MGMT CH 11 +12 TEST
authentic leader
a leader who is passionate about company objectives, models corporate values in the workplace and forms strong relationships with stakeholders
servant leadership
a leader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees
situational leadership theory
a leadership model whose premise is that a leader's style should be contingent on subordinates competence and commitment
Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) Scale
a measurement of a leader's style consisting of a series of adjective continuums
path-goal theory
a model concerned with how a leader affects employees perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment
fixed-interval schedule
a pattern of reinforcement at specified periods of time regardless of behavior
fixed-radio schedule
a pattern offering reinforcement after a specified number of desired performance bevhiors, regardless of the time elapsed between them
variable-ratio schedule
a pattern whereby the number of behaviors required for reinforcement is varied
variable-interval schedule
a pattern whereby the period of reinforcement varies between one reinforcement and the next
expectancy
a perons expectation that effort will lead to high performance
organizational power
a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need based on formal contractual relationships between an organization and the individual
personal power
a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need based on interpersonal relationships between individuals or on his or her personal characteristics
power
a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitude of others
instrumentally
a persons expectation that performing a task will lead to a desired outcome
reiforcement theory
a process theory which assumes that behavior may be reinforced by relating it to its consequence
contracting for leadership style
a process whereby employees may not initially agree with a mangers assessment of their developmental level, thus requiring a leader's skill in arriving at an assessment consensus and an agreed-upon leadership style
process theories
a set of theories that try to determine how and why employees are motivated to perform
social learning theory
a theory stating that employees learn not only through direct experience but also through observation and personal qualities
expectancy theory
a theory stating that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the persons perception of how likely he or she is to get it
equity theory
a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange
goal-setting theory
a theory which recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance
flextime
a work schedule that allows employees to choose their staffing and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period
leadership neutralizers
aspects of the task, subordinates, or organization that have the effect of paralyzing, destroying, or counteracting the effect of a leadership behavior
There is increasing evidence that transformational leaders
exist at all levels in organizational hierarchies and in a broad range of organizations
When financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan reward employees with bonuses and other financial incentives for making risky decisions, they may find that their attempts to motivate employees
may sometimes have negative effects on the organization.
transactional eladership
more traditional, with managers enhaging in both task and consideration-oriented behaviors in an exchange manner
referent power
personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another
expert power
power or influence derived from a persons special knowledge or exptertise in a particular area
information power
power that is a result of having access to important information that is not common knowledge, or of having the ability to control the flow of information to and from others
affiliative power
power that is derived by virtue of a person's association with someone else who has some source of power
A personal source of power that a leader possesses when he or she is admired by employees who identify with the leader is called
referent power
morale
sum total of employees attitudes toward their jobs, employers and colleagues
The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to
the Hawthorne studies.
Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that
the absence of maintenance factors may dissatisfy workers
avoidance
the act of strengthening a desired behavior by allowing individuals to avoid negative consequences by persforming the behaviot
emotional intelligence
the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically
employee-centered leaders
the most effective managers who engage in both dimensions of leadership behaviors by getting employees involved in the operation of their departments or divisions in a positive and constructiev manners, setting general goals, providing fairly loose supervisions and recognizing employees contributions
leadership
the process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group toward the achievement of a goal
empowerment
the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions
contingency theory
the suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation
valence
the value of each potential outcome which describes its importance
Content theories
theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are?
Expectancy theory
theory that states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it
motivational factors
those aspects of a job that rate to the content of the work including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility and advancement
meaintenence factors
those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, air company policies, and job security
extiction
weakening an undesired behavior by not providing positive consequences
compressed work week
4 days, 40 hours
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
A description of how leaders develop unique working relationships with each of their employees based on the nature of their social exchanges
What is path-goal theory?
A model concerned with how a leader affects employees' perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment
Which of the following refers to power that is derived by virtue of a person's association with someone else who has some source of power?
Affiliative Power
What is meant by behavior modification?
An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself
self-efficacy
An employee's confidence that he or she can perform a task or behavior successfully is called
Which of the following refers to an organizationally based source of power derived from a leader's control over punishments or the capacity to deny rewards?
Coercive Power
What name is given to the most effective managers, who engage in both dimensions of leadership behaviors by getting employees involved in the operation of their departments or divisions in a positive and constructive manner, setting general goals, providing fairly loose supervision, and recognizing employees' contributions?
Employee-centered leaders
What term describes power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area?
Expert Power
If a leader wants a high degree of commitment from his or her subordinates, which sources of power are most likely to lead to that?
Expert, referent, and charismatic
What term describes a theory that recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance?
Goal-setting theory
What name is given to a description of how leaders develop "unique" working relationships with each of their employees, based on the nature of their social exchanges?
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory
Which of the following refers to a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others?
Leadership
Subordinate resistance to the use of power is most likely when which of the following sources of power is used?
Legitamite
Which of the following refers to the sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues?
Morale
Which of the following characteristics relates to reward power?
Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards
Which of the following refers to a set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform?
Process Theories
What name is given to personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another?
Referent power
need
Sue wants to be warm, but she is not; she has a
Which of the following characteristics relates to positive reinforcement?
The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes
What is meant by legitimate power?
The influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position
Elton Mayo.
The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was
Which of the following characteristics relates to motivational factors?
Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement
What are maintenance factors?
Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security
motivation
To achieve organizational objectives, employees must have the ability, tools, and _____ to perform their jobs
Which of the following refers to a more traditional approach in which managers engage in both task- and consideration-oriented behaviors in an exchange manner?
Transactional leadership
Hierarchy of needs
What name is given to the order in which people strive to satisfy the five basic needs as theorized by Maslow—physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization?
Equity theory
What term describes a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange?
Punishment
What term describes the act of weakening or eliminating an undesired behavior by providing negative consequences?
A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours
Which of the following characteristics relates to a compressed work week? Selected:
Job sharing
Which of the following refers to a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job?
Morale
Your company's work teams have won national awards for making the finest widgets ever seen. Your loyal and productive workers have never been more proud of their work. What important characteristic of motivation is probably at an all-time high at your company?
content theories
a group of theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are
job sharing
a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job
charisma
ability to inspire admiration, respect, loyalty, and a desire to emulate, based on some intangible set of personality traits; a personal source of power
punishment
act of weakening or eliminating an undersized behavior by providing negative consequences
It is interesting that in certain industries, such as the hotel industry, service personnel
actually dislike increased empowerment.
behavior modification
an application of reinforcement theory which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consqueces of behavior to the behavior itself
motivation
an inner drive that directs behavior toward goals
coercive power
an organizationally based source of power derived from a leaders control over punishments or the capacity to deny rewards
Frederick Taylor
analyzed jobs to improve efficiency.
leadership enhancers
aspects of the task subordinates or organization that amplify a leader's impact on employees
leadership substitute
aspects of the task, subordinates, or organization that act in place of leader behavior and thus render it unnecessary
relationship-oriented behaviors
behaviors such as being considerate, supportive, and helpful to employees by showing trust and confidence, listening to employees problems and suggestions, showing appreciation for contributions, and supporting employees' concerns
task oriented behaviors
behaviors such as planning and scheduling work, coordinating employee activities, and providing necessary supplies, equipment, and technical assistance designed primarily and specifically to get tasks completed
What term describes the suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation?
contigency theory
initiating-structure behaviors
defining and structuring leader-employee roles though activities such as scheduling, defining work tasks, setting deadlines, criticising poor work, getting employees to accept work standards, and resolving problems
Which of the following characteristics relates to a servant leader? Selected:
eader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees
Which of the following characteristics relates to leadership?
eferent power becomes supremely important.
what term describes the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions?
empowerment
In expectancy theory, if a person believes that extra effort will lead to high performance, such as a bonus or commission, we are talking about the person's
expectancy.
Giving employees tickets to "cash in" for a paid day off when they get their projects done well ahead of the deadline is an example of the creative use of
formal rewards
legitatmite power
influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position
One of the reasons that a university president's secretary often may have a great deal of influence and power within the university community is that he or she typically possesses
information power
You are a computer whiz, and you have installed some software that monitors all incoming and outgoing company emails. You have no formal understanding of leadership theory, but you clearly understand
information power
Although regulations and laws sharply limit a leader's ability to use coercive power, it is a fair assessment that
it is still too commonly used in business settings.
job-centered eaders
less-effective managers who are mostly directive in their approaches and more concerned with closely supervising employees, explaining work procedures, and monitoring progress in task accomplishment
reward power
organizational power that stems from a persons ability to bestow awards
Reward power, which stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards, is
organizationally based
consideration behaviors
patterns of being friendly and supportive by listening to employees problems, supporting their actions, going to bat for them, and getting their input on a variety of issues
transformational leadership
style tat goes beyond mere exchange relationships by aspiring employees to look beyond their own self-interests and by generating awareness and acceptance of the group's purposes and mission
positive reinforcement
the act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes