MGMT 391 Final Exam

volume, variety, velocity, veracity

4 V's of Big Data

cultural intelligence

A person's capability to understand how a person's cultural background influences one's behavior. Employee should have ability to work with people from many diverse backgrounds at the same time, will develop awareness of overall cultural differences and learn how to recognize cultural principle that are operating in different situations

Low Uncertainty Avoidance

Cultures in which people are comfortable in unpredictable situations and have high tolerance for ambiquity. Denmark, Jamaica, Singapore, China, Sweden

High Uncertainty Avoidance

Cultures in which people prefer predictable situations and have low tolerance for ambiguity. Belgium, El Salvador, Greece, Guatemala, Portugal

Masculinity

Cultures in which people value achievement and competitiveness, as well as acquisition of money and other material objects. Slovakia, Japan, Hungary, Austria, Venezuela

Femininity

Cultures in which people value maintaining good relationships, caring for the weak, and quality of life. Norway, Netherlands, Sweden, Costa Rica, Chile

masculine (aggressive) cultures

Cultures that value achievement, competitiveness, and acquisition of money and other material objects. Characterized by sparation of gender roles, men are more likely to be assertive and competitive compared to women

high self esteem

People with this view themselves in a positive light, are confident and respect themselves. Higher levels of satisfaction in jobs and higher performance and levels of creativity at work

growth and development opportunities offered, opportunities to be involved in decision making, problem solving and goal setting, employer helps employees develop and maintain a healthy lifestyle

The American Psychological Association and Harris interactive researched factors that led to job satisfaction and found all of these were reported 50-60% of the time

Agreeableness

The degree to which a person is affable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind, and earnest. Likely to get along with others, generall help other people despite their mood. Better able to cope with stress, highly ethical leaders. THese people avoid conflict, and may miss opportunities for initiating constructivr change or may get into difficulties while attempting to please others

openness

The degree to which a person is curious, original, intellectual, creative, and open to new ideas. People high in this thrive in situations that require being flexible and learning new things. More likely to acquire higher levels of education, highly adaptable to change

extraversion

The degree to which a person is outgoing, talkative, sociable, and enjoys being in social situations. Tend to be effective in sales jobs, more effective and convincing, effective as managers and they demonstrate inspirational leadership behaviors.

person job fit

The degree to which a person's skill, knowledge, abilities, and other characteristics match the job demands.

self efficacy

a belief that one can perform a specific tast successfully, a good predictor of whether we can actually do something.

positive affectivity

a dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation

learning

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. Has not occurred if its not lasting.

high power distance

a society that view an unequal distribution of power as relatively acceptable. Malaysia, Slovakia, Philippines, Russia, Mexico

Low Power distance

a society that views an unequal distribution of power as relatively unacceptable. Austria, Denmark, Israel, Ireland, New Zealand

overqualification

a special case of not fitting one's job, a situation in which the employee has more skills, education and experience than the job requires. Related to negative job attitudes and a greater tendency to look for a new job

lab studies

a study conducted in artificial situations outside of actual organizations. Gives a great deal of control, is less realistic because it isn't in a real setting

meta analysis

a technique used by researchers to summarize what other researchers have found on a given topic. Based on taking observed correlation from multiple studies, weighting each of them by number of observations in each study, and finding out if overall the effect holds or not

faultline

an attribute along which a group is split into subgroups. Develops difficulties, members of different subgroups tend to avoid communicating, these groups are less cohesive

business ethics

applying ethical principles in situations that arise at work. Sarbanes-Oxley Act which formed 11 requirements to increase accountability, which companies must comply with in terms of financial reporting

high self monitors

are sensitive to types of behaviors the social environment expects from them, greater ability to modify their behavior according to the demands of the situation and to manage their impressions effectively is a great advantage for them. In general, they tend to be more successful in their careers, tend to be less accurate when rating other employees, tend to avoid giving feedback and avoid confrontations. Tend to experience higher levels of stress

machine learning

as large amounts of data have become more readily available, traditional approaches to data analysis are not feasible. Algorithms generate models based on the available data and continue to update and adjust as new information is available. May be used to simulate what respondents might do or say

affirmative action

based on executive order 11246, policies designed to recruit, promote, train, and retain employees belonging to a protected class. Four groups of programs are veiwed as a part of this: simple elimination of discrimination, targeted recruitment, tie breaker, preferential treatment

individualism

cultures in which people define themselves as individuals and form looser ties with their groups. USA, Austrailia, UK, Canada, Hungary

feminine (nurturing) cultures

cultures that value maintaining good relationships, caring for the weak, and emphasizing quality of life. Values are not separated by gender, and both women and men share the values of maintaining good relationships

