MGMT CH 11 +12 TEST

authentic leader

a leader who is passionate about company objectives, models corporate values in the workplace and forms strong relationships with stakeholders

servant leadership

a leader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees

situational leadership theory

a leadership model whose premise is that a leader's style should be contingent on subordinates competence and commitment

Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Scale

a measurement of a leader's style consisting of a series of adjective continuums

path-goal theory

a model concerned with how a leader affects employees perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment

fixed-interval schedule

a pattern of reinforcement at specified periods of time regardless of behavior

fixed-radio schedule

a pattern offering reinforcement after a specified number of desired performance bevhiors, regardless of the time elapsed between them

variable-ratio schedule

a pattern whereby the number of behaviors required for reinforcement is varied

variable-interval schedule

a pattern whereby the period of reinforcement varies between one reinforcement and the next

expectancy

a perons expectation that effort will lead to high performance

organizational power

a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need based on formal contractual relationships between an organization and the individual

personal power

a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need based on interpersonal relationships between individuals or on his or her personal characteristics

power

a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitude of others

instrumentally

a persons expectation that performing a task will lead to a desired outcome

reiforcement theory

a process theory which assumes that behavior may be reinforced by relating it to its consequence

contracting for leadership style

a process whereby employees may not initially agree with a mangers assessment of their developmental level, thus requiring a leader's skill in arriving at an assessment consensus and an agreed-upon leadership style

process theories

a set of theories that try to determine how and why employees are motivated to perform

social learning theory

a theory stating that employees learn not only through direct experience but also through observation and personal qualities

expectancy theory

a theory stating that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the persons perception of how likely he or she is to get it

equity theory

a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange

goal-setting theory

a theory which recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance

flextime

a work schedule that allows employees to choose their staffing and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period

leadership neutralizers

aspects of the task, subordinates, or organization that have the effect of paralyzing, destroying, or counteracting the effect of a leadership behavior

There is increasing evidence that transformational leaders

exist at all levels in organizational hierarchies and in a broad range of organizations

When financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan reward employees with bonuses and other financial incentives for making risky decisions, they may find that their attempts to motivate employees

may sometimes have negative effects on the organization.

transactional eladership

more traditional, with managers enhaging in both task and consideration-oriented behaviors in an exchange manner

referent power

personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another

expert power

power or influence derived from a persons special knowledge or exptertise in a particular area

information power

power that is a result of having access to important information that is not common knowledge, or of having the ability to control the flow of information to and from others

affiliative power

power that is derived by virtue of a person's association with someone else who has some source of power

A personal source of power that a leader possesses when he or she is admired by employees who identify with the leader is called

referent power

morale

sum total of employees attitudes toward their jobs, employers and colleagues

The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to

the Hawthorne studies.

Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that

the absence of maintenance factors may dissatisfy workers

avoidance

the act of strengthening a desired behavior by allowing individuals to avoid negative consequences by persforming the behaviot

emotional intelligence

the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically

employee-centered leaders

the most effective managers who engage in both dimensions of leadership behaviors by getting employees involved in the operation of their departments or divisions in a positive and constructiev manners, setting general goals, providing fairly loose supervisions and recognizing employees contributions

leadership

the process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group toward the achievement of a goal

empowerment

the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions

contingency theory

the suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation

valence

the value of each potential outcome which describes its importance

Content theories

theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are?

Expectancy theory

theory that states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it

motivational factors

those aspects of a job that rate to the content of the work including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility and advancement

meaintenence factors

those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, air company policies, and job security

extiction

weakening an undesired behavior by not providing positive consequences

compressed work week

4 days, 40 hours

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

A description of how leaders develop unique working relationships with each of their employees based on the nature of their social exchanges

What is path-goal theory?

A model concerned with how a leader affects employees' perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment

Which of the following refers to power that is derived by virtue of a person's association with someone else who has some source of power?

Affiliative Power

What is meant by behavior modification?

An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself

self-efficacy

An employee's confidence that he or she can perform a task or behavior successfully is called

Which of the following refers to an organizationally based source of power derived from a leader's control over punishments or the capacity to deny rewards?

Coercive Power

What name is given to the most effective managers, who engage in both dimensions of leadership behaviors by getting employees involved in the operation of their departments or divisions in a positive and constructive manner, setting general goals, providing fairly loose supervision, and recognizing employees' contributions?

Employee-centered leaders

What term describes power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area?

Expert Power

If a leader wants a high degree of commitment from his or her subordinates, which sources of power are most likely to lead to that?

Expert, referent, and charismatic

What term describes a theory that recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance?

Goal-setting theory

What name is given to a description of how leaders develop "unique" working relationships with each of their employees, based on the nature of their social exchanges?

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

Which of the following refers to a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others?

Leadership

Subordinate resistance to the use of power is most likely when which of the following sources of power is used?

Legitamite

Which of the following refers to the sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues?

Morale

Which of the following characteristics relates to reward power?

Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards

Which of the following refers to a set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform?

Process Theories

What name is given to personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another?

Referent power

need

Sue wants to be warm, but she is not; she has a

Which of the following characteristics relates to positive reinforcement?

The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes

What is meant by legitimate power?

The influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position

Elton Mayo.

The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivational factors?

Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement

What are maintenance factors?

Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security

motivation

To achieve organizational objectives, employees must have the ability, tools, and _____ to perform their jobs

Which of the following refers to a more traditional approach in which managers engage in both task- and consideration-oriented behaviors in an exchange manner?

Transactional leadership

Hierarchy of needs

What name is given to the order in which people strive to satisfy the five basic needs as theorized by Maslow—physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization?

Equity theory

What term describes a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange?

Punishment

What term describes the act of weakening or eliminating an undesired behavior by providing negative consequences?

A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours

Which of the following characteristics relates to a compressed work week? Selected:

Job sharing

Which of the following refers to a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job?

Morale

Your company's work teams have won national awards for making the finest widgets ever seen. Your loyal and productive workers have never been more proud of their work. What important characteristic of motivation is probably at an all-time high at your company?

content theories

a group of theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are

job sharing

a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job

charisma

ability to inspire admiration, respect, loyalty, and a desire to emulate, based on some intangible set of personality traits; a personal source of power

punishment

act of weakening or eliminating an undersized behavior by providing negative consequences

It is interesting that in certain industries, such as the hotel industry, service personnel

actually dislike increased empowerment.

behavior modification

an application of reinforcement theory which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consqueces of behavior to the behavior itself

motivation

an inner drive that directs behavior toward goals

coercive power

an organizationally based source of power derived from a leaders control over punishments or the capacity to deny rewards

Frederick Taylor

analyzed jobs to improve efficiency.

leadership enhancers

aspects of the task subordinates or organization that amplify a leader's impact on employees

leadership substitute

aspects of the task, subordinates, or organization that act in place of leader behavior and thus render it unnecessary

relationship-oriented behaviors

behaviors such as being considerate, supportive, and helpful to employees by showing trust and confidence, listening to employees problems and suggestions, showing appreciation for contributions, and supporting employees' concerns

task oriented behaviors

behaviors such as planning and scheduling work, coordinating employee activities, and providing necessary supplies, equipment, and technical assistance designed primarily and specifically to get tasks completed

What term describes the suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation?

contigency theory

initiating-structure behaviors

defining and structuring leader-employee roles though activities such as scheduling, defining work tasks, setting deadlines, criticising poor work, getting employees to accept work standards, and resolving problems

Which of the following characteristics relates to a servant leader? Selected:

eader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees

Which of the following characteristics relates to leadership?

eferent power becomes supremely important.

what term describes the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions?

empowerment

In expectancy theory, if a person believes that extra effort will lead to high performance, such as a bonus or commission, we are talking about the person's

expectancy.

Giving employees tickets to "cash in" for a paid day off when they get their projects done well ahead of the deadline is an example of the creative use of

formal rewards

legitatmite power

influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position

One of the reasons that a university president's secretary often may have a great deal of influence and power within the university community is that he or she typically possesses

information power

You are a computer whiz, and you have installed some software that monitors all incoming and outgoing company emails. You have no formal understanding of leadership theory, but you clearly understand

information power

Although regulations and laws sharply limit a leader's ability to use coercive power, it is a fair assessment that

it is still too commonly used in business settings.

job-centered eaders

less-effective managers who are mostly directive in their approaches and more concerned with closely supervising employees, explaining work procedures, and monitoring progress in task accomplishment

reward power

organizational power that stems from a persons ability to bestow awards

Reward power, which stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards, is

organizationally based

consideration behaviors

patterns of being friendly and supportive by listening to employees problems, supporting their actions, going to bat for them, and getting their input on a variety of issues

transformational leadership

style tat goes beyond mere exchange relationships by aspiring employees to look beyond their own self-interests and by generating awareness and acceptance of the group's purposes and mission

positive reinforcement

the act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes