MGMT Ch13
Which of the following are positive, effective ways people can restore equity when they feel they are being treated inequitably?
Change perceptions of inputs or outcomes. Work harder or put forth more effort.
What are the contributions Maslow made in understanding human motivation?
He identified helpful general levels of needs where lower levels must be satisfied before higher levels. He alerted managers to the importance of personal growth and self-actualization. He identified important need categories.
Which of the following statements about goal setting is true?
It can generate manipulative or unethical behavior.
Which statement about setting your own goals is true?
It is a powerful tool for self-management.
Which statement about goal setting is correct?
It works for any job in which people have control over their performance.
Which of the following are implications of the expectancy theory?
Managers need to positively identify valent outcomes. Managers need to make performance instrumental toward positive outcomes. Managers need to increase expectancies.
______ organizes human needs into a hierarchy of five major types.
Maslow's need hierarchy
______ involves removing or withholding an undesirable consequence.
Negative reinforcement
Which statement about rewards is true?
Nonmonetary rewards can be effective.
______ is a consequence that people receive for their actions.
Outcome
______ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction.
Quality of work life
Which are accurate descriptions of the new psychological contract in the workplace?
The company will keep providing about the same pay with small increases periodically. Employees will need to do their own jobs as well as extra work when others are downsized. The company will provide a job if it can.
Identify the impacts of empowerment on employees.
They feel capable of performing their jobs with skill. They perceive meaning in their work. The have a sense of self-determination.
Quality of work life includes ______.
a chance for personal growth
Which are behaviors exhibited by dissatisfied workers in a workplace?
absenteeism lower productivity high turnover
Goals should not conflict with people's personal values. In other words, goals should be ______ to employees.
acceptable
According to McClelland, most managers in the United States have high levels of need for ______ and like to see it in their employees.
achievement
What are the three needs identified by McClelland as being critical to motivating people?
achievement power affiliation
According to ______ theory, people compare the ratio of their outcomes to inputs against the outcome-to-input ratio of some comparison person.
equity
Lavonne believes that if she works hard, her manager will realize she is management material and promote her. Devonte, however, thinks he will not be promoted no matter how hard he works. Lavonne and Devonte's beliefs reflect ______ theory.
expectancy
According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job design, well-designed jobs lead to which of the following results?
high-quality performance high satisfaction high motivation
A(n) ______ reward is a reward the person derives directly from performing the job itself.
intrinsic
With job enlargement, a person ______.
is given additional tasks to perform at the same time that are at the same level of responsibility
The ______ states that behavior that is followed by positive consequences will likely be repeated.
law of effect
The forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's effort is known as ______.
motivation
A personal statement of purpose should include which of the following?
near-term objectives a mid-distant goal an inspiring distant vision
When reinforcement theory is applied in an organizational setting it is called ______.
organizational behavior modification
Using a fair process in decision making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called ______.
procedural justice
While the relationship between individuals and employing organizations typically is formalized by a written contract, there also exists a(n) ______ in employees' minds.
psychological contract
Goals that are particularly demanding, sometimes even thought to be impossible, are called ______ goals.
stretch
Assessments of equity are ______ or beliefs.
subjective perceptions
When people perceive procedural fairness, they are more likely to ______.
support decisions makers
The result of empowerment is that people ______.
take initiative and persevere in achieving their goals
The core job dimension of ______ refers to an important, positive impact on the lives of others.
task significance
Which statements about outcome in expectancy theory are true?
A given performance may have more than one outcome. Outcome is something that follows a person's performance.
______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.
Alderfer's ERG theory
Which statement about McClelland's needs theory is true?
Different needs predominate for different people.
Which of the following is true of empowerment in the short term?
Employees don't necessarily like the added accountability. Employees may demand higher wages. People may make mistakes at first.
_______ theory states that people assess how fairly they have been treated according to two key factors: outcomes and inputs.
Equity
True or false: Assessments of equity are made objectively.
False
______ theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward an end.
Goal-setting
______ is the degree to which individuals want personal and psychological development.
Growth need strength
______ theory of motivation proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and job dissatisfaction results from the lack of hygiene factors.
Herzberg's
______ tries to influence people's behavior and improve performance by systematically managing work conditions and the consequences of people's actions.
Organizational behavior modification
_______ is the need or desire to influence or control other people.
Power
What are effective ways to offer feedback to employees on their performance?
Provide statistics on work that the employee has directly influenced Conduct performance reviews regularly
What can a manufacturing firm do to encourage customers to contact them directly with feedback?
Put the firm's phone number on the product.
True or false: People who feel inequitably treated can restore equity by behaviorally or perceptually changing inputs and outcomes.
True
Which of the following provide intrinsic motivation?
a challenging problem helping a coworker achieve a difficult task a chance to work on an interesting project
Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward?
a pay raise
The need for ______ is characterized by a strong orientation toward accomplishment.
achievement
Acceptable, maximally motivating goals are challenging and ______.
attainable
Which of the following are consequences of quality of work life programs?
better attitudes better business performance better health
Which of the following does NOT belong in the eight categories of quality of life?
contractualism
The process of sharing power with employees is called _____.
empowerment
When managers practice ______, they will enhance their employees' confidence in their ability to perform their jobs and their belief that they are influential contributors to the organization.
empowerment
It's important to know that empowerment can lead to higher levels of ______.
engagement
Job ______ involves giving people additional tasks at the same time to alleviate boredom.
enlargement
A theory proposing that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome is called ______ theory.
expectancy
In expectancy theory, ______ refers to a person's perception of whether his efforts will lead to attainment of the performance goal.
expectancy
Among the different consequences of behavior, ______ is defined as withdrawing or failing to provide a reinforcing consequence.
extinction
The five core job dimensions stated in the Hackman and Oldham model are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and ______.
feedback
Which of the following would NOT be considered an innovative way for managers to reward employees?
forced overtime
For motivation to be high, expectancy, instrumentalities, and total valence of all outcomes must be ______.
high
Motivation theory suggests that job enrichment will be more successful for people with ______ growth need strength.
high
According to expectancy theory, a person will be highly motivated if which of the following conditions exist?
high valence + high instrumentality + high expectancy
Expectancy theory states that increasing expectancies, making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes, and ______ are crucial to motivate employees.
identifying positively valent outcomes
Advocates of quality of work life programs claim that they ______.
improve organizational effectiveness and productivity
Costs usually ______ in the short term when empowerment is implemented.
increase
If people work in a group, and cooperation is essential, ______ performance goals can be dysfunctional by creating competition among team members.
individual
In expectancy theory, ______ is the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome.
instrumentality
Khalid knows that if he works hard, he will get a promotion. In expectancy theory, this is known as ______.
instrumentality
The employment relationship has over time become ______.
less focused on employee and employer loyalty
Job dissatisfaction is greatest among ______.
lower wage earners workers aged 25 and younger
Jun is an entry-level employee, but she wants to one day become a director. She knows she must work her way up through many levels, but she also knows she can reach her goal if she works hard and learns as much as she can. Jun is driven by ______.
motivation
The ______ need in Maslow's hierarchy is exemplified by food, water, sex, and shelter.
physiological
Marie consistently tries to exert her control over coworkers. Marie has a high need for which of the three needs identified by McClelland?
power
A set of perceptions of what employees owe their employer and what the employer owes them is called a(n) ______.
psychological contract
Managers who overuse ______ or use it inappropriately create a climate of fear and distrust in the workplace.
punishment
When employees violate the law, ethical standards, important safety rules, or standards of interpersonal treatment, _____ is sometimes appropriate.
punishment
The law of effect laid the foundation for countless investigations into the effects of positive consequences, called _______.
reinforcers
Genzeba works in a warehouse. One week she fulfills orders, then the next week she processes incoming shipments. She has different tasks the following week, too. This is known as job ______.
rotation
Job ______ involves moving from one task to another to alleviate boredom.
rotation
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once a person's physiological needs are met, the individual moves to the ______ level.
safety
Maslow's need hierarchy includes which major needs?
safety ego self-actualization social physiological
The general goal of quality of work life programs is to ______.
satisfy the full range of employee needs
Employees who are engaged tend to ______.
take more initiative exhibit citizenship behaviors be more productive
Which of the core job dimensions refers to the the completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work?
task identity
People are more likely to believe that justice has been served if ____.
the process is open and visible
The two types of stretch goals are ______.
vertical and horizontal
When it comes to self-actualization, Maslow stated that the average person ______.
will only attain a small percentage of his or her self-actualization potential
The need for ______ is demonstrated when a person is concerned with establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations and being liked.
affiliation
The need for ______ reflects a strong desire to be liked by other people.
affiliation
According to Maslow, realizing one's full potential and becoming everything that one is capable of being would be in the ______ level of the hierarchy of needs.
self-actualization
According to Herzberg, satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job are caused by what two factors?
motivators hygiene factors
Which of the following statements about expectancy is true?
High expectancies create higher motivation than do low expectancies.
What are the three needs identified in Alderfer's theory of motivation?
growth existence relatedness
According to Maslow, most of us will live our lives and work at jobs without fully reaching which need?
self-actualization
According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job design, positive outcomes occur when people experience certain psychological states. Which of the following is NOT one of those psychological states?
the experience of low internal work motivation
The impact of procedural justice can differ by culture. The impact is strongest among nations characterized by ______.
uncertainty avoidance individualism
Maslow's understanding of human motivation stated that ______.
unsatisfied needs will continue to motivate