MGMT 3153 - Chapter 8

_____ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. A. Decision making B. Learning C. Intuition D. Consensus E. Heuristics

decision making

Which of these occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job? A. Heuristics B. Communities of practice C. Illusion of control D. Transfer of training E. Attribution anchoring

transfer of training

The knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people is referred to as: A. halo effect. B. expertise. C. heuristics. D. satisficing. E. bounded rationality.

expertise

Which of the following is a characteristic of explicit knowledge? A. Highly personal in nature B. Very difficult to articulate to others C. Typically job-and/or situation-specific D. Always conscious and accessible information E. Based on experience

always conscious and accessible information

Employees learn two basic types of knowledge: A. verbal and written. B. explicit and tacit. C. internal and external. D. observed and expressed. E. individual and group.

explicit and tacit

Which of these, according to research, is the least long-lasting or most difficult to maintain the high level of performance? A. Continuous B. Variable ratio C. Fixed ratio D. Variable interval E. Fixed interval

continuous

teach all scenario.... Which schedule of reinforcement does Christine use for rewarding class participation? A. Variable ratio B. Variable interval C. Fixed ratio D. Continuous E. Fixed interval

continuous

Which of the following is perhaps the most important factor that can help organizations foster a climate for transfer? A. Training ensures that employees have the ability to observe and learn from those in the company with significant amounts of tacit knowledge. B. The degree to which the trainee's manager supports the importance of the newly acquired knowledge and skills and stresses its application to the job. C. Opportunities to use the learned knowledge are crucial because practice and repetition are key components of learning. D. The degree of peer support because having multiple trainees learning the same material reduces anxiety and allows the trainees to share concerns and work through problems. E. Groups of employees working together can learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time.

The degree to which the trainee's manager supports the importance of the newly acquired knowledge and skills and stresses its application to the job.

When you read a textbook, the authors are communicating which of the following knowledge to you? A. Popular B. Tacit C. Intuition D. Explicit E. Inherent

explicit

Learning has _____ effect on performance and _____ effect on commitment. A. a moderate negative; a moderate positive B. a strong positive; a moderate negative C. a weak negative; a strong positive D. a moderate positive; a weak positive E. a weak positive; a moderate negative

a moderate positive; a weak positive

The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decision refers to which of these biases? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Anchoring D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect

anchoring

abc scenario.... When Gary says ABC will hire Asians only, he is representing which decision making bias? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Anchoring D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect

anchoring

Which of these represent the first step in the behavior modeling process? A. Reinforcement B. Production processes C. Attentional processes D. Retention processes E. Attribution processes

attentional processes

A biased prediction, due to the tendency to focus on the most salient and emotionally charged outcome, is the: A. projection bias. B. choice-supportive bias. C. self-serving bias. D. availability bias. E. hindsight bias.

availability bias

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the: A. availability bias. B. bandwagon effect. C. self-fulfilling prophecy. D. projection bias. E. stereotype.

availability bias

When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat what they have observed, they are engaging in: A. structural modeling. B. behavioral modeling. C. dynamic modeling. D. cognitive modeling. E. hierarchical modeling.

behavioral modeling

To be a rational decision maker, we should do all of these except: A. boil the problem down to something that is easily understood. B. develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions. C. evaluate all the alternatives simultaneously. D. use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. E. pick the alternative that maximizes value.

boil the problem down to something that is easily understood

The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision refers to: A. heuristics. B. communities of practice. C. bounded rationality. D. projection bias. E. performance-prove orientation.

bounded rationality

True learning only occurs when: A. employees forget to mimic the behaviors of experts. B. experts play the role of novices'. C. changes in behavior become relatively permanent. D. the first time an employee makes the right decision. E. learning is not that easy.

changes in behavior become relatively permanent

Transfer of training can be fostered if organizations create a _____, an environment that can support the use of new skills. A. locus of control B. communion striving C. climate for transfer D. community of practice E. noncynical climate

climate for transfer

_____ are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time. A. Heuristics developers B. Communities of practice C. Control moderators D. Climates of transfer E. Attribution anchors

communities of practice

Terms used to describe tacit knowledge are all of these except: A. intuition. B. mental models. C. consensus. D. practical intelligence. E. insight.

consensus

An external attribution will occur if there is high ______; high ______; and low ______. A. consensus; consistency; extinction B. consensus; distinctiveness; consistency C. consistency; distinctiveness; consensus D. extinction; consistency; distinctiveness E. none of these

consensus; distinctiveness; consistency

An internal attribution will occur if there is low ______; low ______; and high ______. A. consensus; consistency; extinction B. consensus; distinctiveness; consistency C. consistency; distinctiveness; consensus D. extinction; consistency; distinctiveness E. none of these

consensus; distinctiveness; consistency

"Does Mary always come late for department meetings?" is a question that answers which of these elements about attribution? A. Consistency B. Extinction C. Consensus D. Control E. Distinctiveness

consistency

Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behavior. They are known as the: A. attribution biases. B. communities of practice. C. contingencies of reinforcement. D. climates of transfer. E. heuristics.

contingencies of reinforcement

John believes in praising every desired behavior of all of his employees. John is engaging in which of these reinforcement schedules? A. fixed interval B. variable ratio C. continuous D. fixed ratio E. variable interval

continuous

Which of these is the simplest schedule of reinforcement? A. Variable ratio B. Variable interval C. Fixed ratio D. Continuous E. Fixed interval

continuous

Which of the following happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior? A. Fixed interval schedule B. Variable ratio schedule C. Fixed ratio schedule D. Variable interval schedule E. Continuous reinforcement schedule

continuous reinforcement schedule

"Does Mary tend to act differently in other circumstances?" is a question that answers which of these elements about attribution? A. Consistency B. Extinction C. Consensus D. Control E. Distinctiveness

distinctiveness

"Throwing good money after bad" captures which of these common decision making errors? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Escalation of commitment D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect

escalation of commitment

Information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach during training sessions is: A. inherent knowledge. B. inferred knowledge. C. implicit knowledge. D. tacit knowledge. E. explicit knowledge.

explicit knowledge

When Jeff asked Joanna how to fix the error message he keeps getting on his computer, Joanna wrote the step-by-step instructions down for Jeff so that he can take care of the problem relatively easily. The type of knowledge described in this situation is called A. consensus-based knowledge. B. tacit knowledge. C. explicit knowledge. D. intuition knowledge. E. inherent knowledge.

explicit knowledge

_____ occurs when there is the removal of consequences following an unwanted behavior. A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

extinction

teach all scenario.... Which contingency of reinforcement did Christine use with John? A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

extinction

As owner of Mountain City Coffee, Yashmi gives all her employees a paycheck every two weeks. This is an example of which form of reinforcement schedule? A. Variable interval B. Variable ratio C. Continuous D. Fixed ratio E. Fixed interval

fixed interval

The single most common form of reinforcement schedule is: A. fixed interval. B. variable ratio. C. continuous. D. fixed ratio. E. variable interval.

fixed interval

A supervisor walking around at different points of time every day is a good example of a: A. variable ratio schedule. B. fixed interval schedule. C. continuous schedule. D. variable interval schedule. E. fixed ratio schedule.

fixed interval schedule

Every time an employee gets a paycheck after a predetermined period of time, he/she is being reinforced on a: A. variable ratio schedule. B. fixed interval schedule. C. continuous schedule. D. fixed ratio schedule. E. variable interval schedule.

fixed interval schedule

A salaried paycheck is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule whereas piece-rate pay is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule. A. continuous; fixed interval B. fixed interval; fixed ratio C. variable ratio; variable interval D. variable interval; fixed ratio E. fixed ratio; continuous

fixed interval; fixed ratio

Clothing International operates two factories where employees sew different garments. Employees are paid on a piece-rate pay basis. Number of completed pieces by each employee determines their pay. Clothing International uses which of these reinforcement schedules? A. Continuous B. Fixed interval C. Variable ratio D. Variable interval E. Fixed ratio

fixed ratio

Which schedule reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited? A. Continuous B. Variable interval C. Variable ratio D. Fixed ratio E. Fixed interval

fixed ratio

If Sandy comes to the group meeting late and you feel that she is coming late because she has a low motivation for work, it could reflect a(n): A. self-serving bias. B. fundamental attribution error. C. anchoring error. D. illusion of control error. E. halo effect.

fundamental attribution error

Eric, a professor at Teach All University, has applied for Teacher of the Year award eight years in a row. He feels that he has been turned down so many times that he is bound to win the award sooner or later. This is an example of which of these biases? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Anchoring D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect

gambler's fallacy

The tendency to assume that individual random events are influenced by previous random events is: A. anchoring. B. the recency effect. C. the halo effect. D. gambler's fallacy. E. the false consensus effect.

gambler's fallacy

abc scenario.... Jerry's comment reflects which of these? A. Availability bias B. Confirmation bias C. Anchoring D. Gambler's fallacy E. Halo effect

gambler's fallacy

The second step in rational decision making is to: A. choose the solution that maximizes value. B. identify the criteria that are important in making the decision. C. evaluate the alternatives. D. implement the alternative. E. generate a list of all available alternatives.

generate a list of all available alternatives

_____ are simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily. A. Heuristics B. Extinction effects C. Self-fulfilling prophecies D. Climates of transfer E. Attributions

heuristics

Which of the following is a characteristic of tacit knowledge? A. Highly personal in nature B. Always conscious and accessible information C. Can be learned through books D. General information E. Easily transferred through written communication

highly personal in nature

Which of the following is not a characteristic of explicit knowledge? A. Easily transferred through written communication B. General information C. Can be learned through books D. Highly personal in nature E. Always conscious and accessible information

highly personal in nature

The first step in rational decision making is to: A. generate the list of available alternatives. B. identify the criteria that are important in making the decision. C. evaluation of alternatives. D. implement the alternative. E. choose the solution that maximizes value.

identify the criteria that are important in making the decision

_____ can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations. A. Performance-avoid orientation B. Intuition C. Performance-prove orientation D. Non-programmed decisions E. Rational decisions

intuition

All the following statements about projection bias are true except: A. it holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships. B. people project their own thoughts, attitudes, and motives onto other people. C. it causes problems in decision making because it limits our ability to develop appropriate criteria for a decision and evaluate decisions carefully. D. it causes people to assume that everyone's criteria will be just like theirs and that everyone will react to the decision just as they did. E. it is the belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do.

it holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships.

Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of: A. intelligence. B. consensus. C. heuristics. D. gender. E. learning.

learning

Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience? A. Decision making B. Learning C. Intuition D. Consensus E. Heuristics

learning

Which of the following statements about the effects of learning on performance and commitment is false? A. Learning has a moderate positive effect on performance. B. Employees who gain more knowledge and skill tend to have higher levels of task performance. C. Learning is strongly relevant to citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior. D. Employees who gain more knowledge and skill tend to have slightly higher levels of affective commitment. E. Learning has a weak positive effect on commitment.

learning is strongly relevant to citizenship behavior and counterproductive behavior

When an individual has a(n) _____, building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence. A. intuition B. learning orientation C. projection bias D. explicit knowledge E. bounded rationality

learning orientation

Because tacit knowledge is so difficult to communicate, _____ might be the single best way to acquire it. A. written reports B. process manuals C. extinction D. modeling E. attribution process

modeling

If you do your homework and assignments for your OB class just to avoid being yelled at by your professor, you have learned this behavior through the use of A. punishment. B. extinction. C. negative reinforcement. D. heuristics. E. positive reinforcement.

negative reinforcement

_____ occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

teach all scenario.... Which contingency of reinforcement does Christine use to get students to come to class on-time or early? A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

A new, complex, and not recognized situation calls for: A. performance-avoid orientation. B. programmed decisions. C. performance-prove orientation. D. non-programmed decisions. E. irrational decisions.

non-programmed decisions

Bounded rationality says that we are likely to: A. pick the alternative that minimizes value. B. evaluate each alternative as soon as we think about it. C. use accurate information to evaluate alternatives. D. develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions. E. pick the first acceptable alternative.

pick the first acceptable alternative

Originally known as _____, B.F. Skinner was the first to pioneer the notion that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it. A. explicit knowledge B. operant conditioning C. social identity theory D. tacit knowledge E. heuristics

operant conditioning

_____ can be very useful because they help us to make sense of the environment around us, but they can often become distorted versions of reality. A. Perceptions B. Positive reinforcements C. Heuristics D. Stereotypes E. Negative reinforcements

perceptions

Chris has consistently tried to demonstrate his ability so that his colleagues will not think poorly of him. Chris appears to have a(n) A. projection bias. B. availability bias. C. performance-prove orientation. D. self-serving bias. E. performance-avoid orientation.

