MGMT 363 Exam 2

Identify the reinforcement schedule under which new learning is most rapidly acquired.

Continuous reinforcement schedule

fixed ratio variable ratio fixed interval variable interval

At Rentals4You, agents get a bonus for every 5 apartments they show that are leased. At Mid-City Auto, the number of cars that agents need to sell during a quarter to earn a bonus often changes from quarter to quarter. At Anne's Design Shop, employees receive a paycheck on the 15th and the last day of every month. At Samir's Diner, the manager checks the cleanliness of the public restroom at random times during the day to make sure employees are keeping it clean.

According to expectancy theory, which of the following statements concerning motivational force is true?

Motivation increases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes

Which of the following statements are true of authorities who are considered benevolent?

They are concerned about employees' well-being. They care for employees. They are loyal to their employees.

Which of the following would be characterized as intrinsic motivations?

Tiana is auditing a psychology course at the community college because she finds the subject fascinating. Bob takes as many cooking classes as he can find because he loves to cook.

Which of the following are dimensions by which we gauge an authority's track record?

ability benevolence integrity

In the process of hiring a specialist, at what point should ability be considered?

at the beginning of the process

What term refers to the tendency of decision makers to estimate the probability of something happening by how easily they can recall those events?

availability bias

Dusty has been on the job only for a few days, but he has already learned while talking with his coworkers that using even mild curse words on the job is strictly frowned upon, so he has "cleaned up" his vocabulary. What term describes what Dusty did?

behavioral modeling

What process are dance students demonstrating when they repeat a dance step after watching their instructor perform it?

behavioral modeling

What tendency defines the fundamental attribution error?

believing that another person's behavior is due to internal factors.

According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural values, a feminine culture tends to value stereotypically female traits, such as ______.

caring about quality of life

In a recent poll, 51% of consumers believed that Google is an appealing place to work and treats its employees well. Such a perception is part of Google's

reputation

Trust is among the most significant factors in determining a company's

reputation

Interpersonal justice is fostered when those in authority adhere to the rules of

respect and propriety.

What type of decision making are you engaged in when you are not looking for the very best alternative, but instead accept the first alternative that meets minimum requirements?

satisficing

Which type of belief prompt people to think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self-efficacy

Which theory proposes that we tend to define our self-concept at least in part by the groups to which we belong.

social identity

Which of the following emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling others' behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions?

social learning theory

Laila owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make contact with 25 or more potential candidates each day. This illustrates which of the following concepts of S.M.A.R.T. goals?

specific measurable time-sensitive

Lakeisha believes that men are poor listeners. What does her attitude demonstrate?

stereotyping

What is the best definition of justice?

the degree to which an authority's decision making is considered fair.

When people make a rational assessment based on perceptions of another party's reliability, they engage in

cognition-based trust.

Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What role does Kendra's coworker fulfill, according to the equity theory?

comparison other

Which dimension of psychological empowerment refers to an employee's belief that they can perform their job successfully?

compotence

People in the office can always count on Raquel to get the job done. She is methodical and detail-oriented, and her work is always completed on time. Which of the Big Five dimensions would this best illustrate?

conscientiousness

The Big Five personality dimension that is characterized by a person's attention to detail, thoroughness, organization, and self-discipline is referred to as

conscientiousness.

What rule of fair process is ensured by having procedures that employees can use to appeal their performance evaluation ratings?

correctability

Which of the following are rules of procedural justice?

correctability voice bias suppression

In order to explore similarities in _________ , Project GLOBE groups countries together into country clusters, such as Anglo, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

culture

_____ can be described as the personality of a society.

culture

According to the concept of bounded rationality, which of the following actions are decision makers most likely to take?

develop a few straightforward, familiar solutions to the problem pick the first acceptable alternative

People who score higher in neuroticism often perceive life events as more stressful than their less neurotic counterparts. This tendency is referred to as

differential exposure.

Which dimension of justice is most accurately described by the saying, "A fair day's pay, for a fair day's work."

distributive justice

Employees with high ______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job.

engagement

What theory of motivation suggests that motivation depends on individuals' perceptions of their life and what occurs in lives of others?

equity theory

The propensity to view your own cultural values as "right" and the values of other cultures as "wrong" is known as

ethnocentrism.

An employee from a culture with a low degree of power distance tends to

expect consensus-oriented decision making within the organization.

What kind of belief answers the question "What are the chances that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"

expectancy

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?

expectancy theory

When TeJay started his new job, he found the step-by-step process for logging into the company server set forth in a laminated document by computer. What type of information is represented by this document?

explicit

Elena failed her last test. She blamed it on the fact that the test was poorly written and the room was too noisy for her to concentrate, not that she didn't study for the test. Based on this information, it appears that Elena has a(n) ______ locus of control.

external

Britni is an outgoing, high-energy person, and her friends describe her as the "life of the party." Which Big Five personality dimension would this describe?

extraversion

What type of motivation occurs when success is recognized and rewarded by other people?

extrinsic motivation

When ground beef is advertised as "75% lean," sales are higher than when it is advertised as "25% fat." What decision-making bias does this demonstrate?

framing

"Money is a tool to enable me to travel and do what I want." Which dimension of the symbolic value of money is emphasized in this statement?

freedom

The cultural dimension identified by the GLOBE Project that reflects the degree to which the society supports planning for years to come and upcoming generations is referred to as

future orientation.

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?

goal

When Linda is deciding where to eat in an unfamiliar area, she counts the number trucks parked in the restaurant's parking lot, because she has heard that truck drivers know all the good places to eat. What term describes this idea?

heuristic

People who value personal freedom and self-sufficiency and who prioritize watching out for their own well-being and that of their close family members can be described as

individualistic.

Which dimension of justice is demonstrated when a company provides an honest explanation to employees for a decision that affects their employment?

informational

A student believes that doing well on the next test will ensure an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?

instrumentality

An employee complains after a performance review, "I don't get it. I got the top rating in the department, but I got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. Obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" According to expectancy theory, this employee would be described as having low ______ .

instrumentality

What quality is associated with someone who keeps promises?

integrity

What is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?

intensity

An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered Blank______ forces in motivation.

internal

Which of the following are factors by which employees judge whether an authority's decision making is fair?

interpersonal justice procedural justice distributive justice

Shimray is convinced that he can predict a job applicant's future performance better through a 5-minute meeting than through evaluating pre-employment test scores or reference checks. What basis is Shimray using to make hiring decisions?

intuition

What term is used to describe the permanent change that results when an employee's experience increases a knowledge or skill?

learning

People in a culture that has a(n) ______ focus tend to exhibit patience and perseverance and would likely define success over a period of years, rather than months or quarters.

long-term oriented

The need to be fully alive and find purpose in life would best be described as a(n) ______ need.

meaning

What factor is demonstrated when authorities recognize that a moral issue exists?

moral awareness

Research shows that as people grow older they become ______ conscientious, ______ agreeable, and ______ neurotic.

more, more, less

After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?

overreward inequity

Employees with a ______ orientation often prefer to work on tasks with which they're already familiar and good at so their coworkers won't think poorly of them.

performance-avoid

A collection of traits make up an individual's

personality

Anisha has a sunny, cheerful disposition and is the kind of person who always sees the glass as half-full rather than half-empty. Which of the following would best describe these personality traits?

positive affectivity

The perceived fairness of the processes used in reaching decisions is known as _____ justice

procedural

The perceived fairness of the processes used in reaching decisions is known as ______ justice

procedural

What term describes decisions that become almost automatic because your knowledge allows you to recognize and identify the situation and the course of action?

programmed

What type of decision has a "ready-made" solution because it has been resolved in the past?

programmed

Juanita is surprised when a coworker makes a snide remark about the Democratic candidate in the mayoral race because she assumed that they had the same positive feelings about the candidate. What tendency does this exemplify?

projection bias

In order to determine whether distributive justice exists, employees consider which of the following?

promotions pay assignments

What type of consequence occurs when someone in authority chastises an employee for taking longer breaks than allowed?

punishment

Which of the following best defines valence?

It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts

Which of the following characterize indulgent cultures?

Freedom of speech is valued. Leisure is valued.

Alyssa believes that decisions should be made based upon facts and logic, not on emotions or other subjective factors. According to the MBTI, Alyssa would likely have a(n) ______ orientation.

thinking

Solange grew up in a large city and developed a fear of strangers. She sometimes worries about her friend, Paul, who always seems ready to go out of his way for people he doesn't know. It would appear that Solange has lower ______ than Paul.

trust propensity

When a new relationship is forming, the presence or absence of trust often depends solely on your own

trust propensity.

What term is used to describe the characteristics or attributes of a person that inspire our trust?

trustworthiness

An employee who prefers a workplace where there are clearly defined rules, policies, and procedures that dictate how jobs are supposed to be done would likely have a high level of

uncertainty avoidance.

Which of the following types of personality tests does not reference dishonesty directly but assesses more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts?

veiled purpose tests

Angela has to deliver a major presentation at work, and she is decidedly nervous. A colleague drops by her office that morning and says, "You've got this!" and she feels better almost immediately. This is an example of which source of self-efficacy?

verbal persuasion

What term describes the process through which former or current employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their organization?

whistle-blowing

Which Big Five personality dimension would be associated with someone who is kind, sympathetic, courteous, and caring?

Agreeableness

After a team of managers has brainstormed ways to cut costs, they discuss the potential impact of each suggestion and whether it would solve the problem. Which stage of the rational decision-making model is this?

Evaluating alternatives against the decision-making criteria

True or false: Justice provides the behavioral evidence that employees need to determine trustworthiness.

True

A(n) ______ goal is one that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability.

difficult

A team of managers meets to identify several ways to cut costs in order to make up the projected budget shortfall this financial quarter. What is this step according to the rational decision-making model?

generating a list of alternatives

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?

promotions pay

extraversion neuroticism agreeableness openness conscientiousness

sociable, assertive, talkative moody, insecure, emotional helpful, kind, cooperative imaginative, curious, creative reliable, organized, hardworking

Setting specific, challenging goals encourages workers to develop plans that teach them new things and answer their dilemmas. What term is used to describe these kinds of plans?

task strategies

Which of the following best characterizes task complexity under goal setting theory?

the difficulty of performing and learning about a task and whether the task changes

Authorities are able to improve procedural justice when they abide by rules of

fair process

Which statement is true about unethical behavior?

It can be initiated by both the individual and the institution

Change has never been Todd's friend. He generally likes routine, and he is most comfortable when he knows what his plans for the day are, what he needs to do, where he needs to be, and when he needs to be there. Based on this description, Todd would likely be rated LOW in which personality dimension of the Big Five taxonomy?

Openness to experience

Alex is careful in filling out a monthly sales report correctly because he doesn't want to be criticized for any errors he might make. What consequence influences Alex's behavior?

negative reinforcement

Indira has always been a worrier and is frequently anxious or depressed. Which big five personality dimension would this best describe?

neuroticism

What type of decisions address issues that are new, complex, or ill-defined?

nonprogrammed

Research has indicated that conscientious employees have higher levels of which types of commitment?

normative affective