Collectivism

cultures where people have stronger bonds to their groups and group membership forms a person's self-identity. Guatemala, Ecuador, Indonesia, Pakistan, China

instrumental values

deal with views on acceptable modes of conduct, such as being ethical, honest, or ambitious

Myers Briggs Type indicator

developed in 1943 by a mother daughter team, Isabel Myers and Katharine Cook Briggs. Its objective at the time was to aid WWII veterans in identifying the occupation that would suit their personalities. 8 personality types, extraversion vs introversion, sensing vs intuition, thinking vs feeling, judgement vs perception

personality

encompasses the relatively stable feelings, thoughts, and behavioral patterns a person has. This differentiates us from other people. and understanding this gives us clues about how that person is likely to act and feel in a variety of situations.

ability, readiness, motivation to learn, environment, context

factors that affect learning

stereotypes

generalizations about a particular group of people, affect hiring decisons

outsourcing

having someone outside the formal ongoing organization doing work previously handled in-house

evolves with life experiences

how does personality change>?

kinesthetic (tactile) learners

if you learn by doing things, learning from trial and error

auditory learners

if you learn by listening to others. Like lectures, conversations, and videos

visual learners

if you prefer to learn by seeing information, like reading and seeing diagrams or flow charts

case studies

in depth descriptions of a single industry or company. Provide rich information for drawing conclusions about the circumstances and the people involved in the topics studies. Difficult to generalize

Surface level diversity

includes traits that are highly visible to us and those around us, such as race, gender and age. We tend to use this to make judgements about deep level diversity

internal locus of control

individuals with high _________________ believe that they control their own destiny and what happens to them in their own doing. Feel greater control over own lives, and act in ways that will increase chances of success

employee engagement

managing discretionary effort; when employees have choices they will act in a way that furthers their organization's interests

12

on average, how many times do people working in the US change jobs?

Surveys

one of the primary methods management researchers use to learn about OB. Involves asking individuals to respond to a number of questions

control mechanism for dictating employee behavior

organized culture is an effective __________

external locus of control

people with high ______________ believe that things happen to them because of other people, luck, or a powerful being. Tend to feel less control over their lives, and feel their actions influence their behaviors less

low self esteem

people with this experience high levels of self doubt and question their self worth. Are attracted to situations in which they will be relatively invisible

Americans with Disabilities Act

prohibits discrimination of otherwise capable employees based on physical or mental abilities

descriptive analytics

refer to approaches focused on understanding what has already happened such as the average job satisfaction rating of employees in last year's opinion survey

terminal values

refer to end states people desire in life, such as leading a prosperous life and a world at peace

prescriptive analytics

refer to focus on what should be done in the future based on what you know

values

refer to stable life goals that people have, reflecting what is most important to them. Established throughout one's life as a result of the accumulating life experiences and tend to be relatively stable. Affects how people perceive their environment, and their actual behaviors.

predictive analytics

refer to what is likely to happen based on what you already know

proactive personality

refers to a person's inclination to fix what is perceived as wrong, change the status quo, and use initiative to solve problems. Instead of waiting what to be told to do, these type of people take action to initiate meaningful change and remove the obstacles they face along the way.

data privacy

refers to individuals' control over the collection, storage, access, and reporting of their own personal data.

validity

refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure

reliability

refers to the consistency of measurement

Conscientiousness

refers to the degree to which a person is organized, systematic, punctual, achievement oriented, and dependable. Uniformly predicts how high a person's performance will be acress a variety of occupations and jobs. Tend to perfirm well, have higher levels of motivation to perform, lower levels of turnover, lower levels of absenteeism, and higher levels of safety performace at work. More likely to start their own business, likely to be more negatively affected by failure

person organization fit

refers to the degree to which a person's values, personality, goals, and other characteristics match those of the organization

uncertainty avoidance

refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous, risky, or unstructured situations

Power distance

refers to the degree to which the society views an unequal distribution of power as acceptable.

self monitoring

refers to the extent to which a person is capable of altering his or her actions and appearance in social situations. Social chameleons who understand what the situation demands and act accordingly

big data

refers to the volume, variety, velocity, veracity, or validity of the data. i.e Amazon and Google

diversity

refers to the ways in which people are similar or different to from eachother. It may be defined by any characteristic that varies within a particular work unit such as gender, race, age, education, tenure, or functional background (such as being an engineer versus being an accountant).

sexual harassment

refers to unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal and physical conduct that is sexual in nature. Perpetrator may be a supervisor, a colleague or a client.

culture

refers to values, beliefs, and customs that exist in society

Offshoring

sending jobs previously done in one country to another country. Most occurs in software and technology industry

expatriate

someone who is temporarily assigned to a position in a foreign country

unconscious biases

stereotypes held outside of conscious awareness

Field studies

studies conducted in actual organizational settings with a population of workers. Most involve surveying employees and managers working in organizations

low self monitors

tend to act the way that they feel rather than what society expects from them

glass cliff

tendency of women and minority members to be promoted to leadership positions in poor performing, struggling firms

negative affectivity

tendency to experience negative emotions and moods, feel distressed, and be critical of oneself and others

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture is superior to other cultures one comes across.

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

the big 5 personality traits, OCEAN, CANOE

Self esteem

the degree to which a person has overall positive feelings about themselves.

Neuroticism

the degree to which a person is anxious, irritable, tempramental, and moody. Scoring high is undesirable. Problematic at work, mostly difficulties handling stress, low levels of satisfaction with life, habitual levels of unhappiness.

Inclusion

the degree to which individuals can bring the aspects of themselves that make them unique while also being treated as insiders. In organizations it ensures that all individuals are allowed to participate and their voices are heard

flattened

the internet has ______ the world and created an environment in which there is a more level playing field in terms of access to information

glass ceiling

the situations that some qualified employees are prevented from advancing due to factors like discrimination. usually encountered by women and minorities

Organizational behavior

the systematic study and application of knowledge about how individuals and groups act within the organizations where they work

similarity attraction phenomenon

the tendency to be more attracted to individuals who are similar to us. This may explain some of the potentially unfair treatment based on personality traits

Age Discrimination Act and Civil Rights Act

these acts prohibit discrimination based on age,gender, race, national origin or religion

Deep level diversity

this type of diversity includes values, beliefs, and attitudes

diverse teams

this type of team has the ability to make higher quality decisions, people will have different opinions and perspectives, are more likely to consider more alternatives and think outside of the box when making decisions. May create products or services that appeal to a broader consumer base

sustainable business practices

those that meet the present needs without compromising the needs of future generations

perception

those who are curious, open minded, and prefer some ambiguity, sontaneous

judgement

those who are organized, systematic, and would like to have clarity and closure

engaged employees

those who are performing at the top of their abiliteis and happy about it. Enthused and in gear using their talents and discretionary effort to make a difference in their employer's quest for sustainable business success

Introversion

those who derive their energy from inside

sensing

those who rely of their five senses to perceive the external environment

intuition

those who rely on their intuition and hunches to perceive the external environment

thinking

those who use logic to arrive at solutions

feeling

those who use their values and ideas about what is right and wrong to arrive at solutions

individual, group, and organization

what are the three levels of analysis in organizational behavior?

employment security, selective hiring, utilizing self managed teams, being decentralized, paying well, reducing status differences, sharing information

what do successful organizations have in common?

being deliberate about providing role clarity, information sharing, and performance feedback

what values do healthy and effective businesses share?

person organization fit and person job fit

when hiring employees companies are interested in assessing at least these two types of fit:

early family experiences, historical context

where do values come from?