performance-avoid orientation

Susan always focuses on demonstrating her ability so that her co-workers think favorably of her. Susan can be said to have a(n): A. projection bias. B. availability bias. C. performance-prove orientation. D. self-serving bias. E. performance-avoid orientation.

performance-proven orientation

Bounded rationality says we are likely to do all of these except: A. pick the alternative that maximizes value. B. evaluate each alternative as soon as we think of it. C. use distorted and inaccurate information during the evaluation process. D. satisfice. E. boil the problem down to something that is easily understood.

pick the alternative that maximizes value

Christine is an Organizational Behavior professor at Teach-All University. Christine has a very strict attendance policy and gets very upset when students come to class late. Anyone who comes late gets a special 10 question oral quiz in front of the class. Students come to class early just to avoid the embarrassment of being put on the spot. She also encourages class participation and rewards students every time they step up and participate. One day last week, when Christine was talking about knowledge that employees typically learn only through experience, Maya came late for the fourth time and this time instead of asking questions in front of the class, Christine asked Maya to wait outside until the class was over. During the class, Scott was acting quite goofy and making smart remarks. Instead of her usual praise for participation, Christine completely ignored Scott's remarks and by the middle of the class time Scott minimized his goofy behavior and stopped the smart remarks. Which contingency of reinforcement does Christine use to get students to participate in class? A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

positive reinforcement

Jack recently received a $100 gift certificate and the quarterly attendance award at Dri-Fit Manufacturers. Jack's award can be described as which of these contingencies of reinforcement? A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

positive reinforcement

Janell, a newly promoted manager at Island Properties, Inc. (IPI) is interested in learning about what she can do to increase desired behaviors at IPI. Which two contingencies of reinforcement she should focus on? A. Punishment and extinction B. Positive reinforcement and punishment C. Punishment and negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement E. Negative reinforcement and extinction

positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Corey has a tendency to be a smart-mouth in all meetings. He had a sarcastic comment for anything anyone said. In the beginning, coworkers and his manager used to smile, nod, or say that was a good one Corey. This can be described as a _____. Such feedback gave him a boost and he started doing so much that now it was becoming annoying. The manager and other coworkers decided to ignore his remarks and keep moving ahead with their agenda in the next meeting onwards. Faced with new situation, after few meetings, Corey stopped making any inappropriate comments. This strategy can be described as _____. A. punishment; extinction B. positive reinforcement; extinction C. punishment; negative reinforcement D. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement E. negative reinforcement; extinction

positive reinforcement; extinction

In general, _____ and _____ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees. A. Punishment; extinction B. negative reinforcement; extinction C. punishment; negative reinforcement D. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement E. positive reinforcement; extinction

positive reinforcement; extinction

In the third step of behavioral modeling, not only must the learner have the requisite knowledge and physical skills to be able to perform the task; they must translate what they have observed into action. This is the: A. reinforcement process. B. production process. C. attentional process. D. attribution process. E. retention process.

production process

Decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken are called: A. programmed decisions. B. learning orientations. C. communities of practice. D. non-programmed decisions. E. surface decisions.

programmed decisions

For experts who possess high levels of explicit and tacit knowledge, many decisions they face are: A. nonprogrammed decisions. B. nonroutine decisions. C. programmed decisions. D. unstructured decisions. E. surface decisions.

programmed decisions

The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way as you do refers to: A. availability bias. B. anchoring. C. bandwagon effect. D. projection bias. E. halo effect.

projection bias

Suspending an employee for showing up to work late, assigning job tasks generally seen as demeaning for not following safety procedures, or even firing an employee for gross misconduct are all examples of: A. heuristics. B. punishment. C. negative reinforcement. D. extinction. E. positive reinforcement.

punishment

Which of these occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior? A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

punishment

teach all scenario.... Which contingency of reinforcement did Christine use with Maya? A. Heuristics B. Negative reinforcement C. Punishment D. Extinction E. Positive reinforcement

punishment

Which two contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease undesired behaviors? A. Punishment and extinction B. Positive reinforcement and punishment C. Punishment and negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement E. Negative reinforcement and extinction

punishment and extinction

The last step of behavior modeling is: A. reinforcement. B. production process. C. attention process. D. retention process. E. attribution process.

reinforcement

In the second step of behavioral modeling, the learner actually needs to remember exactly what the model's behavior was and how they did it. This is the: A. fabrication process. B. production process. C. attentional process. D. attribution process. E. retention process.

retention process

_____ refers to when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered. A. Heuristics B. Communities of practice C. Rational decision making D. Satisficing E. Stereotyping

satisficing

The tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called: A. climates of transfer. B. selective perception. C. availability action. D. satisficing. E. thin-slicing.

selective perception

Miranda has always had the tendency to blame something external for her lateness or other failures but is quick to take the credit when she does something right. Which of these best describes Miranda's tendency? A. Self-serving bias B. Fundamental attribution error C. Anchoring D. Illusion of control E. Halo effect

self-servicing bias

abc scenario.... Gary appears to be engaging in a: A. self-serving bias. B. fundamental attribution error. C. gambler's fallacy. D. primacy effect. E. bandwagon effect.

self-servicing bias

At a World Issues Conference, all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations. People naturally split themselves up into teams based on their occupations. Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way? A. Self-fulfilling prophecy B. Bandwagon effect C. Social identity theory D. Projection bias E. Needs theory

social identity theory

Which theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observations of others? A. Social learning theory B. Decision making theory C. Bounded rationality theory D. Social identity theory E. Attribution theory

social learning theory

ABC Consultants is a fast growing company looking to fill several key spots in their growing west coast region. Gary and Cathy are exploring the potential candidate applications for the west coast positions. Cathy, looking at the applications of potential candidates, remarks that there are too many Asians in the pool and all Asians talk funny with weird accents. Gary immediately indicates that he has heard that Asians are very hardworking individuals and so ABC will be hiring Asians only. Gary goes on to say that every hire he has made has been very successful because he has the "gut-feel" and he uses his interviewing skills to get the success. He says that the only two times that this did not work was when the HR department messed up with the interviewing questions. Jerry, just walking into the conversation, and says, "Well, if we go through enough hiring, we are bound to get a good employee sooner or later. No big deal." Cathy's remark represents a(n): A. availability bias. B. bandwagon effect. C. self-fulfilling prophecy. D. projection bias. E. stereotype.

stereiotype

When assumptions are made about someone based on their membership in a social group, which of these occurs? A. Availability bias B. Bandwagon effect C. Self-fulfilling prophecy D. Projection bias E. Stereotype

stereotype

Becca has been referred to as the resident expert at ABC International when it comes to media and all media related issues. Many people have tried to work under her to learn but have not been very successful because she is so good at what she does but cannot really explain it to others. Becca can be described as having which of this knowledge? A. Popular B. Tacit C. Book-based D. Explicit E. None of these

tacit

From an organization's perspective, the _____ knowledge its employees accumulate may be the single most important strategic asset a company possesses. A. consensus-based B. book-based C. explicit D. tacit E. popular

tacit

Information that is not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations is: A. consensus-based knowledge. B. book-based knowledge. C. explicit knowledge. D. tacit knowledge. E. unambiguous knowledge.

tacit knowledge

The knowledge that employees can typically learn only through experience is called: A. consensus-based knowledge. B. tacit knowledge. C. explicit knowledge. D. book-based knowledge. E. experiential knowledge.

tacit knowledge

Several times a month, Danny, the Dean of the College of Business walks by faculty offices at different times of the day and connects with and congratulates those who are doing an outstanding job or who he has heard good comments about from other individuals. This is an example of which form of reinforcement schedule? A. Variable interval B. Variable ratio C. Continuous D. Fixed ratio E. Fixed interval

variable interval

_____ schedules are designed to reinforce behaviors at more random points in time. A. Fixed ratio B. Variable interval C. Continuous D. Variable ratio E. Fixed interval

variable interval

A slot machine is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule. A. continuous B. fixed interval C. fixed ratio D. variable interval E. variable ratio

variable ratio

When BJ Radio pays all of its advertising sales representatives on a commission basis, it is using which of these reinforcement schedules? A. Continuous B. Fixed interval C. Variable ratio D. Variable interval E. Fixed ratio

variable ratio