to promote the best use of time in between sessions and put the change out in the patient's real word
what is a goal in object relations therapy?
to try to help members of a couple identify and own their introjects (feelings, beliefs), noting when they are projecting them onto one another
Babinski reflex
toes outward and upward to a sole of the foot touch
halo effect
too much emphasis on small number of desirable attributes while looking over the more important things
parietal lobe
top, somatosensation
haptic code
touch
Introjection can only be detected by
trained therapists
anxiolytics
tranquilizers/anti-anxiety meprobamate (decrease anxiety or sleep or death) librium, xanax, klonapin (also used to treat OCD) benzodiazepines - sedation same risks of physical and psychological addiction
contextual therapy comes from what model of therapy?
transgenerational
what therapy is emotional cutoff associated with?
transgenerational or Bowenian
neurons
transmit info in for of electrochemical changes
what is the core problem in Bowenian theory?
triangles and emotional reactivity
Bob (45) and Marianne (38) argue about what is the proper age for their daughter Jill (14) to begin dating. Jill hears the fighting and enters the room. Marianne draws Jill into the argument to side with her against Bob. From a Bowen Systems perspective, what has occurred?
triangulation
According to Bowenian transgenerational theory, the past generations have a powerful influence on the present. (true or false)
true
Bowen was an exception in that he was more committed to systems theory as a way of thinking than as a set of interventions (true or false)
true
Transgenerational therapsits work with the family of origin, true or false?
true
True or false: People with a high degree of self-differentiation about tte different thinings and feeling
true
true or false. Bowen believed there is no discontinuity between normal and disturbed families but that all families vary along a continuum from emotional fusion to differentiation
true
true or false: Bowen believed that understanding how family systems operate is more important than procedures
true
true or false: Bowen looked at techniques with disdain
true
true or false: Milan Systemic Therapy attends more to beliefs, the way things are perceived and how people learn
true
true or false: both MRI and strategic believe that the therapist's role is to engineer change
true
true or false: both MRI and strategic view the family's problems as essentially a fixed behavioral reality needing to be changed.
true
true or false: children who grow up outside the family projection process may emerge with a higher level of differentiation of self than the parents
true
true or false: in object relations it isn't objects that are in the psyche, but fantasies of objects
true
true or false: in some families members take turns being parentified?
true
true or false: object relations ascribes to the theory that insight is necessary for change to occur and that working thru is necessary to fully master the gains made from change
true
true or false: the genogram can be used as a third party-tool to help a dyad stabilize?
true
Coalitions are
two family members form a covert alliance either temporary or durable against a third - form usually across generational boundaries
What are coalitions?
two family members joined together against a third. Usually formed across generational boundaries. Described by Minuchin's structural model
how many positive sides are in a triangel? How many negative sides are in a triangel?
two positive sides and one negative side
what are characteristics of laterborns?
underdogs in the family, identify with oppressed and question the status quo, more open to experience
propositions
units of meaning in a sentence had subject and predicate incorporated into sentences of varying structure and meaning
according to Bowen what is the most important unfinished business of our lives?
unresolved emotional reactivity
punishment
use of aversive stimulus to decrease responding
Pearson's product-movement correlation
used if researcher wants to determine if there is a relationship between 2 groups of paired numbers
problem-solving
uses productive (new approach) and reproductive (old approach) thought processes, encompasses incubation (problem-mulling while engaged in non-problem based activitities
when is termination performed in MRI?
usually by the end of ten sessions
binomial distribution
values are either 0 or 1
wit
vehicle for getting the forbidden thoughts/urges past the defense mechanism
egocentrism
viewing the world from one's own perspective and not being capable of seeings things from another perspective
Gibson and Walk
visual cliff experiment - infants have sense of depth perception
social referencing
watching the emotional response of others
timbre
wave complexity overtones
z-scores
way of translating different SDs and means into common language that facilitates comparison score-mean divided by SD compares multiple distributions
Family Projection Process
way parents transmit their emotional problems to a child.
foot-in-the-door
we are more likely to agree to large commitment type requests if we have agreed in advance to smaller commitments requests
according to Bowen, do we have more or less autonomy in our emotional lives than we assume? why?
we have less autonomy because most of us are more dependent and reactive to one another than we like to think
correspondance bias
we make dispositional attributions even when we are fully aware of the power of the situation
One of the developmental tasks of the middle-age adult stage of the family life cycle is
welcoming children's spouses, grandchildren in the family
Solution Focused concentrates on
what clients want to achieve in therapy not what the problem is.
Entitlement is
what each person is inherently and fairly due and what each accrues based on his/her behavior toward others and other's behavior toward him/her
what does the cross-generational ledger track?
what has been given to an individual and what is owed
what is destructive entitlement? Give and example
when fairness is not present. Ex: father is absent and oldest son takes on the role as father. When he has a child of his own he feels that he can be absent himself..."I've already done that role"
perceptual constancies
when our perception is unaltered by environmental changes that affect properties of a stimulus (lightness and color, size, and shape)
normative influence
when person wishes to avoid negative consequences from differing with the group
is self-differentiating more successful when the family is in emotional equilibrium or in crisis?
when the family is in crisis
Triangulation
when the inevitable anxiety in a dyad is relieved by involving a vulnerable third party who either takes sides or provides a detour for the anxiety
when do parentification attempts become pathologic?
when they begin to seriously hinder a child's emotional development
Detouring is
when two family members attempt to preserve their relationship by defining their conflict as a disagreement about a third person, keeping the focus on that person rather than themselves and their problem
give an example of a process question
when your boyfriend neglects you, how do you deal with it? What about you wife's criticism hurts you most?
according to Nagy where do our ethics originate?
with internalizations of our relationships with our parents
parsing
words in spoken/written message are transformed into a mental representation of the meaning of the message
Social Constructionism therapists
work with clients to build or construct new understanding of the world and their problem. This can help the client explore new options for approaching the problem.
Did Jay Haley feel symptoms were meaningful to solve problems?
yes
Does Bowenian theory believe that family is with us everywhere we go?
yes
Does Bowenian therapy belive that the best way to treat a child is to treat the parent?
yes
can the degree of differentiatiion of self be used as an over-all assessment in the life processs
yes
do Bowenian therapists move in occasionally to challenge, confront, and explain?
yes
do Milan systemic therapists see the entire family?
yes
does contextual therapy follow the premise that while we give we receive?
yes
in Milan systemic therapy is therapy an evolving process and the family and evolving system?
yes
in family therapy is hypothesis building considered experimental?
yes
is brief therapy symptom oriented?
yes
is co-therapy encouraged in contextual therapy?
yes
is homework utilized in MRI brief therapy?
yes
is it important to help the family recognize the trustworthiness that resides within each of its members?
yes
If you are poorly self-dfferentiated and move with the pseudo self does your heart or your head rule?
your